south africa is the second highest economy of africa continent and moving towards to become first developed nation of africa

1. POPULATION POLICIES
OF
SOUTH AFRICA
VIDDYANSH
SHRUTI
PANKAJ
IIPS MUMBAI
1

2. Demographic and
socio-economic profile
VIDDHYANSH
2

3. 3

4. Geography
• it is southernmost country of Africa
• bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of
coastline
• Total area 1,221,037 km2 (25th)
• Ethnic groups(2014) black African 80.2%, white 8.4%,
colored 8.8%, Indian/Asian 2.5%
• 11+ official language (zulu, xhosa, afrikaans, english)
• Religions-Protestant 36.6% , other Christian 36%Catholic
7.1%, Muslim 1.5%
• Government - Unitary dominant-party
4

5. Demographic scenario of South Africa
• Total population 5,43,00,704 (24th)
• Population growth rate 0.99% (2017 est.)
• Birth rate 20.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
• Death rate 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
• Sex ratio at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
• youth dependency ratio: 44.5
• elderly dependency ratio: 7.7
5

6. • potential support ratio: 13.1 (2015 est.)
• Median age total: 26.8 years
• Life expectancy at birth total population: 63.1 years
• Total fertility rate 2.31 children born/woman (2016 est.)
• Infant mortality rate total: 32 deaths/1,000 live births
• Maternal mortality rate 138 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
• Literacy 94.4% (age 15 and over can read and write) (2015 est)
6

7. Age structure
0-14 years: 28.27% (male 7,768,960/female 7,733,706)
15-24 years: 17.61% (male 4,776,096/female
4,881,962)
25-54 years: 41.78% (male 11,589,099/female 11,323,869)
55-64 years: 6.66% (male 1,694,904/female 1,955,391)
65 years and over: 5.68% (male 1,309,597/female 1,807,968)
(2017 est.)
population pyramid
7

8. Economic profile
• South Africa has a mixed economy, the second largest in
Africa after Nigeria and 34th in the world
• GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
Total $795 billion (30th)
Per capita $13,840(90th)
• Gini index (2014) 63.0
• HDI (2017) 0.699 (113th)
• 18.9% of population are below poverty line (2014 estimate)
8

9. WHY SOUTH AFRICA NEEDS AN
EXPLICIT
POPULATION POLICY ?
• Number of major population issues -major being the long
history of apartheid.
• Inequities based on race & quality of life.
• Racial segregation of blacks and whites.
• Bring about changes in population trends.
• Remove flaws in past policies.
• To set out various interconnected programmes for the many
social and economic problems facing the country.
9

10. PAST POLICY AND PLANNING
CONTEXTS FOR
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• Apartheid ideology :enacted in 1948
-Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
-Immorality Amendment Act
• Restricted movement and resettlement of the population, especially blacks
-restricting the access to educational and employment opportunities
-restricting their access to water resources and water-resourced arable land
• Reducing the country's rate of population growth by reducing the fertility
by coercive means
• Population Development Programme (PDP) was established in 1984 –
-Achieve a TFR=2.1 by 2010.
-Fertility reduction through family planning and by intervening other
areas that have impact on fertility level
10

11. THE CURRENT POPULATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
PARADIGM
• Focus on Sustainable human development- Population as the
driving force + ultimate beneficiary
• Improving education and health conditions
• promoting sexual and reproductive health (including family
planning) and reproductive rights
• Changes in various development indicators - increasing levels
of income, education and the empowerment of women =>
better health, declining fertility and mortality rates, migration
from rural area.
• Establishing factual bases for understanding and anticipating
the interrelationships of population, socio-economic and
environmental variables, and for improving programme
development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 11

12. POPULATION POLICY GOALS
• VISION OF THE POLICY- is to contribute towards the
establishment of a society that provides a high and equitable
quality of life for all South Africans
• GOAL OF THE POLICY- to bring about changes in the
determinants of the country's population trends, so that these
trends are consistent with the achievement of sustainable
human development
12

13. MAJOR NATIONAL POPULATION
CONCERNS
• the pressure of the interaction of population, production and consumption
patterns on the environment
• the high incidence and severity of poverty in both rural and urban areas
• inequities in access to resources, infrastructure and social services,
particularly in rural areas, and implications for redistribution and growth
and the alleviation of poverty
• the reduced human development potential influenced by the high incidence
of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies and teenage pregnancies
• the high rates of infant and maternal mortality, linked to high-risk child
bearing; and high rates of premature mortality attributable to preventable
causes
• the rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV/AIDS,
and the projected socio-economic impact of AIDS
13

14. OBJECTIVES OF THE POLICY
• 1.the systematic integration of population factors into all
policies, plans, programmes and strategies at all levels and
within all sectors and institutions of government;
• 2. developing and implementing a coordinated, multi-
sectoral, interdisciplinary and integrated approach in designing
and executing programmes and interventions that impact on
major national population concerns;
• 3. making available reliable and up-to-date information on the
population and human development situation in the country in
order to inform policy making and programme design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation at all levels and in
all sectors.
14

15. • Laws that influenced population in SA during the era of
segregation:
– Population Registration Act 1950
– The Immorality Act 1957
– The Group Area Act 1950
– The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953
15

16. 16
Policies for Health and Mortality
in South Africa

17. Morbidity, Mortality and COD among
Children
17

18. Cod among Adults
18

19. Health Policy Domains
19

20. Health Policies and Strategies
20

21. Health Promotion: National Health
Plan (1994)
21

22. The 10 Point Plan (2009-14)
22

23. Ideal Clinic Programme (2013)
• What is an Ideal Clinic?
An Ideal Clinic is defined as a clinic with good infrastructure, adequate staff,
adequate medicine and supplies, good administrative processes, and
sufficient adequate bulk supplies. It uses applicable clinical policies,
protocols and guidelines, and it harnesses partner and stakeholder support.
An Ideal Clinic also collaborates with other government departments,
the private sector and non-governmental organisations to address the social
determinants of health. Integrated Clinical Services Management will be a
key focus within an Ideal Clinic. The purpose of Integrated Clinical Services
Management is to respond to the growing burden of chronic diseases in
South Africa in an efficient and cost effective manner.
23

24.  Since the launch of the government's green paper on National Health Insurance,
various reforms and initiatives are underway to improve services to be provided
under the future National Health Insurance. The Ideal Clinic programme is
another initiative that was started by South Africa in July 2013 as a way of
systematically improving the quality of care provided in Primary Health Care
facilities.
 The following organisations for contributing to the Ideal Clinic Realisation and
Maintenance programme: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
USAID, Health Systems Trust (HST), European Union (EU), USAID and Ukaid
24

25. How is a clinic evaluated to determine
whether it obtained Ideal Clinic status?
• The Ideal Clinic dashboard is used to determine the status of a clinic. Version 15 is
currently in use. The dashboard comprised of 212 elements, categorized into 10
components and 32 Sub-components.
• Each element on the dashboard is weighted as vital, essential or important and
scored as green (achieved), amber (partially achieved) or red (not achieved).
• The average score according to the weights assigned to the 212 elements
determines whether a clinic has qualified for one of the four Ideal Clinic categories;
silver, gold, platinum or diamond.
• An Ideal Clinic status is achieved when a clinic obtained one of these categories.
Note that a clinic can obtain a high average score example 80% but not qualify for
an Ideal Clinic category because the minimum percentages according to the weight
categories were not obtained.
• The Ideal Clinic manual was developed to assist facilities to achieve Ideal Clinic
status. The manual describes step-by-step how the clinic should go about to
achieve every elements on the dashboard.
25

26. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
POLICY (2013)
• In order to be proactive in preventing environmental hazards from diminishing quality of
life of the population, it is necessary to have a comprehensive national policy for
environmental health. This policy aims to provide a national framework for the provision
of environmental health services in the country, set out the vision for environmental
health and influence health outcomes to ensure "A long and healthy life for all South
Africans".
• Through this policy, government aims to identify development needs in Environmental
Health particularly for populations which lack awareness and services due to historical
imbalances, by outlining environmental health services, and through promotion of
intersectoral collaboration in the provision of environmental health services by
integrating environmental considerations with the social, political and development
needs and rights of all individuals, communities and sectors.
• This policy also gives effect to the Libreville declaration of 2008 which was endorsed in
the Luanda commitments by Ministries of Health and Environment in Africa in
November 2010.
26

27. POLICY GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
 Goal:
The overall goal of the Environmental Health Policy is to ensure the right to an
"environment that is not harmful to the health and wellbeing of South Africans“.
 Objectives:
1. To promote a legal and regulatory framework that ensures mandatory but also
supports voluntary compliance and also facilitates policy implementation by various
actors.
2. To formulate an institutional framework that enables efficient coordination and
collaboration of the various sectors and stakeholders that have environmental
health related responsibilities
3. To ensure an effective institutional capacity for rendering EHS.
4. To strengthen the capacity of environmental health personnel to become efficient
agents and catalysts for desired change.
27

28. 5. To adopt a partnership approach with the purpose of facilitating holistic and
integrated planning in environmental health.
6. To facilitate the development and maintenance of an effective Environmental Health
Management Information System.
7. To strengthen international co-operation on issues affecting environmental health.
8. To improve monitoring of environmental health conditions that may impact on the
physical environment and human health.
9. To promote community participation and development through empowerment in
environmental health, to contribute to promotion of own health.
10. To contribute to strengthening environmental hygiene programmes as part of
disease prevention and health promotion.
28

29. Strategic Plan for Maternal, Newborn, Child and
Women’s Health (MNCWH) and Nutrition in South
Africa 2012 - 2016
 Social determinants of health are addressed
Although interventions within the health sector have a key role to play in achieving
MDGs 3, 4 and 5, interventions from other sectors which reduce poverty, improve
access to basic services and build gender equity are also vital. Within the health
sector, efforts to improve MNCWH & Nutrition services need to address inequities,
and to specifically target the most under-resourced and needy districts.
 Health System Strengthening
MNCWH & Nutrition services are at the heart of service provision at community,
PHC and district hospital levels, and quality services can only been delivered at
scale through a wellfunctioning district health system. Overall efforts to strengthen
the health system and especially PHC services are critical to successfully reducing
mortality and morbidity amongst women, newborns and children.
29

30.  Support from key stake-holders
Successful implementation of the strategic plan is critically dependent on a range
of roleplayers. Whilst the National Department of Health will provide leadership and
support, implementation at provincial, district, facility and community levels will be
dependent on the Provincial Departments of Health. Other key role-players include
other government departments, developmental partners and civil society, including
a wide-range of non-governmental and community-based organizations.
 Resource mobilization
Provision of a full package of MCNWH & Nutrition interventions will require
additional resources, both financial and human. Once implementation of the plan
has been fully costed and the resource gap identified, steps to bridge the gap will
need to be identified. Training institutions will also need to be involved in ensuring
that sufficient numbers of health care workers, with appropriate skills, are trained.
 Strengthening of MNCWH & Nutrition capacity
Implementation of the strategic plan will require strengthening of MNCWH &
Nutrition capacity at national, provincial, district and sub-district levels.
30

31. 1. Vision
Accessible, caring, high quality health and nutrition services for women, mothers,
newborns and children
2. Mission
To reduce mortality and to improve the health and nutritional status of women,
mothers, newborns and children through promotion of healthy lifestyles and
provision of integrated, high quality health and nutrition services.
 Overall Goal
• To reduce the maternal mortality ratio and neonatal, infant and child mortality rates by
at least 10% by 2016
• To empower women, and to ensure universal access to reproductive health services
• To improve the nutritional status of all mothers and children.
31

32. Guiding Principles of MNCWH
 Sustained political commitment and supportive leadership
 Commitment to realizing the human rights of women, mothers, newborns and
children.
 Working with all sectors to improve the lives of women, mothers, newborns and
children
 Provision of an integrated service using a lifecycle approach
 Optimizing performance of all concerned with MNCWH care
 Effective communication
 Empowerment of communities and families, including men
 Protecting and respecting children
 Ensuring linkages between the levels of care – community, primary health care and
hospital levels
32

33. 33
Policies for Fertility and Family
Planning in South Africa

34. Fertility Scenario
34

35. Abortion Policy
35

36. Why South Africa needs an explicit Population
Policy?
36

37. Past Policy and Planning Contexts for Population
and Development
37

38. The Current Population and Development
Paradigm
38

39. Population Policy of South Africa
• Prior to the introduction of apartheid in South Africa in the 1940-50 period, the total
fertility rate of Whites was 3.5 children per woman, compared with an average of
6.5 for the other racial groups.
• In the 1960s, family planning services were offered, and the state paid for the cost
of contraceptives. In 1974, a national family planning program was initiated to
provide clinical, counseling, and information services.
• The policy has been adjusted by the national Population Development Program
(PDP) which was established in 1984. PDP objectives are:
1) to stabilize the national population at 80 million people by the end of the next century
by using family planning services
2) to accelerate equal social and economic development of all population groups are
increasing education, manpower training, the economic productivity of women, job
creation, and adequate housing
3) to achieve a national total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman by the year 2010
4) to promote basic good health among all population groups by stressing primary
health care
5) to achieve orderly geographical distribution of the population in the rural areas.
39

40. 40
• There are 3800 family planning clinics offering modern contraceptives services at
60,200 points. These services points include infertility treatment as well as
education about reproductive health, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually transmitted
diseases.
• The 1982, the Black Fertility Survey showed that among ever-married Blacks,
43.2% and 40.2% of contraceptive users aged 15-19 and 20-29, respectively, used
injectable contraceptives.
• In 1987-90, oral contraceptive use was about the same for Black and Colored
women but 20% of Colored women were sterilized vs. only about 4% of Black
women. An assessment showed a decline in the national total fertility rate from 4.6
children per woman in 1986 to 4.2 in 1990.
• The African National Congress (ANC) is interested in integrating social and
economic programs with women's development and family planning programs.
• ANC Policy Guidelines stress Sex Education and family planning as part of a future
national health program and post-apartheid population policy.

41. NATIONAL CONTRACEPTION AND FERTILITY
PLANNING POLICY AND SERVICE DELIVERY
GUIDELINES
A decade after the last contraception policy was released, the National Department
of Health (DOH) recognised the need to update and revise the policy documents:
National Contraception Policy Guidelines within a reproductive health framework
(2001) and the National Contraception Service Delivery Guidelines (2003).1, 2 The
need for the policy update was prompted by:
• changes in contraceptive technologies
• the high prevalence of HIV in South Africa
• the need to ensure linkages and alignment with other related national and
international policies and frameworks.
 Goal
Comprehensive quality contraception and fertility management services are
available and accessible for all people in South Africa as part of a broader sexual
and reproductive health package.
41

42. Objectives
42

43. 43

44. Urban Policy in South Africa:
Context and Evolution
Presented By- PANKAJ KUMAR

45. An Overview- (Pre-1994)
• Urban policy pre-1994 in South Africa was based
predominantly on the dictates of apartheid spatial
planning, with the precise form of the South African city
being codified by the 1950 Group Areas Act and the
notion of segregated urban space.
• Urban policy before 1994 was essentially guided by four
principles:
1. The need to control the inflow into towns of predominantly African people,
2. A segregated urban form that allocated residential districts as per ethnic composition,
3. The setting up of purely African border towns in the Bantustans (Africa homelands) to provide cheap
labour to the nearest white town dominated by people of European origin,
4. A differential infrastructure and service provision system (John 2012) disadvantaged people all at
different scales save for purely white areas.

47. The Context for Urban Policy Formulation Post-1994
• Population Growth and Urbanization
• At the time of the 2011 census, South Africa’s population was 51,770,560 with about 63.27%
of the population deemed to be urban and 36.73% rural.
• Forty-seven per cent of the urban population lived in formal urban areas and 8% lived in
informal urban areas. Thirty-five per cent of the rural population lived in tribal areas and 7% in
commercial farming areas. The 3% difference comprises overlapping urban and rural
categorization—institutional housing, hostels, industrial areas and smallholdings—with 2%
being found in urban areas and 1% in rural areas.
• Household Growth and Housing and Services Backlogs
• South Africa has experienced a sharp decline in household size and a consequent marked
increase in the number of households. Between 1996 and 2011, the average number of
households in the SACN cities grew by 27.5%, more than double the population growth rate.
• In 1996, the average household size was 4.47 persons; in 2011, it was four. If the household
size had remained constant at the 1996 figure, the increase in the number of households
would have been about 950,000. The actual increase was 2.13 million households, a difference
of 1.18 million households.

49. Conti….
• The location of most of the urban population is depicted in Fig. shows the nine
largest cities that are members of the South African Cities Network (SACN) and also
provincial capitals that are not included in the SACN.
• The SACN cities are Johannesburg, eThekwini, Cape Town, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni,
Nelson Mandela, Buffalo City, Msunduzi and Mangaung.
• In the case of the SACN cities, the most rapid growth is occurring in Gauteng. The
populations of Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane, at 28.2%, 25.4% and 21.0%
between 1996 and 2011, respectively, are growing more rapidly than any other of
the SACN cities. At the same time, cities like Nelson Mandela, Msunduzi, Mangaung
and Buffalo City are growing at a rate below that of the nation.

50. • Since 1994, urban policy and planning has been driven by the
urgent need to address the perceived inequality and injustices of
the past, by removing restrictions on free movement and
settlement, by removing housing segregation based on ethnic
identity, by restricting urban sprawl through infill programs and
by re-engineering an alternative urban form through the spatial
development framework (SDF).
• The cumulative result of these principles was that the country
had urban areas that were spatially distorted and fragmented
(Turok 2012; Napier 2009; Pillay 2008), inefficient and expensive
to administer.

51. Key principles of urban policy and
planning
• South Africa’s urban development policy as appears in
the government’s white paper (DOH 1997) highlights a
vision governed by a series of long-term goals
highlighted four types of urban areas:-
(i) tribal areas,
(ii) rural formal/commercial farming area;
(iii) an urban formal area;
(iv) an urban informal area. Metropolitan cities covered in
this study comprise of types (iii) and (iv). These include urban
areas that are a spatially and socio-economically integrated.

52. New Urban Policies
• There are four potentially significant new urban policies,
these are-
1. The Presidency’s 2003 National Spatial Development
Perspective (NSDP),
2. The Department of Housing’s 2004 Breaking New Ground
document,
3. The Department of Provincial and Local Government’s Local
Economic Development Framework,
4. Urban Development Framework (2005) whose location within
the Presidency, the Department of Provincial and Local
Government or elsewhere had, at the time of writing, still to be
determined. Each of these policies is briefly described and
commented on later.

53. Breaking New Ground
• The purpose of Breaking New Ground ‘is to outline a plan for the development of
sustainable human settlements over the next 5 years, embracing A People’s
Contract as the basis for delivery’ (Department of Housing 2004)
• The document includes references to a ‘new vision’, ‘enhancement’,
‘amendments’, ‘changes’, ‘redirection’, ‘new systems’, ‘new policy measures’, a
‘new subsidy mechanism’ and a ‘new plan that will be required to redirect and
enhance existing mechanisms
• Breaking New Ground is a response to the sharp increase in the demand for
housing arising from the decline in household size, increasing unemployment and
numbers of households with incomes that qualify them for housing subsidies, the
supply of housing on the urban periphery, with individual units not becoming
“‘valuable assets’ in the hands of the poor” (Department of Housing 2004: 4) and a
slow down in housing delivery and under-expenditure of provincial housing
budgets.

54. Urban Development Framework
• The 2005 draft Urban Development Framework
appears to be an attempt to resurrect the 1997
Urban Development Framework
• The purpose of the draft Urban Policy/Strategy is
to promote, initiate and propose-
(1) a perspective: initial set of practical interventions for
investigation, deeper understanding, focus on certain policy
issues, debate, developing a shared vision.
(2) coordination: ‘integration and improved service delivery’,
alignment of government policies and programmes, appropriate
funding framework.

55. Legislative and other mandates
Acts administered by the Department of
Human
Settlements are:
• Housing Act, 1997 (Act No. 107 of 1997)
• Housing Development Agency, 2008 (Act
No. 23 of 2008)
• Social Housing Act, 2008 (Act No.16 of
2008)
• Home Loan and Mortgage Disclosure
Act, 2000 (Act No. 63 of 2000)
• Housing Consumers Protection
Measures Act, 1998 (Act No. 95 of 1998)
• Sectional Titles Scheme Management
Act, 2011 (Act No.8 of 2011)
• Rental Housing Act, 1999 (Act No. 50 of
1999)
• Rental Housing Act, 2014 (Act No. 35 of
2014)

56. Conclusion
• This study has shown that population change and urbanization are inter-
linked processes in time and space in S. Africa.
• It has been seen that there are inherent limitations in the country’s urban
policy design and the translation of this into planning interventions.
• The population change and the resulting socio-economic forces that drive
urbanization cannot ignore the major role played by rural-urban
migrations which in turn have impacted on income distribution in
metropolitan areas.
• The practice of implementing the urban policy is beset by challenges
centered on the inadequate reform of the urban land market, municipal
service delivery, and questions about management capacity.
• Simultaneously, continuing urbanization is witnessing the expansion of
informal low cost settlements on the urban edge, a development that
contradicts the long term goal of achieving a compact urban form

57. Migration Policy in South
Africa: Context and Evolution

58. Introduction
• South Africa has a long history of intra-regional migration, dating back
to the mid-nineteenth century.
• Migration was important factor tying together all of the various
colonies and countries of the sub-continent(Africa) into a single
regional labour market during the twentieth century
• Since then patterns of migration have undergone major restructuring
in the last two decades.
• South Africa is now a country on the move.
• First, the end of apartheid, a system designed to control movement
and exclude outsiders, produced new opportunities for internal and
cross-border mobility and new incentives for moving.
58

59. Conti….
• The ensuing integration of South Africa with the SADC region
brought a major increase in legal and undocumented cross-
border flows and new forms of mobility.
• Second, the region’s reconnection with the global economy
has opened it up to forms of migration commonly associated
with globalization.
• Third, growing rural and urban poverty and unemployment
have pushed more people out of households in search of a
livelihood. One aspect of this has been a significant gender
reconfiguration of migration streams.
• Fourth, HIV/AIDS has also impacted considerably on
migration. Not only is the rapid diffusion of the epidemic
inexplicable without reference to human mobility but new
forms of migration are emerging in response.
59

60. • Finally, the countries of the SADC are still dealing
with the legacy of mass displacement and forced
migration.
• The impact of the Mozambican and Angolan civil
wars continue to reverberate.
• Recurrent civil strife in the rest of Africa has
generated mass refugee movements and new
kinds of asylum seeker to and within the region.
• The cessation of hostilities and threat has
confronted countries of asylum with issues of
repatriation and integration
60

61. Reforming South African immigration policy in
the post-apartheid period (1990 - onwards):
• Three main dimensions are explored :
• 1. The position developed on international
migration by the ruling party in the post-
apartheid period;
• 2. The capacity of the ruling party in Government
to transform ‘problem’ identification into public
policy reform;
• 3. The role played by South African and foreign
non-State actors in engaging with the South
African government on migration issues.
61

62. 1991 Aliens Control Act
• The 1991 Aliens Control Act, nicknamed ‘Apartheid’s last act’,
became the cornerstone of South African immigration policy
throughout the 1990s.
• Drafted in order to unify and simplify all previous immigration laws
since 1937 as well as to mark a break-away from the past.
• The 1991 Aliens Control Act was then declared unconstitutional and
liable to constitutional review by 2002.
• The new regime that came into office in 1994 had to face a rapidly
changing migrant situation issues such as increasing numbers of
asylum seekers, brain drain and brain gain phenomena, skills’ needs
or the question of undocumented migrants’ rights.
62

63. Ten-Year Period (1994-2004)
• The ten-year period (1994-2004) that saw a wide
consultative and legislative processes and the votes of
the new Immigration Act in 2002 and the Immigration
Amendment Act in 2004 was certainly crucial in
shaping positions and structuring networks on
migration issues
• Three elements have characterized post-apartheid
immigration policy implementation:
• The persistence of coercive practices.
• The hardening of entry and control as well as of access to
South African citizenship;
• The inability to transform the Department of Home Affairs
and other public services in charge of immigrants.
63

64. South Africa and migration: the role of
skilled labour
• This has been most clearly articulated in the
Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition
(JIPSA)
• the Government has stated with increasing
clarity its conviction that the country needs to
encourage immigration by skilled workers in
sectors that are vital for the economy, such as
engineering and information technology
64

65. Mixed Migration in South Africa
• There are common concerns in the region:
• Increased mixed migratory flows.
• Concerns relating to human trafficking, smuggling, and government
responses to national security.
• Abuse of the asylum system.
• Reduction of the asylum space.
• Common driving forces in region.
• Camps being used as rest-stops, e.g. in Mozambique, Malawi and
Zimbabwe.
• Economic prospects in South Africa and the developing economies
of Botswana, Namibia and Mozambique.
• Clogging of asylum system.
65

66. East Africa to South Africa Route
• Ethiopians and Somali travel via the refugee
camps and Nairobi in Kenya through Tanzania,
Malawi or Mozambique into South Africa.
• Routes can change on very short notice, since
smugglers constantly assess the situation
(weather, road checks, officials on duty) and
have the flexibly adapt to new circumstances.
• Main part of the journey is done over land
with typical crossing into Tanzania by boat.
Some few migrants can afford forged
documents and fly to South Africa.
• Nairobi is a hub for irregular migration (also
for transit from Afghanistan or Pakistan to
Europe) and offers opportunities to easily
access forged documents
66

67. Undocumented migration:
• In South Africa problem of undocumented
migration. ‘Illegal foreigners’ (Drugs supplier
AIDS ) are seen as a significant risk for the
nation and its ambitious agendas of political
transformation and economic development
• There are many millions of undocumented
migrants in South Africa, and that the
presence of illegals tends to increase crime
rates
67

68. Conclusion
• There has been a regular break-down in communication between the
policy-making elite that were driving the legislative process and the
departmental officials in charge of immigration enforcement.
• Immigration officials have lacked the professional capacity to understand
their task, or fulfill their basic duties.
• It has become extremely difficult to migrate legally to South Africa
without paying a bribe.
• On the other hand, numerous officials have little regard for procedure
and tend to view corrupt practices as mere facilitation, assisting
individuals to negotiate an overly complex bureaucratic structure. This
loose implementation of immigration enforcement procedures has
produced a variety of problematic outcomes.
• Migrants have been pushed into an irregular and lawless underground
where they suffer a variety of forms of unconscionable treatment
• mounting evidence of official delinquency, institutional breakdown and
disregard for individual rights would appear to be the most worrying risk
associated with the phenomenon of undocumented migration.
68

69. 69