Postmodernism is characterized by destroying theories and ideologies, drawing attention to conventions, and using irony, intertextuality, unconventional perspectives, and pastiche. Jessie J's music video "Who's Laughing Now" exemplifies postmodern elements through its references to other works like Mean Girls and Bugs Bunny, as well as its ambiguous cutting between past and present that makes reality hard to distinguish. Constantly shifting between different characters, the video questions what is real and leaves the audience confused about whether young or old Jessie is being portrayed at any given time. Overall, the video achieves a postmodern effect through its ironic questioning of reality.