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Planning a Successful Cloud
Design from Workload to Infrastructure
Tim Mackey
Citrix Cloud Evangelist
Private Cloud, Why Now?
• Valid alternative to public clouds that are cheap
and readily available
• Speed and agility of deployment
• Control of corporate assets
• Cloud Management Platform market maturity
• Future-proofing for nextgen, webscale workloads
“An IaaS cloud is a
highly automated
virtual infrastructure
that enables self-
service resource
requests, and
consumption of the
shared environment is
tracked for either
chargeback or
showback purposes.”
Forrester Research
100’s of pilots and few production deployments in 2011; expected to be 10 times more in 2012 - Gartner
150+
Large Scale Clouds
In Deployment
Enterprise and Education
Web 2.0
Service Providers and Telcos
Enterprise Objectives for Cloud
Remove IT as a service delivery critical pathSelf Service
Reduce IT operational costs
Management
Automation
Consistent application and service deployment
Workload
Standardization
Manage complete infrastructure, regardless of scale
Centralized
Management
Drive reduced capital requirements
Smarter
Virtualization
CapitalLeverageWorkforceLeverage
Visibility into user and line of business usageUsage Metering
Server Virtualization++ Cloud
Built for traditional enterprise apps and
client-server compute
• Architected for 100s of hosts
• Scale-up (server clusters)
• Applications assume reliability
• IT Management-centric [1:Dozens]
• Proprietary vendor stack
Think: vCloud Director
Designed around big data, massive scale and
next-gen applications
• Cloud architecture for 1000s of hosts
• Scale-out (multi-site server farms)
• Applications assume failure
• Autonomic [1:1,000’s]
• Open, value-added stack
Think: AWS, RAX, GCE, eBay, etc.
• More scalable
• Lower cost
• More open
Key Features for Successful Clouds
• Select the correct hypervisor to best match workload needs
• Seamlessly manage provisioning process across hypervisors
Multi-Hypervisor Support
• Provide optimal workload performance and availability
• Management of multiple availability zones from a single console
Availability Zones
• Define virtual and physical network isolation rules
• Support load balancing and VPN access rules
Flexible Network
Management
• Flexible user, network and provisioning isolation rules
• Ability to delegate tenancy for departments and divisions
Tenant Isolation
• Freedom to define capacity with no per-VM licensesNo per-VM Licensing
Server Virtualization++ Amazon-style Cloud
Availability
Zone
Availability
Zone
Object Storage
vCenter
vSphere
ESXi
Cluster
Enterprise Networking (e.g., VLAN)
Enterprise Storage (e.g., SAN)
ESXi
Cluster
ESXi
Cluster
CloudStack Management ServerServer Virtualization Availability Zone
Availability
Zone
ORAND
Best practices aren’t always
Density in the cloud
Traditional Server Virtualization
• Core Objectives
ᵒServer consolidation
ᵒPower and cooling savings
ᵒHardware independence
• Looks Like
ᵒVM Density < 20
ᵒvCPU = pCPU
ᵒvRAM = pRAM
ᵒLow IOPS
ᵒRedundancy matters
ᵒNo templates
10
Desktop Virtualization
• Core Objectives
ᵒControl of IP
ᵒEnsuring patch compliance
ᵒSupporting mobile workstyles
• Looks Like
ᵒ50 -100 VMs per host
ᵒ2-4 vCores = pCore
ᵒ1-2 vRAM = pRAM
ᵒHigh IOPS
ᵒBoot storms
ᵒNetwork contention
ᵒHighly templated
11
Cloud Services
• Core Objectives
ᵒAgile provisioning
ᵒHigh degrees of tenant isolation
ᵒLow operating margins
• Looks Like
ᵒ50-250 VMs per host
ᵒ2-8 vCore = pCore
ᵒvRAM = pRAM
ᵒModerate IOPS
ᵒNetwork contention
ᵒLargely templated
12
Planning the network
Before Virtualization
• Simple management model
• Provisioning took a long time
• Topologies fairly static
Along Comes Server Virtualization
• Multiple VMs/host
ᵒLoss of visibility
ᵒLoss of control
• Edge moves into host
ᵒNetwork admins need to understand
server virtualization
Example 1 – Mirroring Traffic
• Without virtualization this is pretty
easy
• With virtualization you now have
multiple VMs
Example 1 – Mirroring Traffic
• Without virtualization this is pretty
easy
• With virtualization you now have
multiple VMs
ᵒPlus VMs can move
• Better to monitor at virtual switch
Example 2 – Network Policies
• Server admins have significant impact
on the network
ᵒIP and MAC Address
ᵒVirtual NICs
ᵒProtocols and ports
• Granular network control requires
awareness of virtual machines
ᵒDefine policies at virtual switch
Network Management Tools Lag
• Assumptions of fixed topology
ᵒFine for physical
ᵒChallenge for dynamic environment
• Not virtualization aware
ᵒIncorrect topology
ᵒIncomplete topology
ᵒVM actions obsolete data
X
Virtual Machine Density Planning
• Host capacities are growing rapidly
ᵒvSphere 5 > 512 VMs
ᵒRHEV 3 > 1000 VMs
ᵒHyper-V > 2048 VMs
• Clouds and VDI push limits
• Top of rack switch selection matters?
ᵒARP table
ᵒSwitching performance drops
ᵒVM starts, but can’t connect
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
Host 1
Host 2
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
Storage choice is critical
Shared storage growth and provisioning time
1,000
500
VMs
Cost,
AU
100 200
500
VMs
Provisioning efficiency
AU – arbitrary units
Combined efficiency and storage evolution
Redesign
1,000
500
VMs
100 200 Cost, AU
VMs
1,000
500
Cost, AU100 200
?
Alternatives
AU – arbitrary units
Redesign
Efficiency and pod storage
1,000
500
VMs
100 200 Cost, AU
POD #1
POD #2
POD #3
1,000
500
VMs
100 200 Cost, AU
AU – arbitrary units
No redesign
What about local storage?
1,000
500
VMs
Cost, AU100 200
50
VMs
Provisioning efficiency
AU – arbitrary units
POD
trend
Traditional
trend
Cost-Performance Trends
Shared Storage Local Storage
1,000
500
VMs
Cost, AU100 200
1,000
500
VMs
100 200 Cost, AU
Local storage
Performance
trend
Local storage
trend
Understanding disk usage and sizing
VM_COUNT * VM_DISK + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK
VM_COUNT * (OS_PARTITION + USR_DATA) + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK
VM_COUNT = (TOTAL_DISK – SWAP) ÷ (OS_PARTITION + USR_DATA)
VM_DISK SWAPUSR_DATAOS_PARTITION
TOTAL_DISK
Templates and thin provisioning matter
VM_COUNT * USR_DATA + OS_PARTITION + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK
VM_COUNT = (TOTAL_DISK – SWAP – OS_PARTITION) ÷ USR_DATA
SWAP
TOTAL_DISK
OS_PARTITION USR_DATA
Storage performance
IO per Disk
RAID PENALTY
0 1
1 2
5 4
6 6
10 2
50 4
Write Penalties
RPM IOPS
SSD 5,000+
SAS 15,000 175
SAS 10,000 125
SAS 7,200 75
VM Utilization
ITEM ~VALUE
IOPS per VM 20
Size, KB 4-8
Writes, % 80
Reads, % 20
IOPS = [IOPS per DISK]*[Disk Count]*([% of Reads]+[% of Writes] ÷ [RAID Write Penalty])
VM_COUNT = IOPS ÷ [IOPS per VM]
Blueprint for success ….
Cloud Builder Lessons from Zynga
• Public clouds are minivans
• zCloud is a race car
ᵒzCloud is optimized for social gaming
ᵒKnow your application requirements
• Don’t rent what you can own cheaper
ᵒCloud operator doesn’t care about your success
ᵒOptimized applications might be key
• Ensure you have backup plans
ᵒUsage can and does spike
ᵒOutages can and do happen
vs.
Cloud Builder Lessons From Telcos
• Utility computing fits business model
ᵒTraditionally operate a low margin business model
ᵒUnderstand tiered service offerings
ᵒHave a history with instant provisioning
• Tiered service demands infrastructure flexibility
ᵒ“Cost per instance” is paramount
ᵒCharge extra for premium features
ᵒInstance doesn’t imply virtualization
ᵒBe prepared to change vendors if better model appears
• Provisioning agility expected
ᵒCustomers expect instant self service access and detailed billing
Service Offerings
• Clearly define what you want to offer
ᵒWhat types of applications
ᵒWho has access, and who owns them
ᵒWhat type of access
• Define how templates need to be managed
ᵒOperating system support
ᵒPatching requirements
• Define expectations around compliance and availability
ᵒWho owns backup and monitoring
Define Tenancy Requirements
• Department data local to department
ᵒWhere is the application data stored
• Data and service isolation
ᵒVM migration and host HA
ᵒNetwork services
• Encryption of PII/PCI
ᵒWhere do keys live when data location unknown
ᵒNeed encryption designed for the cloud
• Showback to stakeholders
ᵒMore than just usage, compliance and audits
Virtualization Infrastructure
• Hypervisor defined by service offerings
ᵒDon’t select hypervisor based on “standards”
ᵒUnderstand true costs of virtualization
ᵒMultiple hypervisors are “OK”
ᵒBare metal can be a hypervisor
• To “Pool” resources or not
ᵒIs there a real requirement for pooled resources
ᵒCan the cloud management solution do better?
ᵒReal cost of shared storage
• Primary storage defined by hypervisor
• Template storage defined by solution
ᵒTypically low cost options like NFS
Cloud Operations
• Design for maintainability
• Monitor critical components
ᵒManagement servers and system support VMs
ᵒHypervisor hosts, and critical infrastructure
ᵒEnd user deployment environments
If your cloud has maintenance windows, you’re doing it wrong.
- Allan Leinwand Former CTO Zynga
Secure multi-tenant cloud orchestration platform
• Turn-key platform for IaaS delivery
• Hypervisor agnostic
• Massively scalable, secure and open
• Simple deployment and administration
History
• Project open sourced (GPLv3) May 2010
• Acquired by Citrix July 2011
• Relicensed under ASL v2 April 3rd, 2012
• Apache incubating project April 16, 2012
• Graduated March 20, 2013
Over 200 contributing organizations
Work better. Live better.

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Planning a Successful Cloud - Design from Workload to Infrastructure

  • 1. Planning a Successful Cloud Design from Workload to Infrastructure Tim Mackey Citrix Cloud Evangelist
  • 2. Private Cloud, Why Now? • Valid alternative to public clouds that are cheap and readily available • Speed and agility of deployment • Control of corporate assets • Cloud Management Platform market maturity • Future-proofing for nextgen, webscale workloads “An IaaS cloud is a highly automated virtual infrastructure that enables self- service resource requests, and consumption of the shared environment is tracked for either chargeback or showback purposes.” Forrester Research 100’s of pilots and few production deployments in 2011; expected to be 10 times more in 2012 - Gartner
  • 3. 150+ Large Scale Clouds In Deployment Enterprise and Education Web 2.0 Service Providers and Telcos
  • 4. Enterprise Objectives for Cloud Remove IT as a service delivery critical pathSelf Service Reduce IT operational costs Management Automation Consistent application and service deployment Workload Standardization Manage complete infrastructure, regardless of scale Centralized Management Drive reduced capital requirements Smarter Virtualization CapitalLeverageWorkforceLeverage Visibility into user and line of business usageUsage Metering
  • 5. Server Virtualization++ Cloud Built for traditional enterprise apps and client-server compute • Architected for 100s of hosts • Scale-up (server clusters) • Applications assume reliability • IT Management-centric [1:Dozens] • Proprietary vendor stack Think: vCloud Director Designed around big data, massive scale and next-gen applications • Cloud architecture for 1000s of hosts • Scale-out (multi-site server farms) • Applications assume failure • Autonomic [1:1,000’s] • Open, value-added stack Think: AWS, RAX, GCE, eBay, etc. • More scalable • Lower cost • More open
  • 6. Key Features for Successful Clouds • Select the correct hypervisor to best match workload needs • Seamlessly manage provisioning process across hypervisors Multi-Hypervisor Support • Provide optimal workload performance and availability • Management of multiple availability zones from a single console Availability Zones • Define virtual and physical network isolation rules • Support load balancing and VPN access rules Flexible Network Management • Flexible user, network and provisioning isolation rules • Ability to delegate tenancy for departments and divisions Tenant Isolation • Freedom to define capacity with no per-VM licensesNo per-VM Licensing
  • 7. Server Virtualization++ Amazon-style Cloud Availability Zone Availability Zone Object Storage vCenter vSphere ESXi Cluster Enterprise Networking (e.g., VLAN) Enterprise Storage (e.g., SAN) ESXi Cluster ESXi Cluster CloudStack Management ServerServer Virtualization Availability Zone Availability Zone ORAND
  • 10. Traditional Server Virtualization • Core Objectives ᵒServer consolidation ᵒPower and cooling savings ᵒHardware independence • Looks Like ᵒVM Density < 20 ᵒvCPU = pCPU ᵒvRAM = pRAM ᵒLow IOPS ᵒRedundancy matters ᵒNo templates 10
  • 11. Desktop Virtualization • Core Objectives ᵒControl of IP ᵒEnsuring patch compliance ᵒSupporting mobile workstyles • Looks Like ᵒ50 -100 VMs per host ᵒ2-4 vCores = pCore ᵒ1-2 vRAM = pRAM ᵒHigh IOPS ᵒBoot storms ᵒNetwork contention ᵒHighly templated 11
  • 12. Cloud Services • Core Objectives ᵒAgile provisioning ᵒHigh degrees of tenant isolation ᵒLow operating margins • Looks Like ᵒ50-250 VMs per host ᵒ2-8 vCore = pCore ᵒvRAM = pRAM ᵒModerate IOPS ᵒNetwork contention ᵒLargely templated 12
  • 14. Before Virtualization • Simple management model • Provisioning took a long time • Topologies fairly static
  • 15. Along Comes Server Virtualization • Multiple VMs/host ᵒLoss of visibility ᵒLoss of control • Edge moves into host ᵒNetwork admins need to understand server virtualization
  • 16. Example 1 – Mirroring Traffic • Without virtualization this is pretty easy • With virtualization you now have multiple VMs
  • 17. Example 1 – Mirroring Traffic • Without virtualization this is pretty easy • With virtualization you now have multiple VMs ᵒPlus VMs can move • Better to monitor at virtual switch
  • 18. Example 2 – Network Policies • Server admins have significant impact on the network ᵒIP and MAC Address ᵒVirtual NICs ᵒProtocols and ports • Granular network control requires awareness of virtual machines ᵒDefine policies at virtual switch
  • 19. Network Management Tools Lag • Assumptions of fixed topology ᵒFine for physical ᵒChallenge for dynamic environment • Not virtualization aware ᵒIncorrect topology ᵒIncomplete topology ᵒVM actions obsolete data X
  • 20. Virtual Machine Density Planning • Host capacities are growing rapidly ᵒvSphere 5 > 512 VMs ᵒRHEV 3 > 1000 VMs ᵒHyper-V > 2048 VMs • Clouds and VDI push limits • Top of rack switch selection matters? ᵒARP table ᵒSwitching performance drops ᵒVM starts, but can’t connect VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM Host 1 Host 2 VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM
  • 21. Storage choice is critical
  • 22. Shared storage growth and provisioning time 1,000 500 VMs Cost, AU 100 200 500 VMs Provisioning efficiency AU – arbitrary units
  • 23. Combined efficiency and storage evolution Redesign 1,000 500 VMs 100 200 Cost, AU VMs 1,000 500 Cost, AU100 200 ? Alternatives AU – arbitrary units
  • 24. Redesign Efficiency and pod storage 1,000 500 VMs 100 200 Cost, AU POD #1 POD #2 POD #3 1,000 500 VMs 100 200 Cost, AU AU – arbitrary units No redesign
  • 25. What about local storage? 1,000 500 VMs Cost, AU100 200 50 VMs Provisioning efficiency AU – arbitrary units
  • 26. POD trend Traditional trend Cost-Performance Trends Shared Storage Local Storage 1,000 500 VMs Cost, AU100 200 1,000 500 VMs 100 200 Cost, AU Local storage Performance trend Local storage trend
  • 27. Understanding disk usage and sizing VM_COUNT * VM_DISK + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK VM_COUNT * (OS_PARTITION + USR_DATA) + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK VM_COUNT = (TOTAL_DISK – SWAP) ÷ (OS_PARTITION + USR_DATA) VM_DISK SWAPUSR_DATAOS_PARTITION TOTAL_DISK
  • 28. Templates and thin provisioning matter VM_COUNT * USR_DATA + OS_PARTITION + SWAP = TOTAL_DISK VM_COUNT = (TOTAL_DISK – SWAP – OS_PARTITION) ÷ USR_DATA SWAP TOTAL_DISK OS_PARTITION USR_DATA
  • 29. Storage performance IO per Disk RAID PENALTY 0 1 1 2 5 4 6 6 10 2 50 4 Write Penalties RPM IOPS SSD 5,000+ SAS 15,000 175 SAS 10,000 125 SAS 7,200 75 VM Utilization ITEM ~VALUE IOPS per VM 20 Size, KB 4-8 Writes, % 80 Reads, % 20 IOPS = [IOPS per DISK]*[Disk Count]*([% of Reads]+[% of Writes] ÷ [RAID Write Penalty]) VM_COUNT = IOPS ÷ [IOPS per VM]
  • 31. Cloud Builder Lessons from Zynga • Public clouds are minivans • zCloud is a race car ᵒzCloud is optimized for social gaming ᵒKnow your application requirements • Don’t rent what you can own cheaper ᵒCloud operator doesn’t care about your success ᵒOptimized applications might be key • Ensure you have backup plans ᵒUsage can and does spike ᵒOutages can and do happen vs.
  • 32. Cloud Builder Lessons From Telcos • Utility computing fits business model ᵒTraditionally operate a low margin business model ᵒUnderstand tiered service offerings ᵒHave a history with instant provisioning • Tiered service demands infrastructure flexibility ᵒ“Cost per instance” is paramount ᵒCharge extra for premium features ᵒInstance doesn’t imply virtualization ᵒBe prepared to change vendors if better model appears • Provisioning agility expected ᵒCustomers expect instant self service access and detailed billing
  • 33. Service Offerings • Clearly define what you want to offer ᵒWhat types of applications ᵒWho has access, and who owns them ᵒWhat type of access • Define how templates need to be managed ᵒOperating system support ᵒPatching requirements • Define expectations around compliance and availability ᵒWho owns backup and monitoring
  • 34. Define Tenancy Requirements • Department data local to department ᵒWhere is the application data stored • Data and service isolation ᵒVM migration and host HA ᵒNetwork services • Encryption of PII/PCI ᵒWhere do keys live when data location unknown ᵒNeed encryption designed for the cloud • Showback to stakeholders ᵒMore than just usage, compliance and audits
  • 35. Virtualization Infrastructure • Hypervisor defined by service offerings ᵒDon’t select hypervisor based on “standards” ᵒUnderstand true costs of virtualization ᵒMultiple hypervisors are “OK” ᵒBare metal can be a hypervisor • To “Pool” resources or not ᵒIs there a real requirement for pooled resources ᵒCan the cloud management solution do better? ᵒReal cost of shared storage • Primary storage defined by hypervisor • Template storage defined by solution ᵒTypically low cost options like NFS
  • 36. Cloud Operations • Design for maintainability • Monitor critical components ᵒManagement servers and system support VMs ᵒHypervisor hosts, and critical infrastructure ᵒEnd user deployment environments If your cloud has maintenance windows, you’re doing it wrong. - Allan Leinwand Former CTO Zynga
  • 37. Secure multi-tenant cloud orchestration platform • Turn-key platform for IaaS delivery • Hypervisor agnostic • Massively scalable, secure and open • Simple deployment and administration History • Project open sourced (GPLv3) May 2010 • Acquired by Citrix July 2011 • Relicensed under ASL v2 April 3rd, 2012 • Apache incubating project April 16, 2012 • Graduated March 20, 2013 Over 200 contributing organizations
  • 38. Work better. Live better.