Play is essential for children's development and learning. There are different types of play that develop as children grow. Early play involves sensory exploration and motor skills, while later play incorporates pretend, social, and rule-based elements. Play benefits children by supporting physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth. It allows children to learn skills, develop relationships, express creativity, and reduce stress in an engaging way. Overall, play is a natural part of how children learn and should be encouraged.

1. LECTURE 2 –
Additional Notes
PLAY AND
LEARNING

3. Types of Play
• Solitary play
• Onlooker play
• Parallel play
• Associative play
• Cooperative play

4. PLAY
What is Play?
Types of Play
The Elements of Play
The Important/ Benefits of Play
Prepared by
Mr. Manogaran Subramanian, JIP

5. What is Play
All children play
From the infant squealing in
delight during a game of peek-
a-boo to the older child playing
a game of basketball

6. What is Play
Play is recognized as an
important part of a child's
development.

7. What is Play
Pretend to go grocery shopping; play the
roles of shoppers, and employee
Reflection of the children's experiences
and interactions with their environment
Piaget described play as a "child's work."

8. What is Play
Francis Wardle, an author and instructor
at the University of Phoenix (Colorado),
who defines play as "child-centered
learning”

9. What is Play
Play then, is a natural, child-
directed way for children to learn
new concepts and to develop new
skills that will provide the basis for
success in future settings.

10. Elements of Play
The social elements of play describe the
amount of social interaction that the child is
engaged in
The cognitive elements describe the
complexity of the child's play skills
Social and cognitive play elements are
interrelated and will often overlap. Children
may demonstrate several social and
cognitive elements during one play activity

11. Elements of Play
The social elements are identified as
solitary, parallel, or social play.
The cognitive elements of play are
described as being sensorimotor, pretend,
constructive, mastery, or games with rules.

12. Social elements
of Play
In solitary play, a child plays alone
The child is not reliant upon the actions
or words of others
Examples of solitary play include an
infant shaking a rattle in her crib and a
preschooler quietly looking at a book by
herself. Children of all ages engage in
solitary play

13. Social elements of Play
In parallel play children play side-by-
side, using the same toys and materials,
but do not engage in social interaction.
A child may notice what his peers are
doing
No directly attempt social contact
Common among children ages two to
three.

14. Social elements of Play
Social or group play is observed during
the preschool years
Children learn social rules such as
sharing, taking turns, and cooperation
Children begin to develop friendships

15. Social Play?

16. Cognitive
Elements of Play
In sensorimotor play, children engage in
motor movements beginning with early
reflexes and moving toward more
intentional actions
Infancy through age two

17. Cognitive
Elements of Play
Pretend play usually begins around
eighteen months of age
Children at the pretend play level are
able to act out adult roles, actions, and
events that are familiar to them
At about the age of three or four, pretend
play skills become more symbolic

18. Cognitive
Elements of Play
Children are able to substitute one object
for another
The younger child "feeds" a baby doll
with a toy bottle
It is during this level of play that the
child's own experiences directly influence
and provide a foundation for their play

19. Cognitive Elements of Play
Age of three to four that children develop an
interest in constructive play.
Manipulate objects and materials in their world
resulting in an end product, such as a chalk
picture, a block tower, or a sand mountain.
Draw designs on a piece of paper, build with
blocks, play and dig in the sand, and so forth.
Become more skilled in expressing thoughts,
ideas, and concepts.

20. TYPES OF PLAY
The classic study of how play develops in
children was carried out by Mildred Parten
in the late 1920s at the Institute of Child
Development in Minnesota
She closely observed children between
the ages of 2 and 5 years and categorised
their play into six types

21. Unoccupied Play
The child is relatively stationary and
appears to be performing random
movements with no apparent purpose
A relatively infrequent style of play

25. Solitary Play
The child is are completely
engrossed in playing and does not
seem to notice other children.
Most often seen in children between
2 and 3 years-old.

26. Solitary Play

27. Onlooker Play
Child takes an interest in other
children's play but does not join in.
May ask questions or just talk to
other children
But the main activity is simply to
watch.

28. Looks interesting!

29. Parallel Play
The child mimics other children's
play but doesn't actively engage with
them.
For example they may use the same
toy.

30. What type of Play is this?

31. Associative Play
Now more interested in each other
than the toys they are using.
This is the first category that involves
strong social interaction between the
children while they play.

32. I want to play also…

33. I play, you
push…

34. Cooperative Play
Some organisation enters children's
play
For example the playing has some
goal and children often adopt roles
and act as a group.

35. Lets build a castle!

36. Types of Play
• Other sources
• http://www.learningchild.com.au
/ccd/play

37. Discovery play
(exploring play)
Enables a child to find out about things:
what they are like - their size, shape, texture,
colour; how they are made; what she can do
with them, for example playing with water or
sand. The child will also discover that things
can be broken, and this can help to teach her
to take care of her possessions.

38. Physical play
(exercise)
takes place when a child is actively
moving around - running, jumping, climbing,
crawling, balancing, swinging, throwing a
ball, and so on.

39. Social Play

40. Creative play
A child expresses her own ideas and
feelings to make something which is original
For example, a picture, an animal in
modelling dough, a house in building blocks
Able to express feelings and ideas more
easily by painting and drawing
As the child becomes more skilled with
words, she may then be able to write a story,
poem or play.

41. Imaginative play
Is 'pretend' or fantasy play. The child
imagines that she is someone else or an
animal such as a rabbit or dog.
Children imitate the ways of adults when
they play in a Wendy house or play 'shopping'.
Attempting to behave like someone else
helps the child to understand more clearly the
ways other people behave.

42. Imaginative Play

43. Let’s race!

44. A Wendy House
• A Wendy house fit for a Queen:
The secrets and history of the
tiny Welsh cottage in the
grounds of Windsor where
generations of royals have
played
• A Wendy house is a small play
house for children, large enough for
one or more children to enter

45. Wendy House

46. Manipulative play
Involves skilful use of the hands. During
manipulative play the hands, eyes and brain
are being trained to co-ordinate, that is, to
work smoothly together
Babies become increasingly skilful with
their hands as they play with rattles, soft
toys and other objects. Later on, they
benefit from playing with such things as
modelling dough

47. Social play
Takes place when children play together.
It teaches them to co-operate, to share,
and to be honest
It also teaches them that antisocial
behaviour, like cheating, leads to isolation
and loss of friendship.
Children often quarrel and in doing so
learn about each other's reactions.

48. Emotion Play ?

49. Affection Play?

50. Importance of
Play
Children play because it gives them
pleasure. They do not play when it is not
enjoyable or if they are bored with the
game.
Play is also an essential part of their
education because while they are playing
they are learning. It is an important part of
socialisation.

51. Importance of Play
The children learn how others behave and how to
mix easily with them
Children need to play on their own and without
interference in order to learn how to amuse
themselves
If adults spend too much time playing with a child,
the child will feel bored and miserable when left on
her own. Then, instead of playing happily, the child
will spend her time trying to demand attention.

52. Importance of Play
Other sources

53. Importance of Play
Enhance physical, language, social, and
cognitive development
Increase their knowledge and
understanding of self, others, and the physical
world around them
Motor development becomes increasingly
more refined through the physical activity

54. Importance of Play
The development of children's language
skills – solve problem; communicate
Opportunities for social interaction with
peers; follow social rules; learn to express and
control their emotions and to resolve conflicts
Cognitive skills are developed and
challenged; gain confidence; seek out even
more challenging activities

55. Benefits of Play
1. Play enables children to find out about
themselves and the world.
It allows them to:
discover
experiment
create
concentrate
express ideas

56. Benefits of Play
develop speech
develop muscles
invent
learn new skills
learn how other people behave
role-play (pretend to be someone else)
share possessions
use the imagination
·

57. Benefits of Play
co-operate with others
show off (children like to let others know
what they can do)
act protectively towards someone less
powerful than themselves.

58. Benefits of Play
2. Play helps towards happiness
A child who is absorbed in play is likely to be a
happy child, as play produces feelings of
satisfaction and achievement.

59. Benefits of Play
3. Play helps prevent boredom.
Preventing a child from being bored is very
important, as boredom can quickly lead to bad
temper, irritability and destructiveness.

60. Benefits of Play
4. Play can help reduce stress.
The acting out of stressful situations can help them
to seem more familiar and therefore less frightening.
For example, by playing 'schools' a child becomes
familiar with the idea of going to school. This will
help to reduce any nervousness about school which
the child might have. In the same way. playing
'doctors and nurses' can help prepare a child for a
stay in hospital.

61. Benefits of Play
5. Play can help divert aggressive
instincts.
Using a hammer to nail pieces of wood
together to make a 'boat' is preferable to using
the hammer to hurt someone or destroy
property.

62. THE END
Prepare for Tutorial 2
In groups of 3 or 4, prepare and
demonstrate “Traditional Games/Play”
playable in a Primary Classroom