This document discusses different political ideologies including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and others. It defines ideology as a set of ideas that guides political action. Liberalism focuses on individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and a limited government role, while conservatism emphasizes tradition, gradual change, and the state maintaining order. Socialism believes in collectivism, equality, and opposition to capitalism. The document also places these ideologies on a left-right spectrum and discusses post-ideological politics where clear ideological differences are less apparent and single issue groups are common.

1. Political ideologies
•Liberalism
•Conservatism
•Socialism
•Other political
ideologies
•Post-ideological politics

2. What is ideology?
• Ideology is ‘an interrelated set of ideas that in
some way guides or inspires political action’
(Heywood, 2002)
• ‘An ideology is a reasonably coherent structure of
thought shared by a group of people. It is a
means of explaining how society works and
explaining how it ought to work.’ (Dobson, 1992)
• Some uses of the term see ideology as something
negative, implying a distorted view of reality eg
capitalist ideology, patriarchal ideology

3. Liberalism
Key ideas
• Individual freedom
• Equality of
opportunity
• Government by
consent
• State’s role is to
safeguard freedom of
the individual
Liberalism has influenced a
variety of movements
concerned with equal rights for
all citizens

4. Types of liberalism
• Classical liberalism
• Progressive liberalism
• Neo-liberalism
Children queuing for food in the 1900s.
Progressive liberals argued that
individual freedom was only possible if
the state intervened to alleviate
problems like poverty. A liberal
government introduced the first school
meals in 1905.
Nick Clegg leader of the Liberal Democrat
Party

5. Conservatism
Key ideas
• Importance of
tradition
• Gradual social
change
• Human beings are
imperfect and
flawed
• State’s role is to
maintain order
The State Opening of Parliament.
Conservatives believe in
hierarchy, order and tradition

6. Types of conservatism
• Traditional conservatism
• One-nation conservatism
• Liberal conservatism
Benjamin Disraeli (19th C Prime Minster) is
regarded as the founder of one-nation
conservatism while Margaret Thatcher
(PM 1979-90) was influenced by liberal
conservative ideas

7. Socialism
Key ideas
• Collectivism
• Equality
• Opposed to capitalism
• Human beings are
capable of self-
fulfilment if given the
opportunity by society
The Labour government of 1945-
50 nationalised key industries
including coal, gas, electricity,
water and railways

8. Types of socialism
• Revolutionary socialism
• Democratic socialism
• Social democracy
Socialism applies to a wide range
of political ideas ranging from
Communism which inspired the
Russian Revolution to Tony Blair’s
Third Way

9. Left and right in politics
Anarchism
Revolutionary
Socialism
(eg
Communism)
Democratic
socialism
(eg
old
Labour)
Social
democrats
(New
Labour)
Progressive
Liberalism
(eg
Lib
Dems)
One
nation
Conservatives
(left
of
Conservative
Party)
Traditio
nal
Conservatives
(right
of
Conservative
Party)
Fascism
(eg
BNP)
Environmentalism
Feminism
RIGHT
LEFT

10. Other political ideologies
• Feminism
• Environmentalism
• Fascism
• Anarchism
Some political ideologies like
environmentalism are hard to
classify as left or right wing

11. Post-ideological politics
This can be seen because:
• There are less clear ideological
differences between political
parties
• Pressure group politics often does
not fit into traditional ideologies eg
environmentalism
• Many political groups are
concerned with single issues rather
than a comprehensive ideology
This implies that political ideology is less
important in politics today
Why might a protest
such as this be seen
as an example of
post-ideological
politics?