Pleurisy
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Pleurisy is inflammation of the moist layer of the lungs. It is caused by diseases like AIDS and cancer, infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis, chest injuries, and drug reactions. The main symptom is a sharp, stabbing pain in the side of the chest that worsens with movement and coughing, along with shortness of breath and fever. Treatments include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and pain killers to help relieve symptoms, though they do not provide a cure.
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PLEURISY BY TARIQ GILL
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pleurisy is often associated with excess fluid accumulating between the pleural layers (pleural effusion). The condition has various causes like infections, cancer, heart failure, or trauma. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Doctors diagnose pleurisy through examination finding a pleural friction rub, and chest imaging can detect pleural effusions. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung destruction caused by infection, typically by aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria. It appears on imaging as a cavity containing air-fluid levels. The infection can start as necrotizing pneumonia that progresses to microabscesses and larger cavitary lesions over time. Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, or pre-existing lung disease. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Therapy typically lasts 4-6 weeks until imaging shows resolution, though surgery may be needed for large or resistant abscesses. Complications can include empyema, bronchopleural fistula, or distant infections if not properly treated.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
5.Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Hemothorax
This document discusses various types and causes of hemothorax. It defines hemothorax as blood in the pleural space and lists trauma, medical conditions, and iatrogenic causes. Treatment options discussed include tube thoracostomy for drainage, VATS for bleeding control, and CT-guided arterial embolization. Complications like clot retention, empyema, and fibrothorax are described. Nontraumatic causes such as malignancy, anticoagulation therapy, and endometriosis are also summarized.
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PLEURISY BY TARIQ GILL
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pleurisy is often associated with excess fluid accumulating between the pleural layers (pleural effusion). The condition has various causes like infections, cancer, heart failure, or trauma. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Doctors diagnose pleurisy through examination finding a pleural friction rub, and chest imaging can detect pleural effusions. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung destruction caused by infection, typically by aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria. It appears on imaging as a cavity containing air-fluid levels. The infection can start as necrotizing pneumonia that progresses to microabscesses and larger cavitary lesions over time. Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, or pre-existing lung disease. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Therapy typically lasts 4-6 weeks until imaging shows resolution, though surgery may be needed for large or resistant abscesses. Complications can include empyema, bronchopleural fistula, or distant infections if not properly treated.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
5.Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Hemothorax
This document discusses various types and causes of hemothorax. It defines hemothorax as blood in the pleural space and lists trauma, medical conditions, and iatrogenic causes. Treatment options discussed include tube thoracostomy for drainage, VATS for bleeding control, and CT-guided arterial embolization. Complications like clot retention, empyema, and fibrothorax are described. Nontraumatic causes such as malignancy, anticoagulation therapy, and endometriosis are also summarized.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Emphysema
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
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This document discusses miliary tuberculosis. It begins with an introduction that defines miliary TB and outlines its history, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Miliary TB is a disseminated form of extra pulmonary TB caused by hematogenous spread of mycobacteria through the bloodstream. It most commonly appears as small, millet seed-sized lesions scattered throughout multiple organs. Symptoms can include weakness, fever, weight loss, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, lumbar puncture, cultures, and chest imaging. Treatment typically involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months.
pleuritis
Pleuritis, or pleurisy, is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall that causes sharp, knifelike pain during breathing. It is usually caused by infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or injuries to the chest. During pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura irritates sensory fibers and causes pain when the membranes rub together during breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, or thoracentesis to identify the underlying cause, and treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing its source through antibiotics, analgesics, or drainage of excess fluid in severe cases.
Pleural empyema dr.tinku joseph
This document provides information on pleural empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Pleural empyema, also known as pyothorax, is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It can develop as a complication of conditions like pneumonia or following trauma. Management involves treating the infection with antibiotics, draining the pus via procedures like chest tube insertion or VATS, and re-expanding the lung. Treatment may also include procedures like thoracocentesis, fibrinolytics, or open drainage if more invasive measures are needed.
Pleurisy
This document discusses pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the pleura (the membranes surrounding the lungs). It describes the normal physiology of the lungs and pleura. Pleurisy occurs when there is an excessive collection of fluid between the pleural layers, known as a pleural effusion, which can impair breathing. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. The document outlines various syndromes associated with pleurisy and methods for diagnosing the condition, including radiological scans. Treatment aims to remove fluid and treat the underlying cause, and may include thoracentesis or antibiotics depending on the cause of the effusion.
Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
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This document provides an overview of cholecystitis, including:
1. It defines cholecystitis as the inflammatory condition of the gallbladder and describes the types of acute cholecystitis.
2. It outlines the clinical features of acute cholecystitis including symptoms like colicky pain and signs like Murphy's sign.
3. It discusses the treatment options for acute cholecystitis which include conservative treatment, early cholecystectomy, or emergency cholecystostomy depending on the severity of the case.
bronchitis - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
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Buergers Disease
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Hemoptysis is defined as coughing up blood originating below the vocal cords. It can range from blood-streaked sputum to coughing up pure blood. The document discusses the definition, causes, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment of hemoptysis. The main causes discussed are tracheobronchial diseases like bronchitis and tumors, as well as cardiovascular issues. Diagnosis involves history, examination, labs, chest imaging like CXR, CT, and procedures like bronchoscopy.
diffuse toxic & endemic goiter
Diffuse toxic goiter, also known as endemic goiter, is an autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones causing damage to organs like the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It is caused by iodine deficiency in the environment, especially in soil and water. People in iodine-deficient areas can develop an enlarged thyroid gland with a reduction in its function over time, along with symptoms like difficulty swallowing and changes to heart function. Treatment options include thyroid drugs, surgery to remove part of the thyroid gland, and preventing future cases by providing iodized salt and foods to populations.
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Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
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Pleuresy
The document discusses pleurisy and pleural effusions. It defines the pleura and pleural space, and describes different types of pleural syndromes including dry pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and fibrothorax. Common causes, symptoms, signs, and investigation findings for pleural effusions are outlined. Pleural fluid analysis is described to differentiate exudates from transudates. Differentials are provided for lymphocytic and eosinophilic pleural effusions.
L7 chronic gastritis f
Chronic gastritis is defined as chronic inflammation of the stomach lining leading to atrophy and changes in cell type. The most common cause is infection by H. pylori bacteria, which causes damage through enzymes and toxins. This can lead to two types of gastritis - antral or pangastritis. Autoimmune gastritis is less common and is characterized by antibodies against stomach cells and vitamin B12 deficiency. H. pylori infection is generally treated with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to cure the infection and reduce cancer risk over the long term.
Pleuritis
La pleuritis es una inflamación de la pleura, la membrana que rodea los pulmones y la caja torácica. Puede ser causada por infecciones, enfermedades autoinmunes, cáncer u otras afecciones. Existen varios tipos como la pleuritis seca, húmeda, supurativa y hemorrágica. Los síntomas incluyen dolor torácico, tos, fiebre y dificultad para respirar. El diagnóstico incluye pruebas de imagen y biopsia. El tratamiento depende de la
Pleurisy
Pleurisy adalah peradangan lapisan pleura yang mengelilingi paru-paru yang menyebabkan nyeri dada yang diperburuk napas. Gejala lain termasuk batuk, kepekaan dada, dan sesak napas. Pengangkatan cairan dari rongga dada dapat menghilangkan nyeri dan sesak napas.
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Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
Empyema
This document defines empyema as the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It is most commonly caused by pneumonia or other lung infections. Key symptoms include fever, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis. Treatment involves antibiotics, chest tube placement to drain pus, and sometimes fibrinolytics or surgery. Goals are to treat the infection, drain the pleural space, and allow lung re-expansion to prevent chronic issues. Physiotherapy after treatment is important for full recovery.
Emphysema
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
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This document discusses miliary tuberculosis. It begins with an introduction that defines miliary TB and outlines its history, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Miliary TB is a disseminated form of extra pulmonary TB caused by hematogenous spread of mycobacteria through the bloodstream. It most commonly appears as small, millet seed-sized lesions scattered throughout multiple organs. Symptoms can include weakness, fever, weight loss, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, lumbar puncture, cultures, and chest imaging. Treatment typically involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months.
pleuritis
Pleuritis, or pleurisy, is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall that causes sharp, knifelike pain during breathing. It is usually caused by infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or injuries to the chest. During pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura irritates sensory fibers and causes pain when the membranes rub together during breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, or thoracentesis to identify the underlying cause, and treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing its source through antibiotics, analgesics, or drainage of excess fluid in severe cases.
Pleural empyema dr.tinku joseph
This document provides information on pleural empyema, including its definition, etiology, stages, symptoms, investigations, and management. Pleural empyema, also known as pyothorax, is the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. It can develop as a complication of conditions like pneumonia or following trauma. Management involves treating the infection with antibiotics, draining the pus via procedures like chest tube insertion or VATS, and re-expanding the lung. Treatment may also include procedures like thoracocentesis, fibrinolytics, or open drainage if more invasive measures are needed.
Pleurisy
This document discusses pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the pleura (the membranes surrounding the lungs). It describes the normal physiology of the lungs and pleura. Pleurisy occurs when there is an excessive collection of fluid between the pleural layers, known as a pleural effusion, which can impair breathing. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their characteristics. The document outlines various syndromes associated with pleurisy and methods for diagnosing the condition, including radiological scans. Treatment aims to remove fluid and treat the underlying cause, and may include thoracentesis or antibiotics depending on the cause of the effusion.
Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
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1. It defines cholecystitis as the inflammatory condition of the gallbladder and describes the types of acute cholecystitis.
2. It outlines the clinical features of acute cholecystitis including symptoms like colicky pain and signs like Murphy's sign.
3. It discusses the treatment options for acute cholecystitis which include conservative treatment, early cholecystectomy, or emergency cholecystostomy depending on the severity of the case.
bronchitis - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in most cases. Symptoms include a chronic cough with mucus, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhaled bronchodilators and steroids, and addressing exacerbating factors through medications, oxygen therapy, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Buergers Disease
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Lungs abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Intestinal obstruction
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Pleuresy
The document discusses pleurisy and pleural effusions. It defines the pleura and pleural space, and describes different types of pleural syndromes including dry pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and fibrothorax. Common causes, symptoms, signs, and investigation findings for pleural effusions are outlined. Pleural fluid analysis is described to differentiate exudates from transudates. Differentials are provided for lymphocytic and eosinophilic pleural effusions.
L7 chronic gastritis f
Chronic gastritis is defined as chronic inflammation of the stomach lining leading to atrophy and changes in cell type. The most common cause is infection by H. pylori bacteria, which causes damage through enzymes and toxins. This can lead to two types of gastritis - antral or pangastritis. Autoimmune gastritis is less common and is characterized by antibodies against stomach cells and vitamin B12 deficiency. H. pylori infection is generally treated with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to cure the infection and reduce cancer risk over the long term.
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Pleuritis
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This document provides information on pleural effusions including the physiology of normal lungs, definition of pleural effusion, types of effusions, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, treatment, nursing diagnosis and interventions, and possible complications. A pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Effusions can be transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics and underlying cause. Diagnosis involves imaging and fluid analysis. Treatment focuses on removing fluid and treating the underlying cause. Nursing care centers around pain management, breathing exercises, and preventing infections.
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Pleural effusion results from an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and absorption, causing fluid to accumulate in the pleural space. Fluid formation occurs through capillaries in the parietal pleura, and absorption occurs via lymphatic vessels. When the rate of formation exceeds absorption, effusion occurs. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on fluid characteristics. Diagnostic testing of pleural fluid aims to determine the cause of effusion. Radiography and ultrasound are used to identify and characterize pleural fluid.
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Pleural effusions occur when there is an imbalance between fluid formation and absorption in the pleural space, causing fluid accumulation. The four most common causes are pulmonary embolism, cardiac failure, malignant pleural infiltration, and pneumonia. Effusions are classified as transudates or exudates based on fluid characteristics. Imaging like chest x-rays and CT scans are used to detect and characterize effusions. Diagnostic thoracentesis is indicated for clinically significant effusions to analyze fluid appearance, chemistry, cell counts, and microbiology to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Amedeo Modigiliani 1/9
This slideshow is licensed under Creative Commons. He is of our friend Bernard Hardy that has made a tremendous job with this series very well documented.
You can view the collection of 9 presentations on its space Slideshare here: http://www.slideshare.net/Bern7/
I thank him for his permission
Anatomia Pleura y Mecanica Respiratoria
El documento describe la anatomía y mecánica de la pleura y el sistema respiratorio. La pleura consta de dos capas, la visceral que recubre los pulmones y la parietal que recubre la pared torácica. Durante la inspiración, los músculos intercostales y el diafragma aumentan el volumen de la cavidad torácica creando una presión negativa que hace que los pulmones se expandan. La espiración ocurre pasivamente cuando estos músculos se relajan y las fuerzas elásticas del tórax
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Kaplan National Physical Therapy Exam by Bethany Chapman Mary Fratianni
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Neumonitis
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Thoracotomy in Cattle & Horses
The two most common indications for rib resection are pericarditis and pleuritis. Pericarditis is more common in cattle and involves inflammation of the sac around the heart. Pleuritis, which is more common in horses, involves inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. Rib resection surgery involves removing a rib to access the chest cavity and treat the underlying condition. Cattle have a complete mediastinum, meaning only the affected lung will collapse after surgery. Prognosis is generally better for pleuritis than pericarditis.
Anatomy of pleura- Grays description simplified
The pleura is a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It has two layers - the parietal pleura lining the chest wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura attached directly to the lungs. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp chest pain worsened by breathing. It is usually caused by viral infection but can result from other lung and heart conditions. Diagnosis involves listening for pleural friction rubs and tests like chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on pain relief, draining excess fluid in the pleural space, and addressing the underlying cause.
atelectasis
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Neumonitis por Hipersensibilidad
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Angina pectoris is transient chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest or nitrates. It is commonly caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis and is associated with risk factors like smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. The pain is typically described as tightness or crushing in the central chest, lasts less than 20 minutes, and is precipitated by exercise, food, stress, cold temperatures, or during REM sleep. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and ECG changes showing ST segment depression during episodes of chest pain. Treatment involves risk factor modification, nitrates for acute episodes, and prophylactic medications like nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers.
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Rhematoid arthritis
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Forms of stress in 21st century
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This Presentation Contain following...
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#Reference
Thanks for the Help and Guidance of Dr. Mrs. N. M. Bhatia Madam.
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Diagnostic presentation HeadacheUnited States Universit
Diagnostic presentation
Headache
United States University
Introduction
Headache is the most common pain in the united states.
Headache means pain or discomfort in the head, face, or neck.
Headache can be caused by inflammation or spasm related to cranial vessels, nerves, or muscles Headache can be primary or secondary. (Dlugasch & Story, 2021)
Classification of headache
Primary headache
Most common, not a symptom of underlying an underlying disease
Benign
Can be recurrent
It mainly occurs early in an individual
Decrease after ages 40 to 50
Migraine
Tension-type headache
Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia
Other primary headache disorders (Rizzoli & Mullally, 2018).
Secondary headache
Caused by an underlying condition
Trauma or injury to the head or neck
Cranial or cervical vascular disease
Nonvascular intracranial disorder
A substance or its withdrawal
Infection
Affliction of homeostasis
Illness of the skull, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth, or other facial or cervical structure
Psychiatric disorder (Rizzoli & Mullally, 2018).
The red flag of headache
If an older patient complaint of New headache
Abnormal neurologic examination such as mental status changes and papilledema
If there is any New change in the headache pattern
Intensifying headache
New headache if in case of HIV risk factors, cancer, or an immunocompromised status
Systemic illness signs (e.g., fever, stiff neck, rash)
If precipitate by cough, exertion, Valsalva maneuver
If the Headache in pregnancy or postpartum period
If a patient says it is the First or worst headache of my life (Rizzoli & Mullally, 2018).
Pathophysiology of headache
Stimulation of primary nociceptors
Lesions in the pain-producing pathway of PNS and CNS
Pain producing structure
Scalp
Middle meningeal artery
Dural sinuses
Flax cerebri
Proximal segment of the large pial arteries (Dlugasch & Story, 2020)
Pathophysiology of headache continue
There are no nociceptors in the brain parenchyma
So the pain originates from surrounding structures, such as blood vessels, meninges, muscle fibers, facial structures, and cranial or spinal nerves.
Any stretching, dilatation, constriction, or any nociceptor when they stimulate stimulation structures can cause the perception of headache.
The secondary headache depends on the cause and diseases
( Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021)
migraine headache
Migraine headache is a headache associated with systemic complaints. The person feels a severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head, along with nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. The attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be severe that it interferes with daily activities (Dlugasch & Story, 2020).
Triggers to migraine headache
Emotional stress
Hormonal change during menstruation
Alcohol intake
Change in weather
Odors
Disturbance in sleep or not getting enough sleep
migraine heada ...
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The uploaded content is related to Arthritis.In this, more emphasized topics are Rehabilitation and Nursing care of patients who are suffering from disabilities and developed deformities due to arthritis.This content have many related images , videos etc so that learners will get a better idea of the disease condition, also it will be helpful to all nursing students to serve the patients with comprehensive care.
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