please help in microprocessor course (NO handwriting) What is multi-.pdf
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please help in microprocessor course (NO handwriting) What is multi-core processing? How does it help in improving computer performance? Write about the different levels of integrated circuit technologies (such as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, etc.). Give examples of each. Write a detailed report on Intel\'s IC fabrication technology with the help of pictures and diagrams. What is the latest technology Intel is working on for chip making? Solution 8)A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called \"cores\"), which are the units that read and execute program instructions. Multi-core processors offer developers the ability to apply more computer resources to a particular problem. These additional resources can be employed to offer two types of advantages, improved turnaround time or increasing throughput. An improved turnaround time example is the processing of a transaction in a point-of-sales (POS) system. The time it takes to process a transaction may be improved by taking advantage of multi-core processors. While one processor core is updating the terminal display, another processor core could be tasked with processing the user input. Increase in throughput can occur in the servers that handle back-end processing of the transactions arriving from the various POS terminals. By taking advantage of multi-core processors, any one server could handle a greater number of transactions in the desired response time. Balancing both improved turnaround time and increased throughput is power utilization. A power budget may be specified for the individual system used on the client end or the collection of back-end servers. The additional performance may lead to space, power, and cooling cost savings as fewer systems would be required to meet a specific level of demand. 9) Small Scale Integration (SSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC chip is up to 100 and they include basic gates and flip flops. Examples:The 7400 TTL series. Medium Scale Integration (MSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC chip is from 100 to 1000 and they include logic functions such as Encoders, Decoders, Counters, Registers, Multiplexers and small memories etc. Examples:multiplexer,Decoder. Large Scale Integration (LSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC chip is from 1000 to 20,000 and they include memories. Examples:CPU Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC chip is from 20,000 to 10,00,000. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC chip is from 10,00,000 to 1,00,00,000. 10)IC Fabrication Technology – Doping, Oxidation, Thin-film deposition, Lithography, Etch, Lithography trends, Plasma processing, Chemical mechanical polishing Integrated Circuit Fabrication: Mass fabrication (i.e. simultaneous fabrication) of many “chips”, each a circuit .
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![chip is from 20,000 to 10,00,000.
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) where the number of transistors incorporated in a single IC
chip is from 10,00,000 to 1,00,00,000.
10)IC Fabrication Technology – Doping, Oxidation, Thin-film deposition, Lithography, Etch,
Lithography trends, Plasma processing, Chemical mechanical polishing
Integrated Circuit Fabrication: Mass fabrication (i.e. simultaneous fabrication) of many “chips”,
each a circuit (e.g. a microprocessor or memory chip) containing millions or billions of
transistors.
Method: Lay down thin films of semiconductors, metals and insulators and pattern each layer
with a process much like printing (lithography).
Si Substrates (Wafers) Crystals are grown from a melt in boules (cylinders) with specified
dopant concentrations. They are ground perfectly round and oriented (a “flat” or “notch” is
ground along the boule) and then sliced like baloney into wafers. The wafers are then polished.
Adding Dopants into Si: Suppose we have a wafer of Si which is p-type and we want to change
the surface to n-type. The way in which this is done is by ion implantation. Dopant ions are shot
out of an “ion gun” called an ion implanter, into the surface of the wafer.
Typical implant energies are in the range (1-200)keV. After the ion implantation, the wafers are
heated to a high temperature (~1000oC). This “annealing” step heals the damage and causes the
implanted dopant atoms to move into substitution lattice sites.
Dopant Diffusion: The implanted depth-profile of dopant atoms is peaked. In order to achieve a
more uniform dopant profile, high temperature annealing is used to diffuse the dopants. Dopants
can also be directly introduced into the surface of a wafer by diffusion (rather than by ion
implantation) from a dopant-containing ambient or doped solid source.
Formation of Insulating Films: The insulator is pure silicon dioxide (SiO2).
A SiO2 film can be formed by one of two methods:
1. Oxidation of Si at high temperature in O2 or steam ambient,
2. Deposition of a silicon dioxide film
Thermal Oxidation:
[Si + O2 SiO2(“dry” oxidation)]or
[Si+2H2OSiO2 +2H2(“wet” oxidation)]
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) of Si: Polycrystalline silicon Like SiO2 , Si can be
deposited by Chemical Vapour Deposition:
• Wafer is heated to 600C
• Silicon-containing gas is injected into the furnace: SiH4 = Si + 2H2
Physical Vapour Deposition (“Sputtering”): Used to deposit Al films: Highly energetic argon
ions batter the surface of a metal target, knocking atoms loose, which then land on the surface of](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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with what the code is required to do. import java til. Random import java til. Scanner public class
GenCheeseShopv2 public static void intro (Stringt] names, double []prices int amounts Fill-in
public static void getAmount (Scanner input, String[] names, int[] amounts) public static void
itemizedList (String[] names, double Prices int[] amounts) Fill-i public static double
calcSubTotal (double prices, int amounts return 0; pub. lic static int discount (double subTotal
return 0; pub. lic static oid print Total (double subTotal int discount) Fill-in public static void mi
args final int MAXCH EESEE DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW String[] names new
String CMAXCH EESE double[] prices new double EESE] int[] amounts new int
[MAXCHEESEJ Scanner input new Scanner (Syste intro names, prices, amounts get Amo unt
input, names, amounts double total calcSubTotal (prices, amounts if EESEE 0) System. out print
Display the itemized list? (1 for yes) int itemized input-nex if item 1) itemized List (names,
prices, amounts); System. out. println(); print Total(total, discount total));
Solution
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class GenCheeseShopv2 {
public static void intro(String[] names, double[] prices,int[] amounts){
System.out.println(\"We sell \"+names.length+\" kinds of cheese\");
for(int i=0;i0)
System.out.println(amounts[i]+\" lbs of \"+names[i]+\" @ \"+prices[i]+\" =
$\"+(amounts[i]*prices[i]));
}
}
public static double calcSubTotal( double[] prices,int[] amounts){
double subTotal=0;
for(int i=0;i100)
return 10;
else if(subTotal > 50)
return 25;
else
return 0;
}
public static void printTotal(double subTotal,int discount){
System.out.println(\"Sub Total : $\"+subTotal);
System.out.println(\"-Discount : $\"+discount);
System.out.println(\"Total : $\"+(subTotal-discount));
}
public static void main(String[] args){
final int MAXCHEESES=4;
String[] names = new String[MAXCHEESES];
double[] prices = new double[MAXCHEESES];
int[] amounts = new int[MAXCHEESES];
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
intro(names, prices, amounts);
getAmount(input, names, amounts);
double total = calcSubTotal(prices, amounts);
if(MAXCHEESES>0){
System.out.println(\"Display the itemized list? (1 for yes)\");
int itemized = input.nextInt();
if(itemized==1){
itemizedList(names, prices, amounts);
}
}
System.out.println();
printTotal(total, discount(total));
}
}.
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The document discusses CMOS fabrication processes and scaling. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The fabrication process involves using a series of photolithography masks to define layers of the chip, including n-well, polysilicon, diffusion regions, contacts and metal. Scaling can involve either full scaling, which preserves electric fields, or constant voltage scaling, which leaves voltages unchanged but can increase power consumption. The document also discusses MOSFET capacitances including oxide capacitances between gate and other terminals and junction capacitances due to diffusion regions.
UNIT-1 VLSID-MREC-ECE-Dr.TM.pptx
The document provides tips for doing well in VLSI design such as attending classes regularly, working independently on assignments, studying effectively in groups, asking questions, and not cheating on exams. It also discusses various steps in the VLSI design flow including front-end design, back-end design, and considerations for power, timing, and area. Students are encouraged to study thoroughly from textbooks and notes to learn rather than just studying for exams.
Chapter 1-IC Fabrication.pptx
Integrated circuits have increased dramatically in complexity over time due to advances in fabrication technology allowing for higher densities of components on silicon chips. The fabrication process involves growing high purity silicon crystals, depositing layers, doping for conductivity, patterning circuits using photolithography, and packaging individual dies. Advances like shrinking transistor sizes and cleaner room environments have allowed integration to scale while maintaining reliability.
Linear Integrated Circuits -LIC!
Linear Integrated Circuits -LIC, Based On Anna University. From Basics to the Graduated Degree's. BE Based On. With Reference Of Two Text Books.
Visit insmartworld.blogspot.in if ur a geek & interested in new tech's.
1 VLSI Introduction.pptx
This document provides an overview of VLSI design, including:
- The VLSI design flow involves system specification, architectural design, functional design, logic design, circuit design, physical design, fabrication, packaging, and testing.
- Glue logic allows different logic chips to interface using field programmable gate arrays.
- Integration levels include SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, and ULSI based on the number of transistors that can be placed on a single chip, scaling up from hundreds to millions.
- Moore's law states that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
Fundamentals of-ic-chip-manufacturing-win974
The document provides an overview of integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing. It discusses what an IC is, provides a brief history, and outlines the key steps in the manufacturing process. The process begins with purifying silicon ingots, slicing them into wafers, and polishing the wafers. The wafers then undergo multiple lithography, etching, and deposition steps to build transistors and interconnects. After processing, the dies on each wafer are tested and good dies are diced and packaged. The document explains some of the basic wafer processing steps like oxidation, resist coating, lithography, and etching in more detail. It aims to provide fundamentals of IC manufacturing.
Intel Chip , How do they do It
The document summarizes the process for manufacturing computer chips. It describes how silicon is purified from sand and formed into crystals. The crystals are sliced into wafers which are polished smooth. Multiple layers are then added through processes like applying photoresist, exposing it to UV light, etching away exposed areas, and bombarding it with ions to alter conductivity. Copper is electroplated to connect transistors. The wafers undergo testing before being cut into dies and packaged with a heatspreader.
Priyanka edited2
The document discusses the process of manufacturing integrated circuits (ICs). Key steps include:
1. Growing silicon ingots and slicing them into wafers.
2. Creating patterns on the wafers through photolithography and etching processes like oxidation, deposition, and implantation.
3. Testing and packaging individual dies, which are cut from the patterned wafers. The dies are mounted, wire bonded, and encapsulated in protective packages.
Ic fab
An integrated circuit is a semiconductor wafer containing thousands of tiny resistors, capacitors and transistors. There are several key steps in the fabrication of integrated circuits:
1. Silicon wafers are created by slicing purified silicon crystals into thin discs.
2. A patterned oxide layer is formed on the wafer through a photolithography process using a mask to transfer circuit patterns to the wafer.
3. The wafer then undergoes several post-processing steps like dicing, die bonding, wire bonding and encapsulation before electrical testing verifies its functioning.
IC Technology
This document discusses integrated circuit technology. It begins with an overview of the IC market breakdown by sector. It then discusses advantages of ICs such as smaller size, higher speed, lower power consumption compared to discrete components. The document provides a history of important IC inventions from 1904 to the present. It also discusses transistor scaling that has allowed achieving more complex ICs through reduced dimensions over time. Finally, it covers different IC design styles such as full custom, standard cell, gate array, and FPGA and their tradeoffs in terms of performance, cost, area, and time-to-market.
Ic Technology
This document provides information about integrated circuit (IC) technology. It discusses the advantages of ICs over discrete components such as smaller size, higher speed, and lower power consumption. It outlines the early developments in IC technology from 1949 onwards. The document also discusses transistor scaling and how Moore's Law has allowed the semiconductor industry to achieve more complex ICs. Different IC circuit technologies such as BJT, CMOS, BiCMOS, SOI, and GaAs are briefly described. The scaling challenges at smaller technology nodes such as increased variability and static power are also mentioned.
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits VLSI Overview
VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
SSI – Small Scale Integration (50s and 60s)
1 – 10 transistors
Simple logic gates
MSI – Medium Scale Integration(70s)
10-100 transistors
logic functions, counters, etc
LSI – Large Scale Integration(80s)
100-10,000 transistors
First microprocessors on the chip
Intel proccessor manufacturing
The document discusses the process of manufacturing computer processors. It begins by explaining what a processor is and its basic functions. It then covers the major steps in manufacturing which include growing silicon crystals, slicing wafers, depositing materials through photolithography and etching, constructing transistors through ion implantation and thermal oxidation, adding interconnect layers through electroplating of copper and polishing, testing the finished chips, and packaging them into completed processors. The document provides a high-level overview of the complex manufacturing process needed to produce modern multi-billion transistor computer chips.
Similar to please help in microprocessor course (NO handwriting) What is multi-.pdf (20)
EDC Unit-5 Introduction to Integrated Circuits (ICs) | RGPV De Bunkers
EDC Unit-5 Introduction to Integrated Circuits (ICs) | RGPV De Bunkers
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits VLSI Overview
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits VLSI Overview
More from flashfashioncasualwe
How does the mutation rate of speciation in the Dobzhansky- Muller m.pdf
How does the mutation rate of speciation in the Dobzhansky- Muller model? How does the
mutation rate affect the rate of speciation in the Dobzhansky Muller model? An increased
mutation rate results in a more rapid reproductive isolation between the two diverging
populations. O An increased mutation rate results in slower reproductive isolation between the
two diverging populations. The mutation rate is unrelated to the rate of evolution of reproductive
isolation.
Solution
ans- a increased mutation rate results in a more reproduction isolation between the two diverging
population.
an ancestral population splits into two parts the two lineage begins to diverge genetically which
are temporally isolated from each other.new alleles evolved at one locus of lineage and different
alleles evolved in another locus of the lineage..
Hello. I need help fixing this Java Code on Eclipse. Please fix part.pdf
Hello. I need help fixing this Java Code on Eclipse. Please fix parts indicated as \"//Fix\" or
\"//Fill-in\". The code given is the first image. Thank you! Sample outputs are given below along
with what the code is required to do. import java til. Random import java til. Scanner public class
GenCheeseShopv2 public static void intro (Stringt] names, double []prices int amounts Fill-in
public static void getAmount (Scanner input, String[] names, int[] amounts) public static void
itemizedList (String[] names, double Prices int[] amounts) Fill-i public static double
calcSubTotal (double prices, int amounts return 0; pub. lic static int discount (double subTotal
return 0; pub. lic static oid print Total (double subTotal int discount) Fill-in public static void mi
args final int MAXCH EESEE DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW String[] names new
String CMAXCH EESE double[] prices new double EESE] int[] amounts new int
[MAXCHEESEJ Scanner input new Scanner (Syste intro names, prices, amounts get Amo unt
input, names, amounts double total calcSubTotal (prices, amounts if EESEE 0) System. out print
Display the itemized list? (1 for yes) int itemized input-nex if item 1) itemized List (names,
prices, amounts); System. out. println(); print Total(total, discount total));
Solution
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class GenCheeseShopv2 {
public static void intro(String[] names, double[] prices,int[] amounts){
System.out.println(\"We sell \"+names.length+\" kinds of cheese\");
for(int i=0;i0)
System.out.println(amounts[i]+\" lbs of \"+names[i]+\" @ \"+prices[i]+\" =
$\"+(amounts[i]*prices[i]));
}
}
public static double calcSubTotal( double[] prices,int[] amounts){
double subTotal=0;
for(int i=0;i100)
return 10;
else if(subTotal > 50)
return 25;
else
return 0;
}
public static void printTotal(double subTotal,int discount){
System.out.println(\"Sub Total : $\"+subTotal);
System.out.println(\"-Discount : $\"+discount);
System.out.println(\"Total : $\"+(subTotal-discount));
}
public static void main(String[] args){
final int MAXCHEESES=4;
String[] names = new String[MAXCHEESES];
double[] prices = new double[MAXCHEESES];
int[] amounts = new int[MAXCHEESES];
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
intro(names, prices, amounts);
getAmount(input, names, amounts);
double total = calcSubTotal(prices, amounts);
if(MAXCHEESES>0){
System.out.println(\"Display the itemized list? (1 for yes)\");
int itemized = input.nextInt();
if(itemized==1){
itemizedList(names, prices, amounts);
}
}
System.out.println();
printTotal(total, discount(total));
}
}.
Focus on Writing 4. Supporting a Point of View Do you think Social Se.pdf
Focus on Writing 4. Supporting a Point of View Do you think Social Security has encouraged
Americans to become too dependent on the state and federal governments for support in times of
need? Write a paragraph explaining your answer.
Solution
ANSWER:
In America, Social Security is the often used term for the federal Survivors, Old-Age, and
Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Yes, I think social security has encouraged Americans to
become too dependent for their security solely on earnings from employment. The reasons are:
--Social Security, providing education or other assistance support, once considered to be the
responsibility of individuals, families, churches, neighbourhoods, and other civil society
institutions is rising thus reflecting that America is building a dependency culture , with ever-
more people relying on an ever-growing federal government to provide them benefits or cash.
--Industrialization caused the migration of people toward centres of work, therefore separating
children from the support provided by the wider family. Moreover, the development of
compulsory education prolonged the period during which kids were dependent on the parents.
--U.S. system developed enforced retirement and created too much dependency. Most retirees
rely on long-term care in assisted home health care providers or living facilities under Medicaid.
--Social Security has greatly encroached on the responsibility of people for giving their own
retirement funds, thus leaving millions of retirees dependent on working younger generations to
fund their retirement..
Decision-Making Across the Organization The board of trustees of a lo.pdf
Decision-Making Across the Organization The board of trustees of a local church is concerned
about the internal accounting controls for the offering collections made at weekly services. The
trustees ask you to serve on a three-person audit team with the internal auditor of a local college
and a CPA who has just joined the church. At a meeting of the audit team and the board of
trustees, you learn the following 1. The church\'s board of trustees has delegated responsibility
for the financial management and audit of the financial records to the finance committee. This
group prepares the annual budget and approves major disbursements. It is not involved in
collections or recordkeeping. No audit has been made in recent years because the same trusted
employee has kept church records and served as financial secretary for 15 years. The church does
not carry any fidelity insurance 2. The collection at the weekly service is taken by a team of
ushers who volunteer to serve one month. The ushers take the collection plates to a basement
office at the rear of the church. They hand their plates to the head usher and return to the church
service. After all plates have been turned in, the head usher counts the cash received. The head
usher then places the cash in the church safe along with a notation of the amount counted. The
head usher volunteers to serve for 3 months 3. The next morning, the financial secretary opens
the safe and recounts the collection. The secretary withholds $150-$200 in cash, depending on
the cash expenditures expected for the week, and deposits the remainder of the collections in the
bank. To facilitate the deposit, church members who contribute by check are asked to make their
checks payable to \"Cash.\" Each month, the financial secretary reconciles the bank statement
and submits a copy of the reconciliation to the board of trustees. The reconciliations have rarely
contained any bank errors and have never shown any errors per books. 4. Instructions With the
class divided into groups, answer the following. Indicate the weaknesses in internal accounting
control over the handling of collections. List the improvements in internal control procedures
that you plan to make at the next meeting of the audit team for (1) the ushers, (2) the head usher,
(3) the financial secretary, and (4) the finance committee What church policies should be
changed to improve internal control?
Solution
(a) The primary weakness in internal accounting control with regards to handling of collections
starts with the weakness that the church has not undertaken an audit in recent years. An audit
should have been done regardless of the trustworthiness of its employees and regardless of their
tenure at the church. Secondly the church does not have fidelity insurance and this can possibly
lead to a situation in which the church will not be able to negate its loss in case of any occurrence
of fraud.
Another weakness in internal control is with regards to passing of th.
Explain the experience of African-Americans in the South over the co.pdf
Explain the experience of African-Americans in the South over the course of the half-century
following the Civil War.
How did an interracial democracy in the South come to be a plausible goal for a time? Why was
this goal not realized?
Why did sharecropping become the dominant form of black labor by the end of Reconstruction
and why was the white South able to impose a “Jim Crow” style of segregation, even as it was
disfranchising the overwhelming majority of black men?
Solution
1.
Post civil war the African Americans faced a lot of troubles like : Destruction, hunger,
lawlessness and violence amongst others.
after the civil war many of the african americans came out out slavery and were refugees and
they did not kenw what to do next.But when they arrived home, they found a strange new world
waiting for them..
During a diversity management session, a manager suggests that stereo.pdf
During a diversity management session, a manager suggests that stereotypes are a necessary part
of working with others. \"I have to make assumptions about what\'s in the other person\'s head,
and stereotypes help me do that,\" she explains. \"It\'s better to rely on stereotypes than to enter a
working relationship with someone from another culture without any idea of what they believe
in!\" Discuss the merits of and problems with the manager\'s statement.
Solution
The manager statement highlights her viewpoint on the benefits of stereotypes in a diverse
working environment. Below are merits and problems of her statement -
Merits
1. Individuals from different cultures hold a viewpoint regarding one another through stereotypes
2. It becomes easy to initiate the communication among individuals by having a viewpoint rather
than having nothing
3. As individuals start interaction and communication with stereotypes in minds, they will be
careful in how to communicate with others without hurting their sentiments.
Problems
1. Stereotype is the most common opinion about a culture or group based on historical references
that are in the news. Hence, they will not provide a clear viewpoint on the individuals.
2. Stereotypes usually carry viewpoints that oversimplify an individual\'s personality and
character based on his/her culture or origin thus resulting in hurting the individual who might be
quite different from the stereotype.
3. It becomes difficult to change the opinion about an individual if viewed through stereotype..
Explain why a mycoplasma PCR kit might give a negative result when u.pdf
Explain why a mycoplasma PCR kit might give a negative result when used to test for
mycoplasma in a cell line containing mycoplasma
Solution
Mycoplasma is a prokaryotic organism that is a frequent and occult contaminant of cell cultures.
This organism can modify many aspects of cell physiology, rendering experiments that are
conducted with contaminated cells worthless. Because of their small size, Mycoplasma can pass
through filters used to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination and potentially spread to all
the cultures in a laboratory. It is essential that all new cell cultures entering a laboratory and all
cell banks are tested for presence of Mycoplasma. It is recommended that two techniques be
used, selected from a PCR-based methos, indirect staining and an agar and broth culture. These
three tests for detecting Mycoplasma take one day to 3-4 weeks and such tests should be an
obligatory component of quality control in every tissue culture laboratory.
Mycoplasma refers to any of over 200 species of tiny bacteria that invade cell cultures and may
even persist unrecognized for some time. They can come from sources as mundane as other cells
introduced to lab via media, sera or lab personnel. So, it is important to test your cell lines for
mycoplasma regularly. Consequences to your cells of mycoplasma infestation include changes in
growth rates, gene expression, morphology, metabolism and viability.
Even though most lab contamination can be blamed on as few as eight main culprit species, these
differ enough that no one test can find them all. And the little blighters are hardy – most
antibiotics used in cell culture are ineffective against mycoplasmas. For example, mycoplasmas
lack a cell wall, which is the key to penicillin’s success. Flawless cell culture technique is one of
the best preventive tools and testing to ascertain which cultures are clean and which cultures are
infected – so you can take quick and aggressive action before infestation spreads.
The M.hyorhinis strain is picked up by the PCR method of detection. This is the quickest but
also the least sensitive, mycoplasma assay. In this method, you perform PCR on samples of your
suspected cell cultures, using primers specific for mycoplasma DNA, usually mycoplasma’s 16S
rRNA genes. Running the PCR product on a gel shows presence of mycoplasma DNA by bands
of distinct sizes.
One major limitation of PCR is that prior information about target sequence is necessary in order
to generate the primers that will allow its selective amplification. This means that, typically, PCR
users must know precise sequences upstream of target region on each of the two single-stranded
templates in order to ensure that DNA polymerase properly binds to primer-template hybrids and
subsequently generates entire target region during DNA synthesis. Like all enzymes, DNA
polymerases are also prone to error, which in turn causes mutations in PCR fragments that are
generated. Specificity of PCR fragments can .
Describe the difference between the MOV instruction and the LEA instr.pdf
Describe the difference between the MOV instruction and the LEA instruction as used in these
two sample instructions. MOV D, V1 LEA DX, V1
Solution
Answer:
MOV D , V1 it moves the D to V1 and the instruction LEA DX V1 moves the address of the data
to V1 . There is no difference between MOV and LEA but LEA can be more powerful than
MOV if we need to calculate the address..
Explain how enzymes work, explaining the four major types of metabol.pdf
Explain how enzymes work, explaining the four major types of metabolic reactions enzymes
perform. Include: (Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, substrate product, active site, induced fit,
competative and non competative inhibitors, allosteric regulation, cofactors and coenzymes,
hydrolysis and dehydration reactions, Redox Reactions, NADH, FADH2, phosphorylation,
exergonic/ endergonic reactions, ATP, isomerization reactions, feedback inhibition)
Solution
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of
virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells.
They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding
in digestion and metabolism. Substrate binding[edit]
Enzymes must bind their substrates before they can catalyse any chemical reaction. Enzymes are
usually very specific as to what substrates they bind and then the chemical reaction catalysed.
Specificity is achieved by binding pockets with complementary shape, charge and
hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics to the substrates. Enzymes can therefore distinguish
between very similar substrate molecules to be chemoselective, regioselective and stereospecific.
Some of the enzymes showing the highest specificity and accuracy are involved in the copying
and expression of the genome. Some of these enzymes have \"proof-reading\" mechanisms.
Here, an enzyme such as DNA polymerase catalyzes a reaction in a first step and then checks
that the product is correct in a second step. This two-step process results in average error rates of
less than 1 error in 100 million reactions in high-fidelity mammalian polymerases.:5.3.1 Similar
proofreading mechanisms are also found in RNA polymerase, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and
ribosomes.
Conversely, some enzymes display enzyme promiscuity, having broad specificity and acting on a
range of different physiologically relevant substrates. Many enzymes possess small side
activities which arose fortuitously (i.e. neutrally), which may be the starting point for the
evolutionary selection of a new function.
Enzyme changes shape by induced fit upon substrate binding to form enzyme-substrate complex.
Hexokinase has a large induced fit motion that closes over the substrates adenosine triphosphate
and xylose. Binding sites in blue, substrates in black and Mg2+ cofactor in yellow. (PDB: 2E2N,
2E2Q)
\"Lock and key\" model
To explain the observed specificity of enzymes, in 1894 Emil Fischer proposed that both the
enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into
one another.This is often referred to as \"the lock and key\" model:8.3.2 This early model
explains enzyme specificity, but fails to explain the stabilization of the transition state that
enzymes achieve.
Induced fit model
In 1958, Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to the lock and key model: since enzymes are
rather flexible structures, the active site is conti.
Develop an inventory management system for an electronics store. The .pdf
Develop an inventory management system for an electronics store. The inventory system should
have the following functionalities .BuildInventory: reada text file containing electronics products
information and store them in an array of pointers .Shownventory display all inventory items
.ShowDefectInventory: display inventory items that are defective Terminate: to save cument
inventory to a text file This lab assignment illustrates the following concepts: -Text file readings
and writings .Arrays of pointers and dynamic memory allocations with new and delete
Inheritance .C++ type casting: static cast Class Design You need at least three classes class
Inventory System: (minimum implementation specified below). This class stores Inyentoryltem
objects (which are in fact Inventory item base class pointers to derived Product objects and
member functions to manipulate those Product objects as shown below. .Private data members
Store Name Store ID ltem List (array of pointers to Inventory Item objects, max of 512) ltem
Count (tracking how many items are currently stored in the array) .Constructors (initialize all
pointers in the array to NULL in addition to what\'s described below .Default constructor: set
data members to 0 (for integers), 0.0 (for float/double), or NULL (for pointers) as appropriate.
Also invoke this function to initialize a seed for the random generator srand (time (NULL), (to
be used later by Product class to genearte random values for Product ID. See Code Helper
section at the end of the lab specs.) .Non-default constructor: taking a string for store name, an
integer for store ID. Call srand as shown above Destructor: de-allocate dynamic memory in the
amay off pointers (up to Item Count elements) .Public member functions: BuildInventory: read a
text file containing Product records (one Product per line), dynamically allocate Product objects
and store the objects in the array ItemList (an array of Inventoryltem pointers). It should also
update Item Count as needed Shownventory: display all Products in the inventory. Output must
be properly formatted and aligned (usingfield with and floating data with 2 digits after decimal
point). Note that if you invoke the Display function using the pointers from the array only Invent
tem (base objec) information will be displayed. Extra work is needed to properly display
Products (derived objects) information ntory: display only defective Products Terminate: iterate
thru the array of pointers to write Product objects in the array to a text file in the same format as
they were read in. You may use a different file name for wniting .mutator cessors for store name,
store id, and item count
Solution
/*
import com.incors.plaf.*;
import com.incors.plaf.kunststoff.*;
import com.incors.plaf.kunststoff.themes.*;
*/
public class MainForm extends JFrame implements WindowListener{
/************************ Variable declaration start **********************/
//The form container variable
JPanel Panel1;
JDeskto.
Describe one event from your daily life when you have changed your o.pdf
Describe one event from your daily life when you have changed your original attitude, and one
event when you could not change your original attitude. For the event when you changed your
original attitude, explain how you changed your attitude and what led to the change. For the
event when you could not change your original attitude, explain what did not work. Submission
Requirements: Submit your responses in a Microsoft Word document of the following
specifications:•Font: Arial; 12-Point •Line Spacing: Double •Length: 300–500 words Evaluation
Criteria:•Did you describe one event from your daily life when you have changed your original
attitude? •Did you describe one event from your daily life when you have not changed your
original attitude? •Did you explain how you changed your attitude and what led to the change?
•Did you explain what did not work when you could not change your original attitude? •Did you
provide your answers in complete sentences with few grammatical errors?
Solution
Instance where I changed my Attitude -
I don\'t believe in charity and philanthropy. I had this firm belief that money given to NGOs and
trusts in grants is mis-used. I always believed in commercial models and never realized that
texcept for a few most of development agencies are working for the welfare of people.
When I came acrossNanhi Kali NGO which works for girl child education I was sure that this is
another fraud NGOs which improperly utilizes the money earned in grant. But when I visited the
centre and saw the real impact on ground then my eyes remained wide open. They were doing
awesome work and even there financial statements were also showing this. This instance
changed my attitude towards NGOs.
What made me Change -
The critical factor which made me change my attitude is my interaction with foundation and
meeting with a few girls who really got benefits from the activities of NGO. The interaction
helped me understand their model in a better way. When I analyzed their financials I realized
that manpower is working at half the salaries and highly motivated and focused towards the
cause. This all made me change my attitude.
Instance Where my attitude remained same -
Based on the learnings from my experiences in past I believed that people in politics are not
good at heart. Politicians should ideally be social worker and should have a motive of public
welfare but noboday remember their promises once elected. I always had this image of politicans
in mind. A lot of people tried to convince me that new breed of politicans are good and not
greedy but I remained and still firm on my attitude that all politicans are not good people.
Reasons behind my attitude -
This attitude had been built over a period of time. There is no substantial argument against my
attitude which can make me think. This is why I still beleive that none of the politician is good
person..
All answers must be in your own wordsProvide a good, understandabl.pdf
All answers must be in your own words
Provide a good, understandable definition of the following 40, using your own words (do not
simply copy words from the book).
Retaliation Blood feud
Vendetta Civil death
Inquisition Corporal punishment
Brank Criminology
Mamertine Prison Sanctuary
Bridewell Jail fever
Age of Enlightenment Classical School of Criminology
Workhouse Gaols
Banishment Transportation
Hulks Penitentiary
Pennsylvania System Outside cell
Inside cell Eastern Penitentiary
Auburn System Cell block
Congregate system System of silence
Lockstep formation Prison stripes
Treadmill Solitary confinement
Indeterminate sentence Irish system
Reformatory Industrial prison
Alcatraz Lock psychosis
Convict bogey Ombudsman
Ticket of Leave
Solution
Retaliation – In the event of attack by the enemy, do the fierce counter attack from our side.
Blood feud – It is lengthy fighting in the families going on for the generations. It involves killing
of various members of the families. Vendetta – Person whose relative has been killed seeks
revenge from the murderer. Civil death – It is the loss of the civil rights which is the result of act
of government in the some of conviction of civil people. Inquisition – Out of curiosity asking
many question on the related topic. Corporal punishment – It is the type of punishment which
involves physical pain. It involves mutilation, flogging branding etc. Brank – It is the birdcage-
like instrument put on prisonr’s head with sharp plates that would cut tongues and mouths once
involved in the gossips Criminology – This is the branch of science which involves study of
crime and criminals. Mamertine Prison – In the early age in the Rome confinement are under the
main sewers where survival is very difficult even for few days.. Sanctuary – It means taking
shelter or refuge from the danger or pursuit. Bridewell – It is called for city jail or reform center
or jail for pity offender. Jail fever – It is the former name to the typhus. It is commonly occurred
in the jail so got he name from its origin. Age of Enlightenment – European politics, philosophy,
science and communications were radically reoriented during beginning of the 18th century and
then throughout of the 18th century. This period is known as Age of Enlightenment. Classical
School of Criminology – It is the body of thought which understands the nature of crime and
suggests the best form of punishment to the crime. Looking at the severity of the punishment in
the early 18th century philosopher come up with this type of thoughts. Workhouse – It is the
place where unemployed people who can not support themselves were given shelter and
employment. Gaols – It the synonym to the jail. It is the place of confinement to the criminals.
Banishment – As an act of punishment offender are sent away from the designated place or
country known as banishment. Transportation – It is the act of movement of goods or people
from one place to another place. Hulks – It is an old ship whi.
C programming tweak needed for a specific program.This is the comp.pdf
C programming tweak needed for a specific program.
This is the complete program up and running. except for one modification that my teacher is
requiring but it is confusing me.
The program needs to allocate disjoint memory and use that.
right now im allocating a continous block of memory on the heap but I need it to do disjoing
memory instead.
// Purpose: Program will allow a reseller to save their sales and calculate their profits.
// Also able to view highest profitable items and remove any sales they no longer want in their
sales inventory.
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include
#include
#include
#define PAUSE system(\"pause\")
#define CLS system(\"cls\");
//#define FLUSH fflush(stdin);
//////////////// SRUCTS BELOW //////////////////////////
typedef struct
{
char itemName[40];
float purchasePrice;
float soldPrice;
float shippingPrice;
float ebayFee;
float payPalFee;
float profit;
}SALES;
////////// FUNCTION PROTOTYPE BELOW /////////////
void addSale(SALES *Inventory, int *InventoryCounter);
void displayMenu(int *InventoryCounter);
void displayProfit(int *InventoryCounter, SALES *Inventory);
void displaySales(int *InventoryCounter, SALES *Inventory);
int getChoice(int *InventoryCounter);
void searchSale(SALES* Inventory, int InventoryCounter);
void sortProfits(SALES* Inventory, int InventoryCounter);
void removeSale(SALES* Inventory, int *InventoryCounter);
main() {
int SIZE;
int userChoice;
int InventoryCounter = 0;
//printf(\"*********************\ \");
//printf(\"* Welcome Reseller! *\ \");
//printf(\"*********************\ \");
printf(\"Enter the size of todays inventory:\");
scanf(\"%i\", &SIZE);
SALES *Inventory;
Inventory = calloc(SIZE, sizeof(SALES));//Using dynamic memory to allocate space on the
heap
do {
userChoice = getChoice(&InventoryCounter);
switch (userChoice) {
case 1:// Add a Sale
if (InventoryCounter == SIZE) // statement checks so we dont exceed the size of the
inventory user wants to enter.
{
printf(\"You Have Reached Max Inventory \ \");
PAUSE;
}
else {
addSale(&(Inventory[InventoryCounter]), &InventoryCounter);
}
break;
case 2: // Display all sales records
displaySales(&InventoryCounter, Inventory);
PAUSE;
break;
case 3: // Display all profits
sortProfits(Inventory, InventoryCounter);
displayProfit(&InventoryCounter, Inventory);
PAUSE;
break;
case 4: // Display Inventory
searchSale(Inventory, InventoryCounter);
break;
case 5:// remove a sale
removeSale(Inventory, &InventoryCounter);
break;
case 6: // Quit
break;
default:
printf(\"Please choose a valid option\ \");
PAUSE;
break;
}// end of switch
} while (userChoice != 6);
free(Inventory);
} // End of main
//////////////////////////////////////////// FUNCTIONS BELOW //////////////////////////////////////////////////
void addSale(SALES *Inventory, int *InventoryCounter)// Function that adds sale and
calculates the fees in the background.
{
float payPalFee = 0; // variable to store the paypal fee from 1 sale
float ebayFee = 0; // variable to store ebay fee for 1 sale.
Add to BST.java a method height() that computes the height of the tr.pdf
Add to BST.java a method height() that computes the height of the tree. Develop two
implementations: a recursive method (which takes linear time and space proportional to the
height), and method like size() that adds a field to each node in the tree (and takes linear space
and constant time per query)
Solution
Answer:
/*BST.java a method height() that computes the height of the tree. Developing two
implementations: a recursive method, and method like size() that adds a field to each node in the
tree **/
public class SplayBST, Value> {
private Node root; // root of the BST
// BST helper node data type
private class Node {
private Key key; // key
private Value value; // associated data
private Node left, right; // left and right subtrees
public Node(Key key, Value value) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}
}
public boolean contains(Key key) {
return get(key) != null;
}
// return value associated with the given key
// if no such value, return null
public Value get(Key key) {
root = splay(root, key);
int cmp = key.compareTo(root.key);
if (cmp == 0) return root.value;
else return null;
}
/*
* Splay tree insertion.
**/
public void put(Key key, Value value) {
// splay key to root
if (root == null) {
root = new Node(key, value);
return;
}
root = splay(root, key);
int cmp = key.compareTo(root.key);
// Insert new node at root
if (cmp < 0) {
Node n = new Node(key, value);
n.left = root.left;
n.right = root;
root.left = null;
root = n;
}
// Insert new node at root
else if (cmp > 0) {
Node n = new Node(key, value);
n.right = root.right;
n.left = root;
root.right = null;
root = n;
}
// It was a duplicate key. Simply replace the value
else {
root.value = value;
}
}
/*
* Splay tree deletion.
**/
/*
*This splays the key, then does a slightly modified Hibbard deletion on the root (if it is the node
to be deleted, if it is not, the key was not in the tree).
*The modification is that rather than swapping the root (call it node A) with its successor, it\'s
successor (call it Node B) is moved to the root position
*by splaying for the deletion key in A\'s right subtree. Finally, A\'s right child is made the new
root\'s right child.
*/
public void remove(Key key) {
if (root == null) return; // empty tree
root = splay(root, key);
int cmp = key.compareTo(root.key);
if (cmp == 0) {
if (root.left == null) {
root = root.right;
}
else {
Node x = root.right;
root = root.left;
splay(root, key);
root.right = x;
}
}
// else: it wasn\'t in the tree to remove
}
/*
* Splay tree function.
**/
// splay key in the tree rooted at Node h. If a node with that key exists,
// it is splayed to the root of the tree. If it does not, the last node
// along the search path for the key is splayed to the root.
private Node splay(Node h, Key key) {
if (h == null) return null;
int cmp1 = key.compareTo(h.key);
if (cmp1 < 0) {
// key not in tree, so we\'re done
if (h.left == null) {
return h;
}
int cmp2 = key.compareTo(h.left.key);
if (cmp2 < 0) {
h.left.left = splay(h.left.left, key);
h = rot.
Write an awareness objective for a newly formed adolescent chemical .pdf
Write an awareness objective for a newly formed adolescent chemical dependency program
whose target market consists of judeges and social workers who refer to the facility. How would
this objective change for the trial level of the hierarchy of effects?
Solution
Answer:
The objectives are:
1. To create primary level awareness to the people who uses this service frequently and also
those who refer our facility,
2. To find out the ways to help people in different situations and making an sustainable
ecosystem.
This objective (twin objectives) would become altered in case of implementation of them in real
situation..
which of these prokaryotes are most likely to be found in the immedi.pdf
which of these prokaryotes are most likely to be found in the immediate vicinity of active deep-
sea vents?
a) cynobacteria
b)archaea
c)aerobically respiring bacteria
d)bacteria adapted to being embedded in ice
Solution
The answer is Archaea
as they are the thermophilic anaerobes which do not depend on oxygen for survival..
2. Why is only one end point observed for citric acid even though it .pdf
Citric acid is a triprotic acid but only shows one endpoint in titration. This is because citric acid has three similar dissociation constants, so the buffering effects of the first and second dissociations prevent a fast rise in pH, resulting in only one observable endpoint instead of two or three.
10. Benefits and costs of International Trade Search for a newspap.pdf
10. Benefits and costs of International Trade : Search for a newspaper article from any English
newspaper that discusses the advantages or disadvantages of international trade. Copy and paste
the weblink into this Forum and discuss one or two main points of the article. Please give
detailed answer with examples and elaborations.
Solution
The web is a awesome invention. Since of its introduction into schooling and its availability to
just about any individual, the world will mainly never be the identical.
Persons of all a while can go surfing 24/7 looking for something they want. The elderly woman
who\'s unable to drive can log onto the web and shop for groceries, fill a prescription or even
chat together with her grandchildren via web cam.
Collectors now not have got to scour flea markets and yard revenue on weekends to find coveted
gadgets so as to add to their collections all they need to do is go browsing to Ebay and publish a
bid. Something can be purchased on line now. Garb, jewellery, furniture...Even take-out.
As a instructor i\'ve discovered the web to be extremely valuable in planning classes. The web
has a plethora of websites created in particular for lecturers to share suggestions, change
information, and share records (thanks enotes!). Probably young people stand to gain the most
from making use of the web. Additionally to being in a position to express themselves and show
creativity on websites like MySpace and Twitter, they can also use the web for school tasks and
homework.
Still, for every pro, there is a con. I feel that scholars regularly count too much in the internet.
They do not look to have an understanding of that simply considering the fact that some thing is
on Google, that does not make it a riskless supply. I are not able to depend the number of
occasions a scholar has became in an essay that includes unsuitable data from web sites which
were created with the aid of any person who is not an authority on the topic.
Chat rooms have emerge as the brand new playground for sexual predators. The web gives them
the anonymity they have got to entice unsuspecting youngsters into inappropriate conversations
and in some circumstances meeting up with them. There are laws that preserve predators far
from parks and schools, however none retaining them off the web.
With out suitable supervision, kids can accidentally go online to pornographic web pages. Even
adults can fall prey to identity theft and stolen passwords if they don\'t seem to be careful about
the matters they are downloading onto their laptop.
Advantages and drawbacks of web use amongst kids and adults can be considered from quite a
lot of angles - objectively, or subjectively. If a individual is in favor of science, then he/she
would find extra advantages than negative aspects for its use. However, if a man or woman
believes in guide work and that technology could one day be used to replace human work, then
the he/she may just view web use to be more damaging than .
Why does the pattern in a shift register shift only one bit position.pdf
Why does the pattern in a shift register shift only one bit position each time it is clocked?
please no hand written answers
Solution
Beacuse if we move all bits at a time there will be no buffers to store the bits temporarily and
then shift the data to next position for each bit.
Hence , first Least significant bit(LSB) is moved out the the others follow for each step upto the
MSB most significant bit is moved by one bit position..
Use the Internet to identify three network firewalls, and create a t.pdf
Use the Internet to identify three network firewalls, and create a table that compares their
features. Note if they are rule-based or settings-based, perform stateless or stateful packet
filtering, what additional features they include (IDS, content filtering, and so on), their costs, and
so on.
Solution
Below is the table :
Firewall Capability
Packet Filters
Application-layer Gateways
Stateful Inspection
Communication Information
Partial
Partial
Yes
Communication-derived State
No
Partial
Yes
Application-derived State
No
Yes
Yes
Information Manipulation
Partial
Yes
Yes
If you take packet filters, for example, historically they are implemented on routers, are filters on
user defined content, such as IP addresses. packet filters examine a packet at the network layer
and are application independent, which allows them to deliver good performance and
scaleability. However, they are the least secure type of firewall, especially when filtering
services such as FTP.
As with application gateways, he security is improved by examining all application layers,
bringing context information into the decision process. However, they do this by breaking the
client/server model. Every client/server communication requires two connections: one from the
client to the firewall and one from the firewall to the server. In addition, each proxy requires a
different application process, or daemon, making scaleability and support for new applications a
problem.
The Stateful Inspection introduced by Check Point overcomes the limitations of the previous two
approaches by providing full application-layer awareness without breaking the client/server
model. With Stateful Inspection, the packet is intercepted at the network layer. It extracts state-
related information required for the security decision from all application layers and maintains
this information in dynamic state tables for evaluating subsequent connection attempts. This
provides a solution which is highly secure and offers maximum performance, scaleability, and
extensibility.
Firewall Capability
Packet Filters
Application-layer Gateways
Stateful Inspection
Communication Information
Partial
Partial
Yes
Communication-derived State
No
Partial
Yes
Application-derived State
No
Yes
Yes
Information Manipulation
Partial
Yes
Yes.
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