This document discusses various types of pollution including water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, marine pollution, and noise pollution. For each type of pollution, it provides definitions, causes, effects, and the role that individuals can play in prevention. Some key points made include that water pollution contaminates water sources making them unusable, air pollution releases harmful gases and particles, soil pollution contaminates soil with toxic substances, marine pollution harms ocean life, and noise pollution causes both physical and psychological health issues. The document advocates for proper waste disposal, use of public transportation, reducing plastic use, and soundproofing systems to prevent pollution.

1. JAIPUR NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
SEEDLING SCHOOL OF NURSING
PREPARED BY-
(PROF.) DR. RAHUL SHARMA
HOD OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
PH.D. COORDINATOR
SEEDLING SCHOOL OF NURSING

2. POLLUTIO
N

3. Water pollution

4. INTRODUCTI
ON
Water pollution is the contamination
of water sources by substances which
make the water unusable for drinking,
cooking, cleaning, swimming, and
other activities

5. DEFINITI
ON
Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies, usually as a result of
human activities, so that it negatively
affects its uses
 Water pollution caused by natural
phenomena
 Water pollution caused by human
behaviour
 Chemical fertilizers
 Leak of sewer line
 Radioactive garbage

6. DEFINITI
ON
Effects
 Water pollution drastically affects human
health; in fact, it can kill
 It can cause contamination of drinking
water – thereby contributing to
waterborne illnesses
 Water pollution also affects the
ecosystem – it can cause a phenomenon
called eutrophication
 Toxic elements dissolved in water can
make their way to humans through fish or
other aquatic organisms
 Water pollution also leaches chemicals
into the soil that may impact the growth
of plants or other food crops

7. DEFINITI
ON
Control measures of water pollution:-Some important points are
summarized below
 There is a plant known as ‘Water Hyacinth’ that absorbs dissolved
toxic substances like cadmium and mercury from water bodies,
thus actively removing pollutants from water
 It is important to dispose-off waste carefully and not to dump it
directly into water bodies, without proper waste treatment
 Industries should treat their wastes carefully before disposing of
chemicals and other materials into water bodies directly
 Using natural fertilizers and pesticides as substitutes for chemical
ones is good for plants and water
 Chemical processes such as coagulation, ion exchange method,
reverse osmosis, etc. will greatly reduce the level of water
pollution

8. DEFINITI
ON
Role of an individual in prevention of water pollution
 Individual should minimize wastage of resources such as electricity
 Individuals should prefer walking or use cycles instead of using motor
vehicles, especially when distances to be travelled are small
 Individuals can make considerable contribution by using mass
transport instead of using personal vehicles
 When going to workplace, colleagues from nearby localities should
pool vehicles instead of going in individual personal vehicles
 Taking personal vehicles for periodic pollution checks at centres
approved by authorities
 Individuals should reuse items whenever possible
 Products that are made of recycled material should be given
preference
 Use gunny bags made of jute instead of plastic bags

9. DEFINITI
ON
Role of an individual in prevention of
water pollution
 Take part in environment conservation
drives such as tree planting drives
 Use water resources efficiently
 Use renewable resources by installing
equipment such as solar heaters and
using solar cookers
Air pollution

10. INTRODUCTI
ON
Air pollution refers to any physical,
chemical or biological change in the
air

11. DEFINITI
ON
Air Pollution is the release of
pollutants such as gases, particles,
biological molecules, etc. into the air
that is harmful to human health and
the environment.”
Causes
 Following are the important causes of air
pollution
Factory and industries
Agricultural activity
Mining activities
Domestic sources

12. EFFECT
S OF AIR
POLLUTI
ON
Diseases

13. EFFECT
S OF AIR
POLLUTI
ON
Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart
diseases among humans
 Global Warming
Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the
gaseous composition of the air
 Acid Rain
The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides
and sulphur oxides in the air
 Ozone Layer Depletion
The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons
in the atmosphere is the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer
 Effect on Animals
The air pollutants suspend in the water bodies and affect aquatic life
Avoid Using Vehicles:-People should avoid using vehicles for shorter
distances

14. EFFECT
S OF AIR
POLLUTI
ON
to another
Energy Conservation:-A
large number of fossil
fuels are burnt to
generate electricity

15. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
plant trees wherever you can and more
importantly take care of them
Reduce the use of wood and paper
products wherever possible
The reuse as many envelopes as you
can
Do not buy furniture, doors or windows
frames made from tropical hardwoods

16. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
Soil pollution
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with
anomalous concentrations of toxic substances
Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic
chemicals in soil, in high enough concentrations to
pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem
Causes
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Industrial waste
Pesticides
Mining and smelting
Construction activities
Radioactive wastes

17. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
Changes in rainfall pattern
Geographical changes
Health effects
Effect on microorganisms
Effects on animals
Effects on the fertility of plants
Reduction in croup yields
Effects on aquatic life
Increase in algae
Changes in pH level

18. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
Effects on soil structure
Dust
Air pollution
Excavation and subsequent transportation of polluted soils to
remote, uninhabited locations
Extraction of pollutants via thermal remediation – the
temperature is raised in order to force the contaminants into
the vapour phase, after which they can be collected through
vapour extraction
Bioremediation or phytoremediation involves the use of
microorganisms and plants for the decontamination of soil
Mycoremediation involves the use of fungi for the
accumulation of heavy metal contaminants
Role of an individual in prevention of soil pollution
Take part in environment conservation drives such as tree
planting drives
Use water resources efficiently

19. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
Use renewable resources by installing equipment
such as solar heaters and using solar cookers
Dispose potentially harmful products such as
cells, batteries, pesticide containers, etc properly
Use of refrigerators should be minimised
wherever possible as they are main source of
CFC, which is responsible for Ozone layer
depletion
Follow and promote family planning, as more
population means more resources utilized and
more resources utilized imply more pollution
Avoid making noise producing activities such as
listening to loud music
Use handkerchiefs instead of paper tissues
marine pollution

20. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL IN
PREVENT
ION OF
AIR
POLLUTIO
N
Marine pollution occurs when
substances used or spread by humans,
such as industrial, agricultural and
residential waste, particles, noise,
excess carbon dioxide or invasive
organisms enter the ocean and cause
harmful effects there

21. DEFINITI
ON
Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most
of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into
the ocean
 Stormwater runoff
 sewer overflows
 littering
 inadequate waste disposal and management
 tyre abrasion
 Construction
 illegal dumping
Oil covering the feathers of birds and the gills of fish
Skin and eye irritation and lung and liver problems from oil
deposits and byproducts

22. DEFINITI
ON
Reproductive system failure from exposure to poisonous industrial
and agricultural chemicals
Consumption of toxic substances stored in the fatty tissues of fish
 Eat sustainable foodstuffs, properly recycle batteries, produce
homemade compost and dispose of drugs in the places authorised
for this purpose
 Encourage a more eco-friendly model for industry, farming and
stock breeding, among other economic activities
 Improve urban planning and transport planning and waste water
treatment
 Improve the management of mining waste, restore the landscape
and conserve topsoil
 Involve local communities and indigenous peoples in the design,
implementation and assessment of sustainable land and soil
management

23. ROLE OF
AN
INDIVIDU
AL TO
PREVENT
ION OF
MARINE
POLLUTIO
N
Reduce your use of single- use plastics
Support lagislation to curb plastic
production and waste
Recycle properly
Participate in a beach or river cleanup
Avoid products containing microbeads
Support organisations addressing plastic
pollution
Noise pollution
Noise pollution can cause health
problems for people and wildlife, both on
land and in the sea

24. DEFINITI
ON
Causes
 Traffic noise
 Air traffic noise
 Constructions sites
 Catering and night life
 Animals
 Effects
Physical
Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood
pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely loud,
constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart
attacks
Psychological

25. DEFINITI
ON
Causes
Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue,
depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans
and animals
Sleep and behavioural disorders
Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or
sleeping properly
Memory and concentration
Noise may affect people’s ability to focus, which can
lead to low performance over time
Turn off Appliances at Home and offices
Shut the Door when using
And Machines
Use Earplugs

26. DEFINITI
ON
Causes
Lower the volume
Stay away from Noisy area
Follow the Limits of Noise level
Control Noise level near sensitive areas
Go Green by planning trees
Create healthy noise to eliminate unwanted noise
Use noise absorbent in noisy machineries
Use proper lubrication and better Maintenance

27. DEFINITI
ON
Role of an individual in prevention of noise pollution:- Some noise
pollution preventive measures are provided in the points below
 Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospitals, etc.
should be banned
 In commercial, hospital, and industrial buildings, adequate
soundproof systems should be installed
 Musical instruments’ sound should be controlled to desirable
limits
 Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention
 Explosives should not be used in forest, mountainous and mining
areas
 Thermal pollution
 An uncommon form of thermal pollution involves the release of
cool or cold water from storage reservoirs into warmer water,
thereby lowering the temperature of the receiving water bodies

28. DEFINITI
ON
The use of water as a cooling system: the main causes
of this pollution are industrial and manufacturing
plants
Deforestation and soil erosion: these factors increase
the level or expose water bodies to sunlight, which
causes them to heat up abnormally
Natural causes: for example, volcanoes and
geothermal activity can also have an impact on the
warming of groundwater and oceanic waters, with
major environmental impacts
Reduced oxygen levels in water: Warm water can retain
lower amounts of dissolved oxygen than cold water,
due to its excess internal energy
Increased toxins: water from industries flowing into
seas and rivers may contain toxins and these have an
effect on the ecology of the area, causing more
diseases to develop

29. DEFINITION
Mass migration: rising or falling temperatures can cause species to migrate to environments
where conditions are more suitable, affecting organisms that depend on these species for
their survival
Decreased dissolved oxygen
Migration
Increased toxins
Loss of biodiversity
Ecological impacts
Reproductive effects
Increased metabolic rates
Cooling Ponds:-The most basic ways of controlling thermal discharges are cooling ponds or
reservoirs.Heated effluents on the surface of water in cooling ponds maximize heat dissipation
to the atmosphere while reducing the area and volume of water

30. DEFINITI
ON
Cooling Towers:-The cooling process is defined as
the process of taking water from water sources
for cooling purposes and then returning it to the
water body after passing through the condenser
Artificial Lakes:-Artificial lakes are man-made
bodies of water that can be used as an
alternative.It can be created by damming a valley,
digging land, or enclosing an area of land with
dykes and redirecting a portion of the river flow
into the reservoirs
Spray Ponds:-A spray pond is a reservoir where
overheated water from a power plant is cooled
before reuse by spraying it into the cooler air via
nozzles.Cooling is accomplished through heat
exchange with the surrounding air

31. DEFINITION
Cogeneration:-Cogeneration is a
technique in which the extra thermal
energy generated during the
generation of electricity is utilized in
another manufacturing process that
requires that energy.It Is also known
as power district heating and
combined heat and power

32. DEFINITI
ON
Role of an individual in prevention of thermal pollution:-
Some of the points to prevent and control thermal
pollution
 Cooling towers and artificial lakes:-Industries which
generate excess heat release the heated water into
water channels
 Save Electricity
 Electricity was never a cheap commodity
 Use of alternative cooling agents- other than water
 A majority of our infrastructure surrounds around the
use of water as a coolant
 Nuclear pollution

33. INTRODUCTI
ON
Nuclear pollution has adverse effects
on almost all the life forms existing
across the Globe

34. DEFINITI
ON
Nuclear pollution is known to leave
undesirable effects on the
environment due to the release of
radioactive substances and radiation
Here are a few common health effects
or harmful effects of radiation on the
human body
Hair
Heart and Brain
Thyroid
Blood System

35. DEFINITION
Reproductive Tract
 Radiation can still be found in radioactive waste
 Storage: It cannot be buried or incinerated
 Dilution: Since storage may not be practicable, another alternative is to dilute the
radiation
 Professional Assistance: Professional assistance should always be sought because there
are no straightforward ways to dispose of radioactive waste
 Low-level Waste: Low-level waste disposal is simple and may be done practically any
place in a safe manner
 Used Fuel: Used fuel is typically stored for at least five years underwater and subsequently
in dry storage
 Deep Geological Disposal: The greatest solution for the eventual disposal of the most
radioactive waste produced is deep geological disposal, which is widely accepted

36. DEFINITION
Reproductive Tract
 Select reagents and procedures that minimize the volume and toxicity of
all wastes
 Avoid ordering radioactive materials in quantities that exceed your intended usage
 Non-radioactive wastes must never be mixed with radioactive wastes
 Non-radioactive tracers and methods are available for many common assays, and
procedures used in biomedical
 Substitute with Short-lived Radionuclides where feasible
 Reduce the activity and volumes of materials used in the experiment to decrease
the amount of wastes generated
 Replace hazardous chemical solvents with formulations not regulated as
hazardous or mixed wastes