Postrevolutionary governments and mexican miracle
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Carranza established a strong government in Mexico from 1917-1920 to confront economic, political, social and military crises, but he was later assassinated. Obregon and Calles then led the governments in the 1920s, with Calles remaining president until 1934 and continuing Obregon's policies. Calles enforced anti-clerical articles of the 1917 constitution, angering Catholic groups and sparking the violent Cristero Rebellion. He also created the National Revolutionary Party, later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which became Mexico's long-ruling single party. During the 1930s, Cardenas nationalized Mexico's oil industry, sparking tensions with the United States, before passing power to Camacho as president
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Presentacion de gil historia
Lessons 6 and 7 discuss Mexico's history from the early 20th century onwards. Key events included the Carranza government facing political, economic and military crises after the revolution. The formation of the Institutional Revolutionary Party led to a single-party system that ruled Mexico from 1929 to 2000. During this period there was unrest such as the Cristero War and Cardenas temporarily exiled former leader Calles. Finally, the period from 1940-1970 was called the Mexican Miracle and saw sustained industrial growth and the formation of a modern industrialized nation, although this growth was based on a protected domestic market.
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This document provides brief biographies of major political leaders in Mexico since independence in 1824, including presidents, revolutionaries, and others who shaped Mexican politics and history. It describes their roles and accomplishments, such as fighting for independence from Spain, leading the Mexican Revolution, establishing democratic reforms and institutions, and negotiating international trade agreements. Major figures mentioned include Guadalupe Victoria, Benito Juárez, Porfirio Díaz, Francisco Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Lazaro Cardenas, Emiliano Zapata, Alvaro Obregon, Plutarco Elías Calles, Vicente Fox, Felipe Calderon, and Carlos Salinas de Gortari.
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2) It describes how Augustin Iturbide tried to reclaim the Mexican throne after its independence but was rejected by the government and people, and was eventually killed after returning.
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- The republic fragmented during 1873-74 as many cities declared independence, until a coup restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII in 1874.
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2. In the early 1900s, opposition groups led by figures like Francisco Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza rebelled against Diaz and later dictator Victoriano Huerta, fighting for land reform and democracy.
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Mexrev
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1. The monarchy was restored under King Alfonso XII after the overthrow of the First Spanish Republic. Antonio Cánovas de Castillo established a constitutional monarchy with limited suffrage.
2. During this period, Spain struggled with problems like caciquismo (political corruption), latifundismo (unequal land distribution), illiteracy, and the rise of regional nationalist movements.
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3) After independence, Mexico struggled with instability, poverty, and rebellions as the new nation and government developed without resources and experience.
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The document summarizes the political events in Spain between 1868 and 1874, known as the Democratic Sexennio. Key events include:
- The 1868 Glorious Revolution overthrew Queen Isabella II and established a provisional government.
- A new constitution in 1869 created a constitutional monarchy but the chosen King Amadeo I had little support.
- A republic was proclaimed in 1873 but struggled due to military conspiracies, the ongoing Cuban war, and a Carlist uprising.
- The republic fragmented during 1873-74 as many cities declared independence, until a coup restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII in 1874.
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The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
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Mexican Revolution
1. The document summarizes the Mexican Revolution from the late 1800s to early 1900s. Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for over 30 years, concentrating wealth and leaving many Mexicans in poverty.
2. In the early 1900s, opposition groups led by figures like Francisco Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza rebelled against Diaz and later dictator Victoriano Huerta, fighting for land reform and democracy.
3. The revolution devastated Mexico but led to a new constitution in 1917 that established rights for workers and peasants. Mexico transitioned to democracy although the PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
Mexrev
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 as a result of frustration with President Porfirio Díaz's increasingly authoritarian rule and failure to hold free elections. Although Díaz had brought economic growth, he ruled as a dictator for over 30 years and did not share power. The Revolution involved many factions fighting for power over the next decade, including Francisco Madero, who first led the revolt against Díaz, and later Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, who continued fighting for land reforms and democracy. The Revolution ultimately resulted in a new nationalist constitution in 1917 that established rights for workers and peasants.
History of South America 1920 till 1930
During the 1920s and 1930s, several key events and developments occurred across South America:
- In Venezuela, large oil discoveries in the 1920s transformed the country's economy and made it one of the world's largest oil exporters.
- Argentina experienced political instability and violence from anarchist movements in the early 1920s.
- Brazil remained under an oligarchic regime that prevented many from voting but faced numerous rebellions between 1893-1926.
- Chile transitioned between parliamentary and presidential systems of government amidst political turmoil in the mid-1920s.
- Ecuador developed its infrastructure and economy under the liberal leadership of Eloy Alfaro in the early 1900s.
Mex rev
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 in response to the authoritarian rule of Porfirio Díaz, who had been president for over 30 years. Díaz resigned in 1911 and was exiled to France. Francisco Madero then became president but was overthrown and killed in a coup led by Victoriano Huerta in 1913. This led to a civil war as revolutionaries like Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza fought to overthrow Huerta. Carranza eventually assumed power in 1914 and a new constitution was adopted in 1917, but the revolution continued until 1920 when Alvaro Obregon became president, ending the civil war. The revolution brought some reforms but Mexico
Question 5 Module 4 -Part I.pdfQuestion 5 Module 4 -Part 2.docx
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Outline
• Mexico
1. Colonial Period
2. Independence
3. Post Independence 19th century
4. Mexican Revolution
5. Post revolutionary Mexico (1930’s-1980’s)
Map of Mexico
Colonial Period
• Mexico was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
• Mexico was an important territory for Spanish
empire. It was rich in mineral resources.
• Mexico had a huge indigenous population.
Independence
• Mexico’s independence had two phases
1. 1813-First proclamation of independence. It
was crushed by the Spanish army.
2. 1821-Second proclamation of independence. It
succeeded.
Post Independence
• Once Mexicans achieved independence from
Spain, Agustín de Iturbide created an empire
and appointed himself as Emperor.
• de Iturbide invited the other territories of the
former Viceroyalty of New Spain to join the
empire.
• The empire will last from 1822 until 1823 when
de Iturbide was forced to leave power. Mexico
will become a republic.
Post Independence
• With the establishment of the republic,
Mexicans experienced political instability.
• Two political groups clashed:
Conservatives-believed in the promotion of
aristocratic ideas and the protection of the rights
of the military, elites and church.
Liberals-believed in a restricted democracy and in
reducing the power of the military and church.
Post Independence
• First half of 19th century-Some important
Mexican political leaders
1. Guadalupe Victoria: 1st president of the
republic.
2. Antonio López de Santa Anna dominated
politics from 1833 until 1855.
Post Independence
Mexico lost a big portion of its territory due to the
Mexican American war.
• 1835 Texans rebelled and declared
independence from Mexico. Mexican troops (led
by Santa Anna) tried to crush the rebellion and
succeeded in the Alamo but later failed in the
Battle of San Jacinto.
• 1845 Texas was incorporated by the US.
Post Independence
• Mexicans saw annexation of Texas as an act of
war by the USA.
• Dispute between USA and Mexico over border.
• President James Polk sent troops to Mexico and
Mexicans counterattacked.
• Mexican American War started.
• Results of the war: US paid Mexico 15 million
dollars and took the entire territory from Texas
to California. It was half of Mexico’s domain.
Post Independence
Second half of 19th century: Reforms, Monarchy
and Republic
-Various Liberal governments enacted a series of
sweeping reforms.
1. Abolition of military and ecclesiastical “fueros”-
special dispensations exempting military and
clerics from having to stand trial in civil courts.
2. Prohibition to ecclesiastical and civilian
institutions of ownership of property not
directly used in day to day operations.
3. Transfer of power of registry from Church to
Post Independence
• In reaction to Reforms- War of reforms (1858-
61)-Conservatives vs. Liberals
• Liberal leader Be ...
2023.24 Unit 4 - Spain in the 19th century (Presentation).pdf
The document provides an overview of Spain in the 19th century, covering several key periods:
- The reign of Fernando VII saw the restoration of absolutism and repression of liberals until liberal uprisings in 1820, followed by another period of absolutism from 1823-1833.
- Latin American independence movements succeeded across much of Latin America from 1810-1824 as the criollos led revolts against Spanish rule.
- The reign of Isabel II from 1833-1868 saw the establishment of a constitutional monarchy but also political instability between moderate and progressive parties and uprisings, leading to her overthrow in the Glorious Revolution of 1868.
- From 1868-1874 Spain experienced
Mexican history pp
The document provides an overview of Mexican history from pre-colonization to the Mexican Revolution. It discusses how the Spanish established systems of control, including racial castes and large estates called haciendas. This led to tensions that contributed to Mexico gaining independence, though the country remained unstable. Later, the Liberal government instituted reforms challenging the Catholic Church and wealthy landowners, leading to the long Mexican Revolution aimed at greater equality.
The Dominican Migration1,800,000 (NYC, New Jersey, Sou.docx
The Dominican Migration
1,800,000 (NYC, New Jersey, South Florida, Boston, Philadelphia)Between 1961-1986, 400,000 Dominicans legally immigrated to the US.
300,000 Dominicans lived in NYC by 1990’s
Migratory wave started in the 1960-1965 period.
1965-1995-political repression, poverty and political social instability.
1960’s-NYC’s Dominican community settled near established Puerto Rican communities- Upper West Side of Manhattan.
1960s Dominican organizations (social clubs): Club Maria Trinidad Sanchez; Centro Educacional Caribe.
The Dominican migration of the 1960’s-1970’s was well-educated, politically active.
Early 1970’s El Comite, a radical group. Rallied Dominican communities around eviction prevention and housing rights issues. Washington Heights in the 1970’s; at CCNY: first Organization of Dominican students (Guillermo Linares). Association of Progressive Dominicans.
US-Dominican Republic RelationsDuring the dictatorship of Ulises Heureaux (1880’s-1890’s), Dominican Republic to void bankruptcy refinanced its foreign debt with Dutch creditors and New York banks.
New York banks bought the Dutch share of the debt to establish a newly US firm the Santo Domingo Improvement Company.
Heureaux gave the firm control of the national bank and one of the country railroads.
After the assassination of Ulises Heureaux, a financial crisis hit DR in 1905: customs revenues plummeted, the government suspended debt payments.
European powers (countries) threaten to invade DR to collect their money.
President Roosevelt offered to consolidate the debt with a new New York bank.
Roosevelt insisted that the Dominicans turn over all customs revenues to an appointed agent to pay the debt: DR a financial protectorate.
US pressured the DR government to reform land-tenure laws to and offer tax exemptions to American sugar trusts to expand sugar production.
Each time the Dominican president or congress rejected to comply with US demands warships appeared offshore to force their submission.
Political unrest and violence continued through the 1905-1925 period. Washington decided to tighten its hold on the country’s political and economic life.
1916 US invasion- DR rejected Presidents Wilson proposal to replace the Dominica Army for a new National Guard, and the President Juan Isidro Jimenez.
The US occupation lasted from 1916-1924.
The US military governor reformed Dominican finances, built hundreds of public schools, infrastructure projects: public works indebted more Dominican Republic.
The occupation left DR dependent of the US.
The US occupation imposed new property taxes and land registration laws: abolition of terrenos comuneros.
The occupation lasting legacy: the national police.
American commanders in the national police appointed Rafael Leonidas Trujillo as police chief.
1924 -the withdrawal of troops was arranged. First free elections were held in 1930, Trujillo was elected president. During the campaign the police terrorized ...
Mexican Revolution (1910 to 1920)
This work aims to demonstrate the process that triggered the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, demonstrating the performance of its main leaders and the ways in which the rulers of the time conducted this economic and political episode in Mexico.
I hope you like it, have a good read!
Mexico's History (brief)
The document summarizes the history of Mexico from pre-Columbian societies like the Mayans and Aztecs, through the Spanish conquest and colonial period, to the 19th century wars of independence and early 20th century revolutionary period. It discusses the rise and fall of leaders and regimes like the Aztecs, Hernan Cortez, Father Miguel Hidalgo, Augustine de Iturbide, Santa Anna, Benito Juarez, Porfirio Diaz, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and the eventual dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the mid-20th century.
November 20th School Lauro Aguirre
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 due to widespread dissatisfaction with the long dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz. Key revolutionary figures included Francisco Madero, who helped spark the revolution with his anti-reelection campaign, and Emiliano Zapata, who led a peasant uprising demanding land reform. Pancho Villa also played a pivotal role, first supporting Madero and then becoming a prominent general, gaining control of northern Mexico. However, internal divisions later emerged between Villa, Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza, who eventually consolidated power as president from 1917-1920 while suppressing the forces of Villa and Zapata.
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History 33 Final-Assignment 9 Part 1
The document provides a summary of each chapter in a history textbook about Mexicans in the United States. It discusses key topics like Spanish conquest of Aztecs, the Mexican-American War, periods of immigration from Mexico to the US, the Mexican Revolution, challenges faced during economic downturns, Mexican American civil rights movements, and increasing political power of Latino communities. Major themes include Spanish colonization, periods of immigration and settlement, discrimination and efforts to gain rights, and recent increasing demographic and political influence of Mexican Americans.
1842
This document summarizes key Mexican political leaders since 1824. Porfirio Diaz served as president from 1877-1880 and 1884-1911, building a strong government initially but facing revolts later as inequality grew. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna held the presidency intermittently from 1833-1855 but was increasingly corrupt and sold land including Arizona to the US. Carlos Salinas de Gortari served 1988-1994 and negotiated NAFTA while curbing inflation. Vicente Fox was elected in 2000, the first opposition victory since the revolution. Felipe Calderon has been president since 2006 and works closely with the US on issues like drug violence and immigration reform.
First Half Of Course
This document provides a summary of Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824. It discusses how Spain and Portugal's colonial empires in Latin America led to grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxation by the imperial powers. The American and French Revolutions inspired some colonists to seek more political and economic control. When Spain and Portugal faced difficulties due to war with France, it weakened their control over colonies and independence movements arose. By 1824, both the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America had collapsed and new independent nations were formed, but they struggled with division and establishing effective governments and economies.
Mexicanos
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
1842
This document summarizes key Mexican political leaders since 1824. It discusses Porfirio Diaz, who served as president from 1877-1880 and 1884-1911, bringing political stability initially but failing to improve Mexico. It also outlines Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president intermittently from 1833-1855 who was overthrown for corruption. Carlos Salinas de Gortari served from 1988-1994 and negotiated NAFTA. Vicente Fox was elected in 2000, Mexico's first opposition party president. The current president Felipe Calderon took office in 2006 and works closely with the U.S. on issues like immigration and drug wars.
New mexico revolution powepoint
The document provides a summary of the key events of the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920. It describes how Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for over 30 years, oppressing the majority of Mexicans. In 1910, Francisco Madero led a revolt against Diaz after fraudulent elections. General Victoriano Huerta then overthrew Madero in 1913, establishing a military dictatorship. Growing resistance led by figures like Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Villa, and Emiliano Zapata eventually forced Huerta to resign. Carranza then assumed power and a new nationalist constitution was adopted in 1917. Key revolutionary leaders like Zapata and eventually Carranza were also killed in the ongoing political
Colombia
The document provides a detailed overview of Colombia's history, geography, and political system. It discusses Colombia gaining independence from Spain in 1810, the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1819, and the country's long history of violence between the Liberal and Conservative parties. It also summarizes Colombia's struggle with guerrilla groups like the FARC and ELN, paramilitary organizations, and drug cartels in recent decades.
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Postrevolutionary governments and mexican miracle
- 2. Carranza's government Carranza was president from 1917-1920. The government confronted an economic, political, social and military crisis. But Carranza organized a strong government. He died assassinated when he ran away.
- 3. The governments of Obregon and Calles. Obregon chose Plutarco Calles as his successor. Calles a military men and church groups to launch a revolt led by Adolfo de la Huerta which lasted only a few months. Calles won the election of 1924 and was to remain Mexico's president until 1934.
- 4. The Cristero Rebellion Unlike Obregon, who DECIDED not to Strongly anti-clerical enforce the articles of the Constitution of 1917, Calles Decided to do so which violent had very important consequences. Angered, Calles struck back by outlawing religious processions and closing church schools, monasteries and convents.
- 5. The formation of the single party. The military and the trade unions and rural Calles created the political party that called PNR (National Party Revolutionary). Later became to PRM (Mexican Revolutionary Party). Then Manuel Avila Camacho chanced to PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
- 6. The Maximato The period of 1928-1934, in which Elias Calles directed Mexican politics presidents appointing Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo Rodriguez, known as "Maximato de Calles". The government suffered a terrible economic crisis to be met as The Great Depression.
- 7. The Cardenismo Lazaro Cardenas came to power. During the first years of their government over a thousand workers staged strikes in which demanded the immediate solution of their problems. It promulgated the constitution of 1917.
- 8. As a reaction to the nationalization of oil, the government of the United States organized a boycott against Mexico. Because of the internal and external pressures the government of Lazaro Cardenas decided to support the candidacy of Avila Camacho. He took the posession of the
- 9. The Mexican Miracle From 1940-1952 Mexico had a great opportunity to develop case the industrial powers were in the Second World War and products needed Mexican industry provided them with all that they could not produce because their industry was in the manufacture of weapons for war.
- 10. The Stabilizer Development Stage The finance of the industry was achieved from external debt. To support the development of the industry, the Mexican governments, maintained high taxes to import products, so the people bought the things made by the country.