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Planning for a sustainable and affordable cape cod
- 1. PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE CAPE COD SNEAPA Conference October 2016 Cape Cod Commission Leslie Richardson Chief Economic Development Officer Chloe Schaefer Community Design Planner
- 2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE • Overview of the Cape Cod Region – Historic Economy & Land Use Patterns – Post WWII Development Boom & Present Day Hangover • The Cape Cod Commission – Purpose & Powers – Challenges & Impacts • Map Based Planning – Previous Steps towards Map Based Planning – Today’s Map developed using the Geodesign Process
- 3. Southeastern Massachusetts 15 towns of Barnstable County Year-round Population 215,885 (165 people/mi²) Summer Population >500,000 (380 people/mi²) Square Miles 1,306
- 13. LAND USE AND AFFORDABILITY
- 14. BUSINESS AS USUAL What happens if the current trends and land use policies continue? TREND SCENARIO
- 16. ESTIMATED 17,000 NEW JOBS: 18.8% INCREASE TREND SCENARIO POPULATION 31,000 PEOPLE: 11% INCREASE 4,806 6,536 4,388 907 Retail Office Industrial Public / Civic Hotel / Hospitality
- 18. TREND SCENARIO – 88% of new development is owner occupied – More than half on lots over an acre
- 19. 15,987 N e w h o u s i n g u n i t s TREND SCENARIO • Average home price for new residential homes: $514,108 54% of units require incomes of $150,000 or more 13 a f f o r d a b l e t o s o m e o n e e a r n i n g t h e a v e r a g e w a g e . • Average wage of new jobs created: $46,000
- 20. CAPE COD COMMISSION Regional Planning & Regulation
- 21. CAPE COD COMMISSION PU R POSE NATURAL RESOURCES Water – Habitat – Coast COMMUNITY RESOURCES Economy – Infrastructure – Housing – Historic Character
- 22. CAPE COD COMMISSION A U TH OR ITY RPP Prepare and oversee implementation of a Regional Policy Plan DCPC Recommend Districts of Critical Planning Concern DRI Review and regulate Developments of Regional Impact
- 23. water resources transportation planning/community development GIS regulatory/legal historic preservation natural resources economic development A R E AS O F E X PERTIS E CAPE COD COMMISSION
- 24. P E RS ISTENT C H AL L ENGES CAPE COD COMMISSION
- 25. S A M PLE I M PACT CAPE COD COMMISSION
- 26. S A M PLE I M PACT CAPE COD COMMISSION
- 27. MAP BASED PLANNING Changing Trends to Keep a Special Place Special
- 28. 2011 Limited DRI Review CCC 2005 First Growth Incentive Zone CCC STEPS TOWARDS MAP BASED PLANNING1991 Village, Regional, and Industrial Growth Centers CCC + Towns 1996 Village, Regional, and Industrial Growth Centers Town LCPs 1996 First DCPC CCC 2002 Village, Regional, and Industrial Growth Centers Town LCPs 2009 First Regional Land Use Vision Map CCC + Towns 2016 Regional Land Use Vision Map CCC + Towns 2009 Chapter H Relief CCC
- 29. LAND USE VISION MAPPING CIRCA 2009 Resources and existing zoning and development maps Town input Refined map Public Input Refined map Incorporated into regional map Planning Board endorsement
- 30. 2009 : RESOURCE PROTECTION AREAS
- 31. 2009 : VILLAGES
- 32. 2009 : ECONOMIC CENTERS
- 33. 2009 : INDUSTRIAL + SERVICE TRADE
- 34. 2009: LOCAL LAND USE VISION MAPS
- 35. 2016: REGIONAL LAND USE VISION MAP GEODESIGN ge·o·de·sign ˈjē-ə-di-ˈzīn
- 36. RPP GROWTH POLICY GU ID IN G PR IN C IPLES SUSTAINABILITY DIVERSITY HEALTHY COMMUNITIES
- 38. Business activity Attracts residents and visitors Community activity Amenities for residents Built environment Compact, pedestrian-oriented ACTIVITY CENTERS What do we want in activity centers?
- 39. COMMUNITY ACTIVITY • Schools • Libraries • Recreational facilities • Community centers • Hospitals • Colleges • Senior centers • Arts and cultural facilities ¼ mile
- 41. COMMUNITY ACTIVITY 3+ community activities within ¼ mile DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH
- 42. BUSINESS ACTIVITY • Retail trade • Food and Accommodation Services • Art galleries ¼ mile
- 44. BUSINESS ACTIVITY 16+ businesses within ¼ mile DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH
- 46. BUILT ENVIRONMENT DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH Initial Criteria: ≥40% impervious surface
- 47. BUILT ENVIRONMENT Parcel Size Building Size Parking to Building Ratio Distance to Right of Way
- 48. BUILT ENVIRONMENT DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH Parcel size ≤ 30,000 sq. ft. +1 point
- 49. BUILT ENVIRONMENT DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH Building between 4,000 and 12,000 sq. ft. + 2 points
- 50. BUILT ENVIRONMENT DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH Building is ≥ 30% of impervious surface + 3 points
- 51. BUILT ENVIRONMENT Building is 15’ or less from the right of way + 4 points DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH
- 52. BUILT ENVIRONMENT Parcel size (+1 pt.) + Building size (+2 pts.) + Building to parking ratio (+3 pts.) + Building distance to ROW (+4 pts.) Parcel form score (0 – 10 pts.)
- 53. BUILT ENVIRONMENT DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH 0-5 points: not compact form 6-10 points: compact form
- 54. BUILT ENVIRONMENT Regions where 30% or more of parcels have compact form DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH
- 55. 2. Dense Business Activity Community Activity, Business Activity Business Activity 3. Compact Building Form Community Activity, Business Activity, Building Form Business Activity, Building Form Community Activity, Building Form Building Form 1. Dense Community Activity Community Activity ACTIVITY CENTERS Overlaid 3 Factors
- 56. ACTIVITY CENTERS 1 factor 2 factors 3 factors | Transform | Maintain | Evolve
- 57. ACTIVITY CENTERS 1 factor 2 factors 3 factors | Transform | Maintain | Evolve DOWNTOWNFALMOUTH
- 58. COMMUNITY METRICS Housing Mix Wastewater Management Public Parks Traffic Safety + Congestion Employment Opportunities Sidewalks
- 59. DRAFT REGIONAL LAND USE VISION MAP Limited Development Areas Priority Protection Areas Activity Centers
- 61. IMPACT: ALIGNMENT STATE COUNTY TOWN CAPITAL PLANS LOCAL COMPREHENSIVE PLANS IMPLEMENTATION: ORDINANCES + BYLAWS REGIONAL POLICY PLAN PLANNING REGULATORY LAND USE VISION MAP CAPE COD COMMISSION ACT GOALS
- 62. IMPACT: ALIGNMENT STATE COUNTY TOWN CAPITAL PLANS LOCAL COMPREHENSIVE PLANS IMPLEMENTATION: ORDINANCES + BYLAWS REGIONAL POLICY PLAN PLANNING REGULATORY LAND USE VISION MAP CAPE COD COMMISSION ACT GOALS
- 63. GOALS Joint local and regional capital planning Improvements in community metrics Zoning changes in activity centers
- 64. Questions?
- 65. QUESTIONS FOR YOU How would you measure compact form? What would you look for in an activity center?
Editor's Notes
- Traditional land-based natural resource industries
- The Blue Economy
- Clustered village centric development pattern
- Traditional industries and land use patterns, along with the areas natural beauty, began to appeal to wealthy families seeking summer retreats as early as the turn of the century and eventually to the burgeoning post-world war II middle-class
- The advent of tourism was made possible by significant changes in technology by opening this once remote region to visitors. Ultimately, the combination of automobiles and a strong middle-class would change the face of Cape Cod forever.
- …and it wasn’t just summer visitors that began to flock to Cape Cod but also many retirees moved to the region as permanent residents, stimulating development and economic activity – jobs – at a time when the cost of living, land, and housing was still relatively low
- With these two forces at work, the landscape changed from very rural to…
- With zoning, cars, changes in building materials and practice, and national retailing the land use pattern began to change rapidly and look more like the rest of the nation
- The growth had consequences for both the built infrastructure and the natural environment
- It also had a significant impact on prices as the demand for land increased and the supply became more scarce
- Envision Tomorrow The future based on current zoning illustrates the strong connection between zoning/development patterns and affordability/prices
- Briefly explain each
- Local zoning Wastewater infrastructure Housing affordability Lack of economic and other types of diversity Natural Resource Issues Surface Water Protection and Remediation Habitat Protection and Remediation Sea Level Rise and Storm Impacts Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water Community Resource Issues Local Zoning to support Compact Development Protection of Historic Structures & Landscapes Remediate/Transform Sprawl Development Patterns Housing Affordability & Livable Wage Jobs Other – sea level rise, storm hazards, habitat loss both land and marine
- Natural Resource Protection 12 Districts of Critical Planning Concern Resource Mapping & Graduated Regulations Open Space & Drinking Water Protection Science Based Wastewater Planning Community Resource Protection Infrastructure Planning & Investments Protection of Historic Structures & Design Guidelines Limited Commercial Sprawl Development Development of Affordable Housing Cape Cod Commission Successes of the past Restricted some big box development (some denied, some didn’t bother trying, some redeveloped existing buildings) Drinking water resource protection Open space and districts of critical planning concern Growth incentive zones Wastewater planning
- Natural Resource Protection 12 Districts of Critical Planning Concern Resource Mapping & Graduated Regulations Open Space & Drinking Water Protection Science Based Wastewater Planning Community Resource Protection Infrastructure Planning & Investments Protection of Historic Structures & Design Guidelines Limited Commercial Sprawl Development Development of Affordable Housing Cape Cod Commission Successes of the past Restricted some big box development (some denied, some didn’t bother trying, some redeveloped existing buildings) Drinking water resource protection Open space and districts of critical planning concern Growth incentive zones Wastewater planning
- Not new – Adirondacks Commission example An incremental approach believed to be the best approach given political context: conflicts over local vs regional authority; environmental protection and economic development; Consequences: deferred infrastructure, no change to local zoning, project by project approach instead of comprehensive system approach Districts of Critical Planning Concern Building Moratorium; Eliminates Grandfathering; May Impose Zoning Changes Activity Centers in Local Comp. Plans Growth Incentive Zones No Regional Regulation under Development Cap in exchange for Resource Protection in Centers Land Use Vision Mapping Graduated Regulatory Standards by location Flexible Regulatory Thresholds by location
- First time commission had a land use vision map Used resources maps, existing zoning and development maps, and current land use to guide future development with towns Received input from town; revised map Town-held public forum for feedback; revised map Planning board endorsement Incorporated into regional map Towns could go through process to raise or lower DRI thresholds as appropriate for different land use areas
- Resource protection areas Wellhead protection areas Areas vulnerable to flood damage Historic districts National seashore Changes to DRI thresholds (lower)
- Villages Economic development focus
- Economic centers Changes to DRI thresholds (higher) Economic development Mixed use has waived energy requirement, lower transportation mitigation,
- Industrial and service trade areas Changes to DRI thresholds (higher) Economic development Light industry
- Successful in engaging towns, engaging them in thinking about planning and future vision. But difficult for some towns because they faced developer pressure, didn’t want to change DRI thresholds, or were copying existing zoning rather than making visionary changes. In the end, only 8 out of 15 towns participated/adopted land use vision maps
- How do we objectively define areas for a land use vision map? Geodesign process:
- Sustainability – development should not burden future generations with the cost of environmental restoration due to over development, dispersed development patterns and lack of investment in infrastructure by today’s generation. Diversity – development should serve people of all ages, backgrounds and incomes and foster a variety of independent business types, employment opportunities, and housing options while maintaining a strong sense of place that respects historic development patterns and structures unique to the region. Healthy Communities – development should create places that bring people together in built and natural environments that encourage a sense of connection, inspire creativity, and support mental and physical health.
- Not a new idea; several places throughout the country are using this concept. Cincinnati Puget Sounds Portland Plan Cincinnati Neighborhood centers throughout the city Walkable areas including civic and commercial activities Focus on existing Maintaining, evolving, transforming areas Also highlight opportunities Conceptual Land Use Map
- We started off by thinking about what traits an ideal activity center would have both in terms of function and in terms of form. Although different functions and forms are desirable in different areas, for the focal points of growth throughout the region, we identified three main components that these vibrant centers hubs will ideally include: civic amenities: places for residents to gather, places that serve residents businesses activity: stores, cafes, and other businesses that will attract people to an area and in terms of form they will be compact and pedestrian-oriented: allowing people to walk around, creating street life, more travel options. We set out to quantify and objectively identify these characteristics across the Cape to identify areas throughout the Cape that currently embody an ideal activity center, as well as those areas which may only have one or two of these traits but the potential to grow into an “ideal” activity center.
- Next, to show the range in density of businesses across the Cape, the number of business activity sites within a quarter mile of the center of each parcel was counted.
- Last but certainly not least is the built environment. Rather than auto-oriented development, we looked for ways to measure compact development. Measuring compact development Parcel size Building size Ratio of building area to parking area Distance of the building to the right-of-way Little diagrams for each
- We looked at several different factors and characteristics, but focused on these four as measures of compact development: parcel size, building size, the amount of area on the parcel that is parking compared to building, and the distance of the buildings to the right of way.
- I moved the note about clusters to the next slide…
- *Clusters of activity that only met one of the three factors were removed
- Within each activity center, we are hoping to measure several different community characteristics such as: housing mix, wastewater management, public parks, sidewalks, employment opportunities, traffic safety and congestion. These characteristics could be traced over time . Vulnerability to sea level rise, SLOSH, FEMA, etc.
- There were certain areas we knew were off limits to development; or should be off limits. These were the priority protection areas.
- Adoption Review by town and public CCC approval and Adoption as County Ordinance
- Impact: Alignment Allocation of planning resources Allocation of capital funding Map based regulation
- Impact: Alignment Allocation of planning resources Allocation of capital funding Map based regulation
- Measures of Success Joint local/regional capital planning Community metrics Zoning changes in activity centers
- Adoption Review by town and public CCC approval and Adoption as County Ordinance Impact: Alignment Allocation of planning resources Allocation of capital funding Map based regulation Measures of Success Joint local/regional capital planning Community metrics Zoning changes in activity centers
- Measures of Success Joint local/regional capital planning Community metrics Zoning changes in activity centers