This document discusses the concept of equality in political science. It defines equality as implying sameness, especially in terms of rights, opportunities, and choices available to all citizens. The document outlines different types of equality, including civil equality (equality before the law), political equality (equal access to political rights), economic equality (development, employment, wages), and social equality (enabling democracy in spirit by leveling inequities). It notes challenges to achieving full equality include gaps between laws and practice, inadequate laws, unwillingness of society to follow laws, and lack of education and awareness.

1. POLITICAL SCIENCE
-SARVESH SONAWANE

2. EQUALITY

3. WHAT IS EQUALITY?
• Equality in simple words means ‘sameness’
• The sameness may be in quality or quantity

4. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT TO PS
• Politically, equality
refers to sameness in
the availability and
exercise of rights,
opportunities and
choices.
• Hence in PS, the term
equality is directly
related to fundamental
rights.

5. DEFINITION OF EQUALITY
• Harold Laski in his work A
Grammar of Politics says
that equality “implies
fundamentally a leveling
process. It means that no
man shall be placed in
society that can be
overreach his neighbor to
the extent which
constitutes a denial of
latter’s citizenship.”HAROLD LASKI

6. Equality implies the availability of
similar rights and privileges

7. • Equality implies the
leveling of inequities

8. • Equality cannot be absolute

9. EQUALITY
Civil Political Economic Social

10. CIVIL EQUALITY
• It implies equality of all
the citizens before the
law.
• Every citizen of the State
should be treated
similarly by the
Constitution, the law and
governing institutions,
irrespective of race,
religion, sex, caste, creed,
language, views and
beliefs.

11. POLITICAL EQUALITY
• It implies that all citizens
should have equal access
to similar political rights.
• They may include the
rights to vote, to contest
elections, to voice one’s
political opinion and
criticize government
policies, and to actively
participate in governance.

12. ECONOMIC EQUALITY
• In recent years,
economic equality is
acquiring greater
significance than even
political equality.
• Economic development,
adequate employment,
reasonable wages, etc.

13. SOCIAL EQUALITY
• By large and civil,
political and economic
equality enable
democracy in letter
only.
• It is social equality that
enables democracy in
spirit.

14. RIGHT TO EQUALITY
• Equality before law – Article 14
• Prohibition of Discrimination – Article 15
• Equality of opportunity – Article 16
• Abolition of Untouchability – Article 17
• Abolition of Titles – Article 18

15. CHALLENGES
• Lacuna (gap) between
law and practice
• Inadequate laws
• Unwillingness of society
to follow laws
• Lack of education and
awareness

16. THANK YOU