This document describes controlling a two-direction traffic light using a PLC. It discusses using timers, ladder logic programming, and designing a system with four stages - all red, pole 1 green, pole 2 green, pole 3 green - that repeats continuously. The system was successfully implemented with sensors interfaced with a PLC module to synchronize the traffic light process.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
Monitoring and Controlling Of Electric Overhead Travelling Crane Using PLC an...paperpublications3
Abstract: PLC and SCADA are the two new approaches used to control the motion of Electric Overhead travelling crane. Ladder logic diagram for EOT Cranes are designed for motion using variable frequency drives and contactor logic and performance of various parameters are analyzed and compared and image of E.O.T crane are designed in SCADA software and communication between PLC and Scada is done with the help of Siemens simulator .There is a provision of hydraulic motor for motion in main hoist if power failure of cranes takes place to avoid the unsafe condition and work under extreme condition.
Automated Water Filling and Mobile Charging Station Based on PLCMayank Mathur
Automated water Filling And Mobile Charging Station Based on PLC
1- The project is based on the usage of PLC for automated water dispatching and Mobile phone charging, after the insertion of a coin.
2- The project can be installed on public places, Highways, Hospitals, etc for providing the drinking water & charging of mobile phones after the insertion of a coin.
The traffic light sequence works on the specific switching of Red, Green and Yellow lights in a particular way with stipulated time form. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads [1].This Traffic Light sequence is generated using a specific switching mechanism which will help to control a traffic light system on a road in a specified sequence. This paper focuses on the fact that the traffic lights can be varied in the day and night mode depending on the intensity of the traffic. It plays a vital role in supervising and running the metropolitan traffic and evade the possibilities of any unfortunate mishaps happening in and around the cities. It is a sequential machine to be scrutinized as per the requirements and programmed through a multistep development process. The methods that are used in this project are proposing the circuit, write a code, simulate, synthesis and implement on the hardware [8]. In this project, XILINX Software was chosen to devise a schematic using schematic edit, write a code using Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) text editor and implements the circuit on Programmable Logic Device [PLD].The system has been successfully tested and implemented in hardware using Nexys 2 Digilent FPGA.
A Solution to Partial Observability in Extended Kalman Filter Mobile Robot Na...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Partial observability in EKF based mobile robot navigation is investigated in this paper to find a
solution that can prevent erroneous estimation. By only considering certain landmarks in an environment,
the computational cost in mobile robot can be reduced but with an increase of uncertainties to the system.
This is known as suboptimal condition of the system. Fuzzy Logic technique is proposed to ensure that the
estimation achieved desired performance even though some of the landmarks were excluded for
references. The Fuzzy Logic is applied to the measurement innovation of Kalman Filter to correct the
positions of both mobile robot and any observed landmarks during observations. The simulation results
shown that the proposed method is capable to secure reliable estimation results even a number of
landmarks being excluded from Kalman Filter update process in both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise
conditions.
Field Logic Controllers: The Next Generation of Controlsaeed shafiei
Since the 1960s, programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
have been the device of choice for automating and
controlling machine operation, making them the head
of automated processes.
In recent years, engineers have started asking why they
need to invest in a PLC. The devices can be expensive,
require dedicated software and often mean additional
panel and wiring expenses. Is a PLC and its cost really
the best option for an application that may only need
to control dozens rather than hundreds of I/O points?
With the advent of the field logic controller (FLC), the
answer is increasingly no.
FLC is a new category of control that brings logic programming to the device level. It is to PLCs what cell phones were to landlines – a transformation in flexibility, control and potential. FLC empowers engineers,
OEMs and system designers to add simple logic to
applications via Ethernet I/O blocks with built-in FLC
technology. It can be used in conjunction with PLCs or
as a standalone solution that removes PLCs from the
equation entirely.....
Traffic lights are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic. An actual traffic light alternates the right way of road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green), using a universal color code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are color blind). In the typical sequence of colored light, (1) illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted; (2) illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting ready to proceed in the direction denoted; and (3) illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding. Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue, for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness, and green lights in many areas are in fact blue lenses on a yellow light (which together appear green). Program was written for the MDE trainer kit to control the outputs of the microcontroller in a given sequence. Green and red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are connected to the microcontroller outputs. First, the assembly language programs were written to turn on only one LED and then turn off the same LED. Next, the program is improved by making the LED blink, and then, the input switches are read. The walk push button and the other indicating a car at the crossing light are turned on. As switches are mechanical objects, some debounce time (timer programmed dead time of 50 ms) is also placed in the program. The light is controlled as long as each LED with one switch is pressed, and the LED is ON and when the switch is not depressed, the LED is OFF. Then, the LED will be made to blink once per second as long as the associated switch is ON. Finally, the program is improved when a subroutine is added where the traffic light controller is on green or red stays ON while the corresponding switch is ON. If more than one switch is activated, then the ON is for the red light. The LEDs simulate the traffic lights and switches simulate the walk push button and the car presence sensor at a crossroad.
Monitoring and Controlling Of Electric Overhead Travelling Crane Using PLC an...paperpublications3
Abstract: PLC and SCADA are the two new approaches used to control the motion of Electric Overhead travelling crane. Ladder logic diagram for EOT Cranes are designed for motion using variable frequency drives and contactor logic and performance of various parameters are analyzed and compared and image of E.O.T crane are designed in SCADA software and communication between PLC and Scada is done with the help of Siemens simulator .There is a provision of hydraulic motor for motion in main hoist if power failure of cranes takes place to avoid the unsafe condition and work under extreme condition.
Automated Water Filling and Mobile Charging Station Based on PLCMayank Mathur
Automated water Filling And Mobile Charging Station Based on PLC
1- The project is based on the usage of PLC for automated water dispatching and Mobile phone charging, after the insertion of a coin.
2- The project can be installed on public places, Highways, Hospitals, etc for providing the drinking water & charging of mobile phones after the insertion of a coin.
The traffic light sequence works on the specific switching of Red, Green and Yellow lights in a particular way with stipulated time form. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads [1].This Traffic Light sequence is generated using a specific switching mechanism which will help to control a traffic light system on a road in a specified sequence. This paper focuses on the fact that the traffic lights can be varied in the day and night mode depending on the intensity of the traffic. It plays a vital role in supervising and running the metropolitan traffic and evade the possibilities of any unfortunate mishaps happening in and around the cities. It is a sequential machine to be scrutinized as per the requirements and programmed through a multistep development process. The methods that are used in this project are proposing the circuit, write a code, simulate, synthesis and implement on the hardware [8]. In this project, XILINX Software was chosen to devise a schematic using schematic edit, write a code using Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) text editor and implements the circuit on Programmable Logic Device [PLD].The system has been successfully tested and implemented in hardware using Nexys 2 Digilent FPGA.
A Solution to Partial Observability in Extended Kalman Filter Mobile Robot Na...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Partial observability in EKF based mobile robot navigation is investigated in this paper to find a
solution that can prevent erroneous estimation. By only considering certain landmarks in an environment,
the computational cost in mobile robot can be reduced but with an increase of uncertainties to the system.
This is known as suboptimal condition of the system. Fuzzy Logic technique is proposed to ensure that the
estimation achieved desired performance even though some of the landmarks were excluded for
references. The Fuzzy Logic is applied to the measurement innovation of Kalman Filter to correct the
positions of both mobile robot and any observed landmarks during observations. The simulation results
shown that the proposed method is capable to secure reliable estimation results even a number of
landmarks being excluded from Kalman Filter update process in both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise
conditions.
Field Logic Controllers: The Next Generation of Controlsaeed shafiei
Since the 1960s, programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
have been the device of choice for automating and
controlling machine operation, making them the head
of automated processes.
In recent years, engineers have started asking why they
need to invest in a PLC. The devices can be expensive,
require dedicated software and often mean additional
panel and wiring expenses. Is a PLC and its cost really
the best option for an application that may only need
to control dozens rather than hundreds of I/O points?
With the advent of the field logic controller (FLC), the
answer is increasingly no.
FLC is a new category of control that brings logic programming to the device level. It is to PLCs what cell phones were to landlines – a transformation in flexibility, control and potential. FLC empowers engineers,
OEMs and system designers to add simple logic to
applications via Ethernet I/O blocks with built-in FLC
technology. It can be used in conjunction with PLCs or
as a standalone solution that removes PLCs from the
equation entirely.....
Traffic lights are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic. An actual traffic light alternates the right way of road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green), using a universal color code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are color blind). In the typical sequence of colored light, (1) illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted; (2) illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting ready to proceed in the direction denoted; and (3) illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding. Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue, for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness, and green lights in many areas are in fact blue lenses on a yellow light (which together appear green). Program was written for the MDE trainer kit to control the outputs of the microcontroller in a given sequence. Green and red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are connected to the microcontroller outputs. First, the assembly language programs were written to turn on only one LED and then turn off the same LED. Next, the program is improved by making the LED blink, and then, the input switches are read. The walk push button and the other indicating a car at the crossing light are turned on. As switches are mechanical objects, some debounce time (timer programmed dead time of 50 ms) is also placed in the program. The light is controlled as long as each LED with one switch is pressed, and the LED is ON and when the switch is not depressed, the LED is OFF. Then, the LED will be made to blink once per second as long as the associated switch is ON. Finally, the program is improved when a subroutine is added where the traffic light controller is on green or red stays ON while the corresponding switch is ON. If more than one switch is activated, then the ON is for the red light. The LEDs simulate the traffic lights and switches simulate the walk push button and the car presence sensor at a crossroad.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
PLC 5.pdf
1. 1
Controlling two dimension traffic light by
using PLC
Student Name: Muhammad Jawhar Anwar
Class: 4 Stage – Group:A1
Course Title: PLC Lab.
Department: Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
EXP NO: 5
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2021-2022
2. 2
Introduction
AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL PLC BASED:
A traffic light or traffic signal is a signaling device positioned at a
road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location in order to indicate
when it is safe to drive, ride, or walk using a n universal color code
A traffic light, traffic signal, or stop light is a signaling device positioned at a
road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location in order to indicate
when it is safe to drive, ride, or walk using a universal color code
However for the pedestrians, there have only two lights, a red light and a green
light that mean go and stop Respectively The traffic lights have given many
benefits to all road users. Besides reducing the number of accidents, it made the
traffic flow smoothly and possibly could save people time.
Traffic load is highly dependent on parameters such as time, day, season,
weather and unpredictable situations such as accidents, special events or
construction activities. If these parameters are not taken into account, the traffic
control system will create bottlenecks and delays. A traffic control system that
solves these problems by continuously sensing and monitoring traffic conditions
and adjusting the timing of traffic lights according to the actual traffic load is
called an intelligent traffic control system. Traffic signals have strengths and
weaknesses that must be considered when deciding whether to install them.
Signal intersections can reduce delay for side road traffic and reduce the
occurrence of collisions by turning traffic and cross traffic. But they may also
cause delay for traffic on the main road, and often increase rear-end collisions by
up to 50%.
3. 3
TIMER:
Timers are an electronics devices used to to provide time delay at different
conditions and situations. Range of timer in logix pro varies from 0-255. In
accordance with PLC there are three types of timers-
• ON delay timer
• OFF delay timer Pulse timer
4. 4
Ladder Diagram:
It is a graphical programming language, initially programmed with simple
contacts that simulate the opening and closing of relays. Ladder Logic
programming has been expanded to include functions such as Counters, Timers,
shift registers and math operations. Ladder logic is a method of drawing electrical
logic schematics. It is now a graphical language very popular for programming
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The name is based on the observation
that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical "rails" and a
series of horizontal "rungs" between them. A program in ladder logic, also called
a ladder diagram.
5. 5
32767 sec/60 = 546.1167 min /60= = 9.1019 hr
While, for 11.6667 hr. for one day at least 3 timers required
Discussion
This method will help reduce congestion on roads and would help in coping with
accidents as the heavy vehicles and light vehicles will be in different lanes.
Resultantly, a solution to a much critical problem of traffic congestion and fatal
accidents is possible using this system. Thus the proposed system would make
our roads a safer place to travel. An intelligent traffic light system had
successfully been designed and developed. The sensors were interfaced with Lab
PLC Module. This interface is synchronized with the whole process of the traffic
system. This prototype can easily be implemented in real life situations.
Increasing the number of sensors to detect the presence of vehicles can further
enhance the design of the traffic light system. Another room of improvement is
to have the infrared sensors replaced with an imaging system/camera system so
that it has a wide range of detection capabilities, which can be enhanced and
ventured into a perfect traffic system.
WORKING
The ‘PLC’ program is designed to associate traffic light system working in
parallel with the barrier cut, consists of four stages: Now press push button
switch and process goes on
At First stage, in programmed 3 POLEs in all RED’S are ON condition. All
GREEN’S are OFF condition in particular time, the timer is ON
The second stage, when the time is completed only POLE-1 GREEN is ON
condition at a time POLE-1 RED is OFF condition remaining POLE-2 and
POLE-3 RED’S are ON condition and GREEN’S are OFF condition in
particular time
The third stage, when the time is completed only POLE-2 GREEN is ON
condition at a time POLE-2 RED is OFF condition, remaining POLE-1 and
POLE-3 RED’S are ON condition and GREEN’S are OFF condition in
particular time.
The fourth stage, when the time is completed only POLE-3 GREEN is ON
condition at a time POLE-3 RED is OFF condition, remaining POLE-1 and
POLE-2 RED’S are ON condition and GREEN’S are OFF condition in
particular time.
This process (step-2 and step-3 and step-4) conditions are continuously repeated.
When the push button is OFF the process will be STOP