In this ppt pneumonia is defined it's classification Risk factores Causes Diagnostic evaluation Management

1. Child health nursing
Classroom presentation
Ritu chaudhari
Roll no.7
T.Y.Bsc(n)
GINERA

3. Pneumonia
Lower respiratory tract
disorder:

4. Introduction:
Pneumonia is lung infection that
affect the air sac (alveoli) at the
end of the airways.
The infection interferes with the
delivery of oxygen from the air
sacs into the blood and the
removal of carbon dioxide from
the blood.

5. Definition:
Pneumonia is defined as
acute inflammation and
consolidation of lung
parenchyma.

6. Incidence
Pneumonia in children is a major
concern in developing countries,
because one third of all hospitals
outpatient compromise of acute
respiratory infection of which nearly
30% have pneumonia.
It is the second leading cause of death
in children under 5 year of age.

7. Classification :
Classification on anatomic basis:
1. Lobular pneumonia:one or more
lobes of lungs are involved.
2. Interstitial pneumonia: interstitial
tissues of lungs are affected.
3. Bronchopneumonia: patchy
consolidation of lungs is known as
bronchopneumonia.

8. Classification on etiologic basis:
1. Bacterial pneumonia: It may be
caused by bacteria like
pneumococcus, streptococcus,
staphylococcus,H.influenzae ,and
Haemophilus pertussis.
2. Viral pneumonia: It may be caused
by viruses like influenza, measles,
adenovirus and respiratory
syncytial virus.

9. 3. Fungal pneumonia:It may be caused
by histoplasmosis and
coccidioidomycosis.
4. Protozoal pneumonia:It may be
caused by pneumocystis
carinii,Toxoplasma gondii, and
Entamoeba histolytica.

10. Miscellaneous types:
1. Aspirations pneumonia: it is caused by
aspirations of food,nasal drops,
amniotic fluid by newborn, water
(drowning)and chemical like kerosene
oil,etc.
2. Loffler’s pneumonia:It is a disease in
which eosinophils accumulate in lungs
in response to parasitics infection. It
may be caused by parasites like Ascaris
lumbricoides ,strongyloides stercoralis
and Ancyclostoma duodenale.

11. 3.Hypersensitivity pneumonia: It is an
inflammation of alveoli within the lungs
caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled
dust.
4.Hypostatic pneumonia: It is results
from collection of fluid in dorsal region
of lungs and occurs especially in those
confined to bed for long time
(bedridden person).

12. Risk factors:
Immunosuppressants state like HIV ,
AIDS
Exposure to smoke and chemical
Aspiration of any substance

13. Pathophysiology
infection to the lungs (e.g bacteria, virus)
⬇️
inflammatory response initiated
⬇️
Alveolar edema+exudate formation
⬇️
Alveoli and respiratory bronchiole fill with
serous exudate, blood cells, fibrin, bacteria
⬇️
Consolidation of lung tissue

14. By chart

16. Clinical Features:
Clinical features of pneumonia include:
 High fever with chills
 Cough with thick sputum
 Increased respiratory rate
 Grunting respiration
 Nasal flaring
 Running nose
 Irritability
 Malaise

19.  Sore throat
 Anorexia
Late symptoms include:
 Convulsions
 Drowsiness
 Inability to drink from mouth
 Wheezing

21.  Hoarseness of voice
 Cyanosis
 Pleural pain which may be increased by
deep breathing

22. Diagnostic evaluation
 History of the child reveals presence of
cough with increased respiration.
 Chest X-ray: X-ray suggesting
bronchopneumonia include diffuse patchy
consolidation of lung.
 Blood test reveals increased blood count
with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis
seen in bacterial pneumonia.

24. Diagnosis is confirmed by isolating
the oraganism in blood or from
pleural fluid.
Isolation of organism from
nasopharynx or throat by culture or
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)in
viral pneumonia.

25. Management
Antibiotics used in treatment of
bacterial pneumonia Includes
penicillin, Amoxicillin, and clavulanic
acid , and macrolides like
erythromycin, Azithromycin, and
clarithromycin.

26. For fungal pneumonia provide
antifungal drugs like Amphotericin
B,fluconazole, sulphonamide.
Provide supportive Care the child:
Oxygen administration to maintain the
oxygen saturation level.
Hydration therapy
Antipyretics (paracetamol 10-15mg/kg
every 4-6 hour )

27. Nursing management
 Ineffective airways clearance related to
excessive mucus production secondary to
retained secretions and inflammation.
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to
inflammatory process, hypoxia,or
alteration in patient oxygen and carbon
dioxide ratio as evidenced by tachypnea ,
dyspnea or change in rate and depth of
respiration.

28.  Hyperthermia or imbalance body
temperature related to inflammatory
process of pneumonia as evidenced by
measuring vital signs.
Risk for imbalance nutrition less than
body requirements related to inability to
swallow Or increased metabolic needs
secondary to infectious process or fever.

29. Risk for infection related to
inadequate primary defence or
chronic disease or malnutrition.

30. Nursing interventions
Monitor the child’s respiratory rate
and pattern.
Administer oxygen to maintain the
oxygen saturation in blood.
Place the child in semi – fowler’s
position to help in breathing.
Position of the child should be
changed frequently to prevent
pooling of secretions in lungs.

31.  Administer cough suppressant and
bronchodilator as per prescription.
 Provide steam inhalation and chest
physiotherapy to help in drainage of
secretions.
 Give increased amount of fluids as this will
help in liquefying the thick tenacious
secretions.
 Administer prescribed antibiotics.
 Tepid sponging is done to reduce fever.
 Provide diversion therapy to the child to
avoid boredom.

32. Complications
Complications of pneumonia including:
 Pleural effusion
 Emphysema
 Bronchiectasis
 Pneumatocele

33. Prevention
Two vaccine are available to prevent
pneumonia:
1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
(PCV13)
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharides vaccine
(ppsv23)
 PCV13 recommend for all children less
than 2 years of age.