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Plate tectonics describes the large rigid plates that make up the Earth's surface and their movement over time. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force that causes plates to move at rates of 1-10 cm per year. Plates interact at boundaries which can be divergent, convergent, or transform. Features associated with plate boundaries include volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and ocean trenches.
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Earth&plate tectonics butler_er_bmod
Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates driven by convection currents in the upper mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries and the fit of continental landmasses over geologic time. Plates move about 1-10 centimeters per year through processes like seafloor spreading and collisions between plates.
Plate Tectonics
The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and earthquakes. It discusses key concepts such as the structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere, the three main types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform), and examples of each. It also covers earthquake locations in relation to plate boundaries and types of faulting.
Plate Tectonics.ppt
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed; convergent where plates crash together and can cause volcanic activity and mountain building; and transform where plates slide past each other and can cause earthquakes. The theory integrated the earlier concepts of continental drift, which proposed the slow drifting of continents, and seafloor spreading, which showed new crust was forming under the oceans. Together, these theories explained how plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface over millions of years through volcanic and seismic activity
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates crash together forming mountains or one plate slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The theory developed from the theories of continental drift proposing the splitting of Pangaea and seafloor spreading explaining the patterns of aging rocks in the oceans. Together these theories explained how plate motions and interactions at their boundaries shape the Earth's surface over millions of years.
Sec.2 slow motion on planet earth
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes the Earth's surface. It explains that plate tectonics involves several large plates and smaller plates that make up the Earth's outer shell. These plates are constantly and very slowly moving in relation to each other, either pulling apart, crashing together, or sliding past one another. The movement of these plates through processes like rifting, earthquakes, and volcanic activity is what creates and alters the Earth's landforms and features over long periods of time.
Earthquake
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
Plate Tectonics (Jenny)
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, which states that pieces of the lithosphere called plates slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates float on the asthenosphere and are dragged along by convection currents, which provide the force for plate movement. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Examples of each type are given.
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, which states that pieces of the Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion driven by convection currents in the mantle. It describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere drag and move the overlying tectonic plates. It also explains the three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slip past each other.
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Earth&plate tectonics butler_er_bmod
Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates driven by convection currents in the upper mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries and the fit of continental landmasses over geologic time. Plates move about 1-10 centimeters per year through processes like seafloor spreading and collisions between plates.
Plate Tectonics
The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and earthquakes. It discusses key concepts such as the structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere, the three main types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform), and examples of each. It also covers earthquake locations in relation to plate boundaries and types of faulting.
Plate Tectonics.ppt
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed; convergent where plates crash together and can cause volcanic activity and mountain building; and transform where plates slide past each other and can cause earthquakes. The theory integrated the earlier concepts of continental drift, which proposed the slow drifting of continents, and seafloor spreading, which showed new crust was forming under the oceans. Together, these theories explained how plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface over millions of years through volcanic and seismic activity
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates crash together forming mountains or one plate slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The theory developed from the theories of continental drift proposing the splitting of Pangaea and seafloor spreading explaining the patterns of aging rocks in the oceans. Together these theories explained how plate motions and interactions at their boundaries shape the Earth's surface over millions of years.
Sec.2 slow motion on planet earth
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes the Earth's surface. It explains that plate tectonics involves several large plates and smaller plates that make up the Earth's outer shell. These plates are constantly and very slowly moving in relation to each other, either pulling apart, crashing together, or sliding past one another. The movement of these plates through processes like rifting, earthquakes, and volcanic activity is what creates and alters the Earth's landforms and features over long periods of time.
Earthquake
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
Plate Tectonics (Jenny)
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, which states that pieces of the lithosphere called plates slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates float on the asthenosphere and are dragged along by convection currents, which provide the force for plate movement. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Examples of each type are given.
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes plate tectonic theory, which states that pieces of the Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion driven by convection currents in the mantle. It describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere drag and move the overlying tectonic plates. It also explains the three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slip past each other.
Slide earthquake.
An earthquake occurs when accumulated energy stored in rocks is suddenly released, causing seismic waves that radiate outward from the focus of the earthquake. The Earth's interior is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, and core. Plate tectonics theory explains that the Earth's outer layer is made up of plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes at their boundaries. When faulting occurs, seismic waves propagate outward from the hypocenter, and the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter.
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This document discusses elements of seismology and earthquake engineering. It covers topics such as causes of earthquakes including plate tectonic theory, elastic rebound theory, types of seismic waves, measurement of earthquakes through seismographs, magnitude and intensity scales, and characteristics of strong ground motion. Key concepts are the different types of plate boundaries that can cause earthquakes, as well as the different types of seismic waves like P, S, love, and rayleigh waves that radiate from earthquake sources.
1
Earthquakes are caused by the release of elastic strain energy stored in rocks along faults. The Earth's surface consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. Where the plates meet, they can collide, move apart, or move past each other, building up stress. If the stress becomes too great, the rocks suddenly slip along a fault, releasing energy in waves called seismic waves. There are two main types of earthquakes - interplate quakes at plate boundaries and intraplate quakes within plates. Fault slip during quakes can be vertical, horizontal, or lateral.
platetectonics theory.ppt
The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that slowly move atop the asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Plate tectonics explains volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building, and other geologic phenomena observed on Earth's surface and interior.
EQTip01.pdf
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of elastic strain energy that builds up in tectonic plates due to their slow relative movements.
2) The Earth's interior is differentiated into layers with the outer core, mantle, and crust composed of lighter rocks overlying denser materials towards the center.
3) Convection currents in the mantle cause the crust and some mantle to break into tectonic plates that move relative to one another, building up elastic stress at plate boundaries.
Lithosphere 2: Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It provides evidence that supports plate tectonics including: the fit of continental landmasses, matching rock and fossil distributions, and magnetic reversals recorded in ocean crust. It describes the three main plate boundaries and associated landforms: divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries result in subduction zones and volcanic mountain ranges, and transform boundaries create strike-slip faults. Earthquakes and tsunamis are hazardous events caused by the movement and interactions of tectonic plates. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as magma rises up due to pressure in the crust and mantle.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
GOAL: To create a poster that explains the phenomena of blue sky using the concept of wavelength and frequency of visible light.
SITUATION: As the creative head in the science club of Macasandig National High School, you are tasked to create a poster showcasing the phenomena of blue sky on Science Club bulletin board.
PRODUCT: A creative poster explains the phenomena of blue sky. The poster should be in 1/8 illustration board.
faults generate earthquakes.
S8ES-IIa- 14
Objectives:
1. Describe what fault is and how these faults related to earthquakes.
2. Determine the extent of damage an earthquake can do in a particular location.
Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines more than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the Philippines on this day in 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250 students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.
All types of buildings, including several resort hotels in Baguio, known as the
Philippines’ Summer Capital, suffered tremendous damage. Most of the city’s 100,000
residents slept outdoors that evening and during the following week, afraid to return to
their homes amid the frequent aftershocks. For days, workers pulled bodies from the
demolished buildings in Baguio. The best estimate is that 1,000 bodies were eventually
recovered. At least another 1,000 people suffered serious injuries. Rescue efforts were
hampered severely because the three main roads into the city were blocked by landslides. Hundreds of motorists were stranded on the roads as well.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
The ground in the area of fault tends to remain not moving
because of frictional force between the two opposing plates (boxes). As stronger forces (rubber band) shakes up the fault, the friction (tape) can no longer hold up the plates (box) thus resulting to a slip in the plates t
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
Earthquake 01
The document discusses plate tectonics and earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates. The point within the earth where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Above the focus at the surface is the epicenter. Tectonic plates slowly move across Earth's surface and interact at their boundaries, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity. Plate tectonics provides a unified theory for major surface processes, earthquake and volcano distribution, and mountain building.
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
Earthquakes
Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
How Earth Is Shaped By Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes Earth. Plate tectonics involves large plates in Earth's lithosphere that slowly move over time. When plates meet, they form boundaries which can result in volcanoes and earthquakes. Convection currents in the mantle drive the plate movements. Plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges, where new crust is formed, and converge in some places, causing volcanoes or mountains to form.
Earthquake plates
1. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to the buildup and sudden release of strain energy from tectonic plate movement.
2. Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth and are used to determine the internal structure, including distinct layers of the crust, mantle, and core.
3. The core is determined to be liquid based on seismic evidence showing the disappearance of different wave types in certain regions.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
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Slide earthquake.
An earthquake occurs when accumulated energy stored in rocks is suddenly released, causing seismic waves that radiate outward from the focus of the earthquake. The Earth's interior is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, and core. Plate tectonics theory explains that the Earth's outer layer is made up of plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes at their boundaries. When faulting occurs, seismic waves propagate outward from the hypocenter, and the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter.
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This document discusses elements of seismology and earthquake engineering. It covers topics such as causes of earthquakes including plate tectonic theory, elastic rebound theory, types of seismic waves, measurement of earthquakes through seismographs, magnitude and intensity scales, and characteristics of strong ground motion. Key concepts are the different types of plate boundaries that can cause earthquakes, as well as the different types of seismic waves like P, S, love, and rayleigh waves that radiate from earthquake sources.
1
Earthquakes are caused by the release of elastic strain energy stored in rocks along faults. The Earth's surface consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. Where the plates meet, they can collide, move apart, or move past each other, building up stress. If the stress becomes too great, the rocks suddenly slip along a fault, releasing energy in waves called seismic waves. There are two main types of earthquakes - interplate quakes at plate boundaries and intraplate quakes within plates. Fault slip during quakes can be vertical, horizontal, or lateral.
platetectonics theory.ppt
The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that slowly move atop the asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Plate tectonics explains volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building, and other geologic phenomena observed on Earth's surface and interior.
EQTip01.pdf
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of elastic strain energy that builds up in tectonic plates due to their slow relative movements.
2) The Earth's interior is differentiated into layers with the outer core, mantle, and crust composed of lighter rocks overlying denser materials towards the center.
3) Convection currents in the mantle cause the crust and some mantle to break into tectonic plates that move relative to one another, building up elastic stress at plate boundaries.
Lithosphere 2: Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It provides evidence that supports plate tectonics including: the fit of continental landmasses, matching rock and fossil distributions, and magnetic reversals recorded in ocean crust. It describes the three main plate boundaries and associated landforms: divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries result in subduction zones and volcanic mountain ranges, and transform boundaries create strike-slip faults. Earthquakes and tsunamis are hazardous events caused by the movement and interactions of tectonic plates. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as magma rises up due to pressure in the crust and mantle.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
GOAL: To create a poster that explains the phenomena of blue sky using the concept of wavelength and frequency of visible light.
SITUATION: As the creative head in the science club of Macasandig National High School, you are tasked to create a poster showcasing the phenomena of blue sky on Science Club bulletin board.
PRODUCT: A creative poster explains the phenomena of blue sky. The poster should be in 1/8 illustration board.
faults generate earthquakes.
S8ES-IIa- 14
Objectives:
1. Describe what fault is and how these faults related to earthquakes.
2. Determine the extent of damage an earthquake can do in a particular location.
Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines more than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the Philippines on this day in 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250 students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.
All types of buildings, including several resort hotels in Baguio, known as the
Philippines’ Summer Capital, suffered tremendous damage. Most of the city’s 100,000
residents slept outdoors that evening and during the following week, afraid to return to
their homes amid the frequent aftershocks. For days, workers pulled bodies from the
demolished buildings in Baguio. The best estimate is that 1,000 bodies were eventually
recovered. At least another 1,000 people suffered serious injuries. Rescue efforts were
hampered severely because the three main roads into the city were blocked by landslides. Hundreds of motorists were stranded on the roads as well.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
The ground in the area of fault tends to remain not moving
because of frictional force between the two opposing plates (boxes). As stronger forces (rubber band) shakes up the fault, the friction (tape) can no longer hold up the plates (box) thus resulting to a slip in the plates t
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
Earthquake 01
The document discusses plate tectonics and earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates. The point within the earth where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Above the focus at the surface is the epicenter. Tectonic plates slowly move across Earth's surface and interact at their boundaries, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity. Plate tectonics provides a unified theory for major surface processes, earthquake and volcano distribution, and mountain building.
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
Earthquakes
Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
How Earth Is Shaped By Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes Earth. Plate tectonics involves large plates in Earth's lithosphere that slowly move over time. When plates meet, they form boundaries which can result in volcanoes and earthquakes. Convection currents in the mantle drive the plate movements. Plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges, where new crust is formed, and converge in some places, causing volcanoes or mountains to form.
Earthquake plates
1. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to the buildup and sudden release of strain energy from tectonic plate movement.
2. Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth and are used to determine the internal structure, including distinct layers of the crust, mantle, and core.
3. The core is determined to be liquid based on seismic evidence showing the disappearance of different wave types in certain regions.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
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THE MIRROR EQUATION.pptx
The document describes activities for students to learn about light and mirrors through unscrambling words and acting out gestures related to mirror terminology. Students are introduced to concepts like reflection, convex and concave mirrors. They practice using the mirror equation to calculate image distances and sizes for different object positions relative to curved mirrors.
REVIEWER 4TH.pptx
The document discusses several scientific concepts including:
1) Avogadro's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Law, which relate the properties of gases including volume, pressure, temperature and moles of gas.
2) Sample problems demonstrate how to use these gas laws to calculate values such as final volume given initial conditions.
3) Avogadro's Law specifically relates the volume and amount of gas in moles.
4) The Ideal Gas Law combines these gas properties into a single equation.
5) Balancing chemical equations is also briefly discussed along with types of chemical reactions.
HELPFUL TIPS DURING AN EARTHQUAKE.pptx
Stay calm, drop down and take cover under sturdy furniture when the shaking starts. Avoid running outside and move away from windows or anything that could shatter. Once the shaking stops, check for injuries and exit buildings carefully, gathering in an open area away from anything that could fall. Practice drills at home and school so you know what to do during an earthquake.
NERVOUS SYSTEM PPT.pptx
This document provides information about the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system, stating that it connects all body parts and transmits signals. It then discusses the two main divisions of the nervous system - central and peripheral. Various parts and functions of the nervous system are also outlined, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Activities are described to help teach about the nervous system in an engaging way for students.
Wavelengths and frequencies of em waves.pptx
Electromagnetic waves can be characterized by their wavelength and frequency. The objectives are to determine the characteristics of different regions of the EM spectrum, including wavelength, frequency, and energy, and to order the regions correctly. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelengths of all EM waves.
BIOMOLECULE.pptx
The document discusses the four major categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on each category, including their monomers (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides), general formulas, elements, examples, and common tests used to identify each type of biomolecule. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and starch, lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats and oils, proteins comprise amino acids like albumin and enzymes, and nucleic acids involve nucleotides to form structures like DNA and RNA.
BOYLES LAW.pptx
1. The document describes various gases and their properties including pressure, volume, temperature, and mass. It provides definitions and conversion formulas for units of pressure, volume, and temperature.
2. Boyle's law is introduced, which states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature. An example problem demonstrates how to use the Boyle's law equation to relate initial and final pressure and volume.
3. The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas is investigated through example problems applying Boyle's law, such as calculating new volume given a change in pressure.
4 pics 1 word.pptx
The document provides definitions for key terms related to Earth's spheres:
1) The hydrosphere represents all the water on Earth and makes it appear blue from space.
2) The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth, protecting life by absorbing UV rays and composed of nitrogen and oxygen.
3) The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems and is the zone of life on Earth.
FOSSILS.pptx
This document discusses fossils and their formation. It introduces five presenters and lists their contact details. The objectives are to explain how fossils prove life has changed over time, appreciate the work of geologists and archaeologists, and understand fossil formation. Fossils are remains or evidence of ancient species preserved in sedimentary rock. There are five fossil types: mold, cast, petrified, carbon film, and trace fossils. The formation process involves remains being buried and slowly replaced with minerals over millions of years.
WRITTEN.pptx
Plate tectonics involves the movement of rigid tectonic plates that make up the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates move apart, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Convergent boundaries can be subduction zones where one plate is forced under another, causing volcanoes and earthquakes. Divergent boundaries form new crust through seafloor spreading at ocean ridges or rift valleys on land. Transform boundaries experience stress buildup and release as earthquakes when plates cannot smoothly pass each other.
HOTSPOT.pptx
The Hawaiian Islands were formed by hot spot volcanic activities under the Pacific Plate. Mantle plumes rise from the Earth's mantle, forming hot spots on the surface. As the plate moves over the hot spot, a chain of volcanoes is created. The newest volcanoes are above the hot spot and are the most active. Kilauea and Mauna Loa are the most active volcanoes in Hawaii today, having last erupted in 1984 and 2018 respectively. The Hawaiian Islands demonstrate how hot spots can form new land in the middle of tectonic plates.
MUTATION QUIZ.ACTIVITY.pptx
The document describes various DNA, mRNA, and amino acid sequences and mutations between original and mutated sequences. It provides 5 examples of point mutations or frameshift mutations and asks to identify the type of each. It also provides 6 diagrams of chromosomal mutations and asks to identify the type of each chromosomal mutation shown. The mutations identified include missense, nonsense, silent, deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication, translocation.
amazon-rainforest-deforestation-awareness-infographics.pptx
This document provides templates and resources for creating an Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Awareness presentation, including infographics about the planets and deforestation. The templates can be copied and pasted into slides. Instructions are provided on how to edit the infographics by ungrouping elements, changing colors, resizing, and regrouping. The purpose is to present data about the rainforest and deforestation visually.
The DNA .pptx
1. The document discusses different types of mutations including gene mutations like point mutations and frame shift mutations as well as chromosomal mutations like deletions, duplications, inversions, insertions, translocations, and non-disjunction.
2. Gene mutations involve changes to a single gene during DNA replication while chromosomal mutations involve changes to the structure or number of chromosomes.
3. Specific genetic disorders are associated with different mutations, such as Cri du chat syndrome resulting from a deletion chromosomal mutation and Down's syndrome from non-disjunction during meiosis.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION.pptx
This document provides information about DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the process of protein synthesis. It defines key terms like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and the three steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. The roles of the ribosome and different binding sites are outlined. Translation is described as the process of converting mRNA into a protein sequence using tRNA to supply amino acids. The document concludes with activities to practice writing complementary RNA sequences and determining amino acid sequences from DNA codons.
Applications of electromagnetic spectrum.pptx
The document discusses applications of the electromagnetic spectrum and describes how radio waves are used in telecommunications. It aims to cite examples of how different regions of the EM spectrum are used practically, such as using radio waves for telecommunications, and to describe how radio waves are generated, transmitted and received by naming the parts of radio transmitters and receivers and their functions.
BOUNDARY.pptx
The document describes the three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It states that convergent boundaries occur when tectonic plates move toward each other and collide, and can be oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, or continental-continental. Divergent boundaries occur when plates move away from each other, forming constructive boundaries. Transform boundaries form when plates slide past each other, producing earthquakes.
A_Seaweed_Divided_0.ppt
This document discusses different types of seaweed (macroalgae) including red, green, and brown algae. It provides details on their classification, structure, where they are found, and their economic importance. It notes that seaweeds are not plants but are divided into three major groups based on pigmentation. While seaweeds provide numerous benefits like food and oxygen production, increased eutrophication and salinity changes in the Baltic Sea are allowing a less beneficial type of seaweed to spread, threatening the ecosystem.
2018_12_5_coralspost (1).pptx
Coastal ecosystems like coral reefs have high productivity and biodiversity due to dynamic spatial gradients in factors like salinity, temperature, light, and nutrients. Coral reefs specifically proliferate in warm, shallow, saline waters. Corals are colonial animals whose polyps secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures over time. Corals have a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae, which provide nutrients through photosynthesis. Corals reproduce both asexually through fragmentation and sexually through broadcast spawning or brooding.
DentalNeuro_04.ppt
This document provides an overview of neurotransmission and biochemistry of cell signaling. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, ion channels, synaptic transmission, and various neurotransmitters. Key points covered include the resting potential of neurons, action potentials, voltage-gated ion channels, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, and postsynaptic receptor types including ligand-gated and G-protein coupled receptors. Neurotransmitters discussed include acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, GABA and glutamate.
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plate_tectonics.pdf
- 1. Plate Tectonics • What are the “plates” • What causes them to move • What are the different types of plate boundaries • What features are associated with plate boundaries
- 2. Convection is like a boiling pot. Heated soup rises to the surface, spreads and begins to cool, and then sinks back to the bottom of the pot where it is reheated and rises again. Plate tectonics • Plates are driven by cooling of Earth (convection) • Gravity provides additional force to move plates. Modified from USGS Graphics ? ? ?
- 3. What are the tectonic plates? AKA: Lithospheric plate • The ~100-km-thick surface of the Earth; • Contains crust and part of the upper mantle; • It is rigid and brittle; • Fractures to produce earthquakes.
- 4. What is the asthenosphere? Asthenosphere: • Is the hotter upper mantle below the lithospheric plate; • Can flow like silly putty; and • Is a viscoelastic solid, NOT liquid!! USGS Graphics
- 5. Three Basic Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform USGS Graphics Using hands to show relative motion
- 6. Three Basic Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform USGS Graphics
- 8. There are a dozen large lithospheric plates (smaller plates not shown). Some plates have continents; some don’t. All are in motion. Question: What evidence is there for these plate boundaries? Tectonic Plates
- 11. What causes plates to move?
- 12. What causes plates to move?
- 13. There are thousands of small earthquakes every day “Strong” earthquakes (~M7) occur once a month. >M8 occur about once/year. Earthquakes Where are the deepest earthquakes? For earthquakes of the past 2 weeks, go to http://www.iris.edu/seismon/
- 14. Notice that the earthquakes coincide with plate boundaries, and the deepest quakes (blue) are in subduction zones. Question: Where would you expect to see volcanoes? Modified from USGS Graphics Earthquakes & Plate Boundaries Create your own maps at http://www.iris.edu/quakes/maps.htm
- 15. Modified from USGS Graphics This map shows that locations of volcanoes (ones above sea level) also tend to occur along the plate boundaries Volcanoes & Plate Boundaries
- 16. How fast are the plates moving? Plates move 1-10 centimeters per year (≈ rate of fingernail growth). Tectonic Plates Modified from USGS Graphics Fingernail growth plotted: http://jclahr.com/science/earth_science/thumbnail/index.html
- 17. How fast are the plates moving? Plates move 1-10 centimeters per year (≈ rate of fingernail growth). Continental Drift
- 18. Collision of ‘Drifting’ India with Eurasia Source: http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/outreach/animations/index.html Side view of subduction, ‘drifting’ India, volcanoes, & mountain-building
- 19. Note on Source: First 8 slides are modified from a slide show prepared by Dr. Robert Butler, University of Portland, and Jenda Johnson, …the full source of which can be found at: http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/education_and_outreach/videos#B