The document summarizes the key components of a water treatment plant that uses reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It describes the process flow from the raw water intake through various filtration and pumping stages to the RO modules and storage of the filtered permeate water. The main components discussed include raw water and filtrate tanks, multi-media and cartridge filters, high pressure pumps, RO pressure vessels, permeate storage tanks, and associated piping and instrumentation.

1. Plant Component

2. Media Filters Cartridge Filter High Pressure Pump Permeate Line Storage Tank Transient Tank Filtrated Tank Raw Water Tank From Water Source Sea/Wells Filtrated Pump Feed Pump RO Module Cleaning & Flushing Pump Transfer Pump Reject Line Cleaning Tank

3. The Raw water is being drawn to the Plant from two sources: Open Intake ( Sea Water ). Beach Wells ( Bore Well ). Water Source

4. Feed water tank is filled by intake pumps (Bore well pump / Centrifugal pump) Water is pumped from the tank to multi-media filters by feed pump. Install some devices in tank to measure water level, water conductivity and water pH inside tank. The feed water pump is pumping the raw water to pass through multi-media filters. Feed Water Tank, Pump

7. The most common filter media in water treatment are sand and anthracite, The effective grain size for fine sand filter is in the range of (0.35 to 0.5 mm) and (0.7 to 0.8 mm) for anthracite filter. The design filtration flow rates are usually 10–20 m 3 /h and backwash rates are in the range 40-50 m 3 / h. The removal of suspended and colloidal particles by media filtration is based on their deposition on the surface of filter grains, the quality of the filtrate depends on the size, surface charge and geometry of both suspended solids and filter media, as well as on the water analysis and operational parameters. Multi Media Filters

8. Feed Line Filtrated Line

9. Drain Backwash Sequence Drain down 1800 sec. Air Scour 600 sec. Backwash 600 sec. Rinse 600 sec. Hold 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Air Scour 600 80.00 m 3 /h 60.00 m 3 /h 40.00 m 3 /h 20.00 m 3 /h 0.00 m 3 /h Backwash 500 400 300 200 100 0 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Rinse 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Back If The Time in drain is not enough push to the key Hold Continue Hold Back Wash Sequence MF1 TIT1037 AIT1037 26.1 °C 0.13 NTU Turbidity Service Inlet FV-1060-1 FCV-1066-1 FIT1020-1 100.00 m 3 /h Service Outlet To Cartridge Filters FV-1065-1 FV-1063-1 FV-1061-1 B-85 FV-1064-1 Air Blower 90.2 % LIT8126 LIT8126 0.0 m 3 /h P81A P81B FV-1062-1 Backwash Inlet From Mesh Filter FV-8160 Time TK-81 87.3 % TK-81 80.2 % TK-81 70.5 % TK-81 60.1 % Filtrated Tank 48.4 % Filter In Service

10. Filtrated Tank, Pump Filtrated water tank is filled from multi-media filters. Water is pumped from the tank to cartridge filter by using filtrated pump. Install some devices in tank to measure water level, water conductivity and water pH inside tank. The filtrated water pump is pumping the filtrated water to pass through cartridge filter.

13. Cartridge Filter It’s safety device to protect the membranes and the high pressure pump from suspended particles . Cartridge filter with a pore size of less than 10 Micron is minimum pretreatment required for every RO system . It should be made of a synthetic non degradable material e.g. Nylon or Polypropylene . It should be equipped with a pressure gauge to indicate the differential pressure drop and thereby indicating the extent of its fouling and replace the filter needle before pressure drop has increased to the permitted limit, But latest after 3 months.

15. High Pressure Pump It’s a pump used to lift filtrated pump pressure to high pressure used to discharge a cross membrane element to product permeate water. It’s two kind of high pressure pumps: Centrifugal Pump Positive displacement

16. Centrifugal Pump It’s a Centrifugal pumps use a spinning impeller to force water to the outside of the pump casing. The energy present in this centrifugal force is translated into water pressure as the water exits the pump. Single stage centrifugal pumps are commonly used for lower pressure applications, usually less than 80 pounds per square inch (psi). Higher pressures are possible with higher rotational speeds, but some energy efficiency is lost due to the additional shear on the water from the high speeds. Multistage centrifugal pumps can create pressures up to 600 psi more efficiently by using a number of impellers in series. The impellers are all attached to a long shaft that is spun by the pump motor. Each impeller increases the water pressure some 15 to 25 psi from the pressure provided by the previous impeller. Between the impellers, diffuser bowls direct the water from the outside of the casing back to the center of the next impeller. Multistage centrifugal pumps are used deep in the ground as well pumps. These pumps use submersible motors that are protected from the water passing around them. These submersible pump/motor units can be installed within a pressure vessel and used with RO systems as a means of reducing the noise created by the high pressure pumps. They typically offer greater pump energy efficiency, but this gain is usually offset by the reduced efficiency of using water-cooled motors .

17. Centrifugal Pump

18. Piston Pump It’s For creating pressures greater than 600 psi, as required for seawater reverse osmosis systems, piston pumps are often used. Mechanical plungers compress the water to achieve the desired output pressure. Check valves direct the flow of water in the desired direction. Piston pumps use a number of plungers/pistons that are attached to a rotating shaft which is driven by a motor. By using a number of pistons, the pulsing of the output pump pressure is reduced. This pulsing causes velocity surges that promote telescoping and mechanical damage of the RO membrane elements. Even with multiple pistons, a pressure surge dampening device should be used between the piston pump and the RO system. Since a seawater RO system that uses a piston pump usually operates at permeate recoveries less than 50%, its relatively large concentrate stream contains a great deal of potential energy. Much of this can be used to reduce the pump requirements for the feed water with an energy recovery device.

19. Piston Pump

20. Pressure Vessel It’s a tube made from fiber used to charge by membrane elements. Inside pressure vessel three types of water (Feed, Permeate and Concentrate). Pressure vessel available with different diameters, length and pressure rating. Diameter from 1.5  to 2.5  available pressure from 85 to 1000 psi. Diameter 4  available pressure from 600 to 1000 psi. Diameter 8  available pressure from 400 to 1000 psi.

21. Replace Membrane Element As with replacing O-rings, the system should first be shut down and drained. Prior to installation, the new element serial numbers should be recorded indicating their intended location in the system. This is often useful in comparing the membrane manufacturer's test data with the system performance. With multi-element pressure vessels, it may be necessary to remove both of the vessel end caps. The elements can then be removed in their normal direction of flow. This will prevent their brine seals from jamming against the pressure vessel. The replacement element (s) can be inserted in the feed end of the vessel and used to push the other elements through. After element replacement, any gaps should be limited with shims. The end caps can then be installed and the system started up. It should be filled with low pressure water prior to starting the high pressure pump. New elements should be rinsed to drained to remove any residual chemicals. System operating data should be collected after the RO performance stabilizes. If it is intended to autopsy or re-use the elements that are removed, they should be treated carefully. They should not be placed on end on a hard surface that may damage plastic parts. They should also be sealed in a bag to prevent them from drying out. A biocide may be added for long-term storage .

22. RO Module RO Vessel is Fabricate from Fiber to carry High pressure 80 bar (1200 psi). Spiral wound, hollow fiber, and tubular elements require some sort of pressure vessel to house their particular membrane configuration. The vessel must be designed to contain the high pressure required for reverse osmosis. With spiral wound systems, pressure vessels/housings are available to hold up to eight 40 inch elements connected end to end. To prevent water from bypassing around the outside of the elements, a sealing device called a brine seal is placed around the element. This brine seal is usually "V" shaped so that the flowing water forces the "V" to flare out and seal against the inside wall of the vessel. To attach the central permeate collection tube from one element to the next, an inter-connector is used. This inter-connector uses O-rings, sometimes two on each end, to assure sealing integrity between the elements. Any leak will result in the high pressure water and its dissolved ions bypassing directly into the permeate lines. A similar type of end connector attaches each of the end element's permeate tubes to the permeate port of the vessel's end cap.

23. Permeate Tank A permeate tank is typically employed, when the permeate is the product. Plant start-ups and shut-downs are initiated by low-level and high-level signals from the permeate tank. The system capacity and the tank size should be designed so that the RO plant is allowed to run for some hours continuously. The less frequently the plant is shut down, the better is the system performance.