Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some methyl (4- (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the present study, a new series of methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate amine derived from methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate (4TO1-TO6) have been synthesized by reacting the thio methyl group with different amines in presence of ethenol. The structural assessment of the compounds (TO 1- TO 6) was made on the basis of spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were compared with standard agents such as Norfloxacin (10μg/ml) and Amphotericin B (10μg/ml) using broth dilution method. Compounds exhibit moderate to high antibacterial and antifungal activity
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some methyl (4- (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the present study, a new series of methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate amine derived from methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate (4TO1-TO6) have been synthesized by reacting the thio methyl group with different amines in presence of ethenol. The structural assessment of the compounds (TO 1- TO 6) was made on the basis of spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were compared with standard agents such as Norfloxacin (10μg/ml) and Amphotericin B (10μg/ml) using broth dilution method. Compounds exhibit moderate to high antibacterial and antifungal activity
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Degradation of phenol using sequential batch reactoreSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents the experimental study on the use of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) for the degradation of phenol in the synthetic wastewater. SBR was used as a biological treatment for the reduction of COD, which is based on suspended growth system. The garden soil with cow dung was used as the seeding material in SBR, the micro-organisms that are present help in degradation of phenol as well as reducing the COD concentration. The parameters varied in the study were initial concentration of phenol in the synthetic wastewater, aeration rate and hydraulic retention time. The degradation study shows that the maximum phenol removal efficiency is 97% for 200 ppm of initial phenol concentration under 40 ml/min of aeration rate. The COD removal efficiency of 92.3% is achieved for 250 ppm of concentration of phenol. The variation in the aeration rate was found to be very effective in increasing the efficiency of SBR. For 600 ml/min of aeration, the removal efficiency of phenol and COD are respectively, 98% and 75%. But for the aeration rate of 200 ml/min the removal efficiency of COD is as high as 81.25%. Hence, with the increase in the aeration rate, there is an increase in the degradation rate of phenol and decrease in COD reduction. This study demonstrates the utilization of SBR in degrading high concentration of phenol. Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Phenol, COD, Biological Treatment …
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Synthesis And Characterization of Novel Processable Poly (EtherAzomethine)S C...inventionjournals
The novel dialdehyde 1,1-bis[4-(4-benzaldehyde oxy) phenyl] cyclopentane (III) (BBPC) was synthesized starting from cyclopentanone and phenol to give 1, 1-Bis (4-hydroxy phenyl) cyclopentane (II); followed by reaction with p- fluorobenzaldehyde in N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMAc), containing anhydrous potassium carbonate. New series of poly (ether – azomethine)s were synthesized from (BBPC) with different diamines such as 4, 4’- diamino diphenyl ether (ODA),4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane(MDA),4-aminophenyl sulfone(SDA), p-phenylene diamines, etc. in DMAc with 5 wt% LiCl by solution polycondensation technique. Inherent viscosities of these polymers were in the range 0.19 to 0.42 dL/g indicating formation of moderate molecular weights. These polymers exhibited good solubility in various polar aprotic solvents such as Nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP), N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), etc. X-Ray diffraction pattern of polymers showed that introduction of cardo cyclopentylidene moiety containing ether linkage would disrupt the chain regularity and packing, leading to amorphous nature. Thermal analysis by TGA showed excellent thermal stability of polymers. The structure- property correlation among these polyazomethines were studied; in view of their potential applications as high performance polymers.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Degradation of phenol using sequential batch reactoreSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents the experimental study on the use of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) for the degradation of phenol in the synthetic wastewater. SBR was used as a biological treatment for the reduction of COD, which is based on suspended growth system. The garden soil with cow dung was used as the seeding material in SBR, the micro-organisms that are present help in degradation of phenol as well as reducing the COD concentration. The parameters varied in the study were initial concentration of phenol in the synthetic wastewater, aeration rate and hydraulic retention time. The degradation study shows that the maximum phenol removal efficiency is 97% for 200 ppm of initial phenol concentration under 40 ml/min of aeration rate. The COD removal efficiency of 92.3% is achieved for 250 ppm of concentration of phenol. The variation in the aeration rate was found to be very effective in increasing the efficiency of SBR. For 600 ml/min of aeration, the removal efficiency of phenol and COD are respectively, 98% and 75%. But for the aeration rate of 200 ml/min the removal efficiency of COD is as high as 81.25%. Hence, with the increase in the aeration rate, there is an increase in the degradation rate of phenol and decrease in COD reduction. This study demonstrates the utilization of SBR in degrading high concentration of phenol. Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Phenol, COD, Biological Treatment …
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Synthesis And Characterization of Novel Processable Poly (EtherAzomethine)S C...inventionjournals
The novel dialdehyde 1,1-bis[4-(4-benzaldehyde oxy) phenyl] cyclopentane (III) (BBPC) was synthesized starting from cyclopentanone and phenol to give 1, 1-Bis (4-hydroxy phenyl) cyclopentane (II); followed by reaction with p- fluorobenzaldehyde in N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMAc), containing anhydrous potassium carbonate. New series of poly (ether – azomethine)s were synthesized from (BBPC) with different diamines such as 4, 4’- diamino diphenyl ether (ODA),4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane(MDA),4-aminophenyl sulfone(SDA), p-phenylene diamines, etc. in DMAc with 5 wt% LiCl by solution polycondensation technique. Inherent viscosities of these polymers were in the range 0.19 to 0.42 dL/g indicating formation of moderate molecular weights. These polymers exhibited good solubility in various polar aprotic solvents such as Nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP), N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), etc. X-Ray diffraction pattern of polymers showed that introduction of cardo cyclopentylidene moiety containing ether linkage would disrupt the chain regularity and packing, leading to amorphous nature. Thermal analysis by TGA showed excellent thermal stability of polymers. The structure- property correlation among these polyazomethines were studied; in view of their potential applications as high performance polymers.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabeanPooja Walke
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Selective Oxidation of Limonene over γ-Al2O3 Supported Metal Catalyst with H2O2Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Liquid phase oxidation of limonene by hydrogen
peroxide over the CeO2 and Fe2O3 catalysts supported by γAl2O3 was reported. Etly acetate and acetone were used as
solvent to investigate the effect of the solvent on the
oxidation reaction. The experiments were carried out at 80
°C The conversion of limonene and the selectivities of the
carvone were calculated during the 10h reaction time.
According to experimental results, maximum conversion of
limonene and product selectivity of carvone were obtained
with CeO2-γAl2O3 catalyst as 85% and 41%, respectively
end of the 10 h reaction. The XRD analysis of the CeO2-
γAl2O3 catalyst were performed.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
A Comparison of Spectrophotometric and Oxidoreduction Potential Method for La...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) oxidize phenolic compounds forming quinones, which undergo non-enzymatic reactions resulting in colored
compounds. We studied ferulic acid and catechol oxidation by Myceliophthora thermophila laccases using oxidoreduction potential (ORP or Eh) as a novel
method to determine PPO activity compared to the traditional spectrophotometric method. Eh varied time-dependently on ferulic acid and catechol
concentrations. Eh increased to a maximum value (Ehmax), then decreased irreversibly proportional with substrate concentration. The ΔEh curves of
ferulic acid and catechol oxidation at different concentrations by laccase exhibited two steps substrate oxidation: enzymatic and non-enzymatic; linear
segments with increasing and decreasing slopes (rate of ΔEh change). The Km values determined spectrophotometrically and ORP were 0.55, 0.75 and
0.39, 0.32mM for catechol and ferulic acid, respectively. The kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of enzymatic reaction were not significantly different between
the spectrophotometry and ORP methods. The ORP method is simple, low-cost and fast enabling the differentiation between the enzymatic and nonenzymatic phenol oxidation reactions
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 β-estradiol, 17 α – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 β- estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords
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Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
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LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
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Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
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Polymerization of phenol using free and immobilized horseradish peroxidase
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Polymerization of Phenol using Free and Immobilized
Horseradish Peroxidase
Pradeep N V1*, Anupama1, U.S.Hampannavar2
1.Assistant Professor, Dept of Biotechnology, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management,
Bellary, India.
2 Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, K.L.E’s College of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum,
India.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: nagamallivpradeep@gmail.com
Abstract
Phenol is a toxic compound and need to be treated before discharged. Phenol polymerization has been
studied using free and immobilized Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP). During the study period the
ambient room temperature was between 27-32oC. Phenol concentration of 100-500 mg/L was fed to
both free and immobilized HRP. Free enzyme studies were carried out in Erlenmayer flasks.
Immobilized HRP Enzyme Bed Reactor was fabricated and used for polymerization of phenol. Free
HRP polymerized 84% of phenol when fed with 100 mg/L where as Immobilized HRP polymerized
62% with the same phenol concentration. Free enzyme showed a better polymerization effect than
immobilized enzyme. This might be attributed to the availability of more active sites in free enzyme
when compared to immobilized enzymes. Reduction in phenol polymerization could be noticed with
the increase in phenol concentration.
Keywords: Phenol, phenol polymerizing enzymes, horse radish peroxidase, enzyme immobilization,
bioremediation.
1. Introduction
Widespread contamination of water by phenol has been recognized as an issue of growing importance in
recent years (Idrish and Saed, 2002). Phenols and anilines are toxic contaminants in the wastewater of
different industries such as plastics, resins, steels, dyes and organic chemicals (Naghibi et al., 2003).
Current methods applied to remove phenolic materials from wastewater include microbial degradation,
adsorption on activated carbon, chemical oxidation, incineration, solvent extraction, etc. However, these
methods have certain disadvantages, such as low efficiency, high cost or generation of some products that
are even more toxic than the original phenols (Hejri and Saboora, 2009). Biological processes are gaining
more importance over physicochemical process, as biological systems are more effective and the end
products formed are non toxic (Pradeep et al., 2011).
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions taking place within living cells.
The acceleration achieved by enzymatic catalysis is often tremendous (Bailey and Ollis, 1986). The use of
enzyme based techniques to remove organic compounds from aqueous solution was first proposed by
Klibanov and colleagues and has been continuously improved since then. The use of enzymatic proteins
may represent a good alternative for overcoming most disadvantages related to the use of microorganisms
(Rao et al., 2010).
Peroxidases have been isolated from many species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms. Horseradish
peroxidase (HRP) has received particular attention because of its catalytic ability under a wide range of
conditions of temperature, pH, and contaminant concentrations and because its catalytic function is
well-understood (Ghioureliotis and Nicell, 1999). Authors have reported the use of purified horseradish
peroxidase (HRP) to remove 30 different phenols and aromatics amines (Cooper and Nicell, 1996; Wilberg
et al., 2000). Phenol conversion is activated by H2O2, the enzyme catalyses the oxidation of aromatic
compounds, forming free radicals which undergo spontaneous polymerisation (Wilberg et al., 2002). The
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resulting high molecular weight compounds are less soluble in water and can be removed by gravity
sedimentation and/or filtration (Zou and Taylor, 1994).
Enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds has been investigated by many researchers and it has been
shown that peroxidases are able to react with aqueous phenolic compounds, however; these processes suffer
from enzyme inactivation. Therefore more importance has been given to immobilization of peroxidases for
the purpose of phenol removal (Iran and Siamak, 2009). For the treatment of large volumes of waste-waters,
reactors containing immobilized enzymes are desirable because of the high cost of enzymes.
Most reactions catalyzed by HRP can be expressed by the following equation, in which AH2 and
AH· represent a reducing substrate and its radical product, respectively. Typical reducing substrates include
aromatic phenols, phenolic acids, indoles, amines and sulfonates (Veitch, 2004).
HRP
H2O2+2AH2 2H2O+2AH· ---- (1)
Enzyme immobilization techniques usually provide, in addition to the desired reuse of the enzyme,
unexcelled advantages such as product separation and continuous operation (Loncar et al., 2011).
In the present study HRP was used for phenol polymerization. Studies were carried out using free HRP and
an Immobilized HRP Enzyme Bed Reactor was fabricated and used.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Enzyme isolation, Activity measurement and Immobilization
Horse Radish roots were used for the extraction of Peroxidase (HRP) enzyme in the laboratory. Buffer of
pH 6.8 was used to soak the roots in order to avoid the enzyme inactivation during crushing and extraction.
Further, the extract was filtered using whatman filter paper No. 40 and the filtrate was centrifuged at 8,000
rpm at 25oC for 30 min. Stock enzyme solution was stored at 4oC and warmed to room temperature prior to
use.
The activity of HRP was assayed as prescribed by Sadasivam and Manickan (2004). The assay was carried
out at 25oC using phenol, 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. The assay
mixture contained 1.5 ml of a 20 mM phenol solution, 0.75 ml of a 9.6 mM AAP solution, 0.3 ml of 2 mM
H2O2 solution, 0.45 ml of enzyme solution, and 0.3 ml phosphate buffer. The active enzyme concentration
is proportional to the colour development rate measured at 500 nm (Sadasivam and Manickan 2004).
The colour development rate was converted to activity using an extinction coefficient of 7,100 M-1cm-1
based on hydrogen peroxide. One unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme which
transforms 1 micromol of hydrogen peroxide per minute at 25oC.
Sodium alginate (4 grams) was weighed and transferred into a beaker containing 100 ml distilled water, the
beaker was transferred on to a hot water bath to dissolve sodium alginate. Sodium alginate solution was
cooled and crude enzyme (4%) was added. CaCl2 solution of 0.2 M was placed on a magnetic stirrer and
sodium alginate mixture containing enzyme was added drop by drop with the help of a burette. Uniform sized
beads were obtained. The diameter of each bead was 8 mm. The beads were stored at 4oC and warmed to
room temperature prior to use.
2.2. Fabrication of immobilized enzyme bed reactor (IEBR)
The plastic column of 20.3 cm was selected and was fitted to the iron stand. A sampling port was fixed at
the bottom of plastic column as shown in Figure 1. Phenol and hydrogen peroxide were added from the top
of the column. The immobilized enzyme beads were filled upto 15.2 cm of the plastic column for the
degradation of Phenol. The hydrogen peroxide activates the enzymes for phenol conversion (Wilberg et al.
2000).
2.3. Assay using free enzyme
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Assay using free HRP were carried out in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks at room temperature. Reaction medium
was prepared by adding 100 to 500 mg/L with an increment of 100 mg/L phenol, HRP enzyme (4%) and
H2O2 (1.1 to 5.5 mM) into the phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The volume of assay mixture was 50 ml. The
reaction was initiated by H2O2 which was added discretely for every 30 minutes to assure phenol conversion.
The conical flasks containing the assay mixture was placed on a rotary shaker to ensure complete mixing.
2.4. Assay using immobilized enzyme bed reactor
Assays were carried out in Immobilized Enzyme Bed Reactor at room temperature. Initially phenol and
hydrogen peroxide of known concentrations were added from the top of the reactor. H2O2 was added
discretely for every 30 minutes to assure phenol conversion.
2.5. Analysis of Sample for Phenol
The sample was drawn for every 30 minutes and phenol concentration was measured. The phenol
concentration was varied when there was no considerable difference in two consecutive readings. The
phenol concentration was detected using 4-Amino anti pyrine (4-AAP) method (Dannis 1951; Standard
Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewaterm, 1985).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Free Horse Radish Peroxidase
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme isolated from the roots of horseradish, has been shown to be
applicable for the treatment of several industrial wastewaters. HRP catalyzes the oxidation of phenols with
hydrogen peroxide to form phenoxy radicals (Cooper and Nicell 1996). The phenol conversion efficiency
was 84%, 76%, 62%, 55% and 50% at 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 500 mg/L
respectively as shown in Figure 2. Wilberg et al., (2000) reported 99% phenol conversion efficiency using
free HRP enzyme. Iran and Siamak (2009) attained 60% conversion of phenol using free HRP enzyme. As
the concentration of phenol was increased the conversion efficiency decreased.
3.2. Immobilized HRP Bed Reactor
HRP enzyme was immobilized using sodium alginate and the so formed beads were used in Immobilized
Bed Reactor. The results obtained for various phenol concentrations from 100 to 500 mg/L using HRP IBR
are as depicted in Figure 3. The percentage conversion efficiencies of phenol are 62%, 57%, 54%, 50%
and 46% for 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L respectively. Iran et al., (2009) reported the use of
immobilized HRP and obtained 55% phenol conversion at the concentration of 200 mg/L. Lai and Lin
(2005) reported the maximum removal efficiency of 25% p-chlorophenol at the concentration of 50 mg/L
using immobilized horseradish peroxidase with porous aminopropyl glass beads.
3.3. Comparison of Free and IEBR HRP
Free enzyme converted 84% and immobilized enzyme in IEBR converted 62% at an initial phenol
concentration of 100 mg/L. The comparison of free and immobilized HRP enzymes at various phenol
concentrations (100-500 mg/L) is as shown in Figure 4. It can be clearly observed that the conversion
efficiencies of free HRP enzyme are higher when compared to immobilized HRP enzymes at the
concentrations of 100-500 mg/L. This was due to the fact that the free enzyme had more contact with active
sites than the immobilized enzyme. Iran et al., (2009) reported 60% conversion and 53% using free and
immobilized enzymes respectively at initial concentration of 200 mg/L phenol.
4. Conclusions
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The following conclusions are made for phenol polymerization using free and immobilized HRP:
1) Phenol polymerization of 84% was achieved at 100 mg/L using free HRP enzyme.
2) Phenol degradation of 62% was observed using Immobilized HRP Enzyme Bed Reactor.
3) As the concentration of phenol increased, reduction in phenol polymerization efficiency was observed.
4) Free HRP showed better phenol polymerization when compared with immobilized HRP bed reactor.
5) Immobilized enzyme can be recovered and reused.
Enzymatic treatment using peroxidase is a viable option for the polymerization of phenol. The results
obtained indicate that HRP can be used for polymerization of phenol from wastewater.
References
Bailey J. E and Ollis D. F. (1986), “Biochemical engineering fundamentals” (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill.
Cooper V. A and Nicell J. A. (1996), “Removal of phenols from a foundry wastewater using horseradish
peroxidase”, Water research, 30, 954-964.
Dannis M. (1951), “Determination of Phenols by the Amino-Antipyrine Method”, Sewage and Industrial
Wastes, 23, 1516-1522.
Ghioureliotis M and Nicell J. A. (1999), “Assessment of soluble products of peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of
aqueous phenol”, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 25 185-193.
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electrochemical generation of brine solution”, Global Nest: the International Journal, 4, 139 -144.
Iran A and Siamak N. (2009). Removal of Phenols with Encapsulated Horseradish Peroxidase in Calcium
Alginate. Iran Journal of Chemical Engineering. 28, 43-49.
Lai Y.C and Lin S.C. (2005). Application of immobilized horseradish peroxidase for the removal of
p-chlorophenol from aqueous solution. Process Biochemistry. 40, 1167–1174.
Loncar N, Bozic N, Andelkovic I, Milovanovic A, Dojnov B, Vujcic M, Roglic G and Vujcic Z. (2011),
“Removal of aqueous phenol and phenol derivatives by immobilized potato polyphenol oxidase”, Journal
of Serbian Chemical Society, 76, 1–10.
Naghibi F, Pourmorad F, Honary S and Shamsi M. (2003). Decontamination of Water Polluted with Phenol
Using Raphanus sativus Root. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2, 29-32.
Pradeep N V, Anupama, Hampannavar U S. (2011), “Biodegradation of Phenol using Rotating Biological
Contactor”, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (1), 105-113.
Rao M. A, Scelza R, Scotti R and Gianfreda L. (2010), “Role of enzymes in the remediation of polluted
environments”, Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 10, 333- 353.
Sadasivam S and Manickan A. (2004), “Biochemical Methods” (2nd ed.), New Age Publishers, New Delhi.
Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. (1985), Prepared and Published by American
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Veitch N C. (2004), “Horseradish peroxidase: a modern view of a classic enzyme”, Phytochemistry, 65,
249–259.
Wilberg K. Q, Nunes D. G and Rubio J. (2000), “Removal of Phenol by Enzymatic oxidation and Floation”,
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Wilberg K, Assenhaimer C and Rubio J. (2002), “Removal of aqueous phenol catalysed by a low purity
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soybean peroxidase”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 77, 851-857.
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Pradeep N V is an M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) scholar from K.L.E’s College of Engineering and
technology, Belgaum, India. He obtained his Engineering Degree in Biotechnology from B.I.T.M, Bellary,
India. Published four international papers related to wastewater treatment. Presently working as an
Assistant Professor in Dept of Biotechnology, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Bellary,
India. A member of World Environmental Organization and International Society of Environmental
Information Sciences.
Anupama is an M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) scholar from K.L.E’s College of Engineering and
technology, Belgaum, India. She obtained her Engineering Degree in Biotechnology from B.I.T.M, Bellary,
India. Published three international papers related to wastewater treatment. Presently working as an
Assistant Professor in Dept of Biotechnology, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Bellary,
India. She is a member of World Environmental Organization and International Society of Environmental
Information Sciences.
U S Hampannavar is a Professor in Dept of Civil Engg, K.L.E’s College of Engineering and technology,
obtained Engineering degree in Civil Engg, Masters Degree in Environmental Engineering, Ph.D in the
field of Environmental Engineering. He has published seven international papers and has 15 years of
teaching experience. His area of interest is wastewater treatment. Dr. U S Hampannavar is a member of
Indian Society for Technical Education, Indian Laser Association, World Environmental Organization,
International Society of Environmental Information Sciences, and Indian Society for Hydraulics.
Figure 1. Immobilized Enzyme Bed Reactor. (All dimensions are in cm)
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Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Figure 2. Percentage conversion of phenol using free HRP.
Figure 3. Percentage conversion of phenol using HRP in IEBR.
Figure 4. Comparison of free and IEBR (HRP).
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