Planning
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planning is the first important step while making any decision by the management.this ppt include meaning ,definition,nature steps,importance,limitations,types etc
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Characteristics of planning
Planning contributes to achieving objectives by determining the methods and steps needed. Planning is the primary function of management, as no other functions can be executed without first establishing objectives through planning. Planning is forward-looking by making predictions and assumptions about the future based on past experiences and environmental scans. Planning is also a continuous process that requires regularly updating plans in response to changes in the environment or company needs. Finally, planning is a mental exercise that requires higher-level thinking and should be kept separate from operational activities.
Ppt of planning
Planning involves determining in advance what actions need to be taken to achieve goals. It is goal-oriented, continuous, and looks ahead to anticipate the future. The main steps in the planning process are to define the task, identify resources, consider alternatives, create the plan, implement the plan, and evaluate. Planning provides direction, reduces risk and uncertainty, and guides decision-making. Challenges to planning include lack of information, time/costs, resistance to change, and inability to plan. There are different levels of planning including corporate, divisional/departmental, and group/sectional planning at different management levels in an organization.
Directing
Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counseling, motivating and leading people in an organization to achieve its objectives. Directing is a continuous process that flows from top to bottom and initiates action. It integrates employee efforts, guides employees, facilitates change, and brings stability to an organization. The principles of directing include maximizing individual contribution, maintaining harmony of objectives, having a unity of command, effective managerial communication, using appropriate direction techniques, leveraging informal organizations, and exercising leadership through follow through. The key elements of direction are supervision, motivation, and leadership. Supervision is the process of guiding employee efforts and resources to accomplish goals.
PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT,DEFINITION CHARACTERISTICS, IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Planning is the primary function of management and involves determining the best course of action in advance to achieve organizational objectives. Planning has several key characteristics including being an intellectual process that looks to the future, being continuous, and being required at all levels of management. Planning provides advantages such as better resource utilization, minimizing uncertainties, and improving competitive strength. The planning process involves analyzing internal and external environments, setting objectives, developing alternative courses of action, and carrying out the chosen plan.
Decentralisation
slide2-centralisation
slide3-decentralisation
slide4-difference in both
slide5-types of decentralization
Deconcentration
Delegation
Devolution
slide6-Deconcentration
slide7-Delegation
slide8-Devolution
slide9-benefits of decentralization
slide10-limitation of decentralization
Concept and Features of Planning
Planning is setting objectives and developing courses of action to achieve objectives. It involves deciding in advance what to do and how to do it. Planning bridges the gap between the present state and desired position. Planning focuses on achieving objectives, is a primary management function, and is pervasive throughout all levels and departments of an organization. Planning is futuristic, continuous, and involves decision making. It is a mental exercise that requires foresight, imagination, judgment, and logical thinking rather than guesswork.
Process of planning
in business organisation Process of planning is very important Management study online, Important Steps or Techniques or process of Planning.
Essential elements of contract
This presentation describes about what is agreement and contract,what indian contract act says about,types of contract,essential elements of contract.
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Characteristics of planning
Planning contributes to achieving objectives by determining the methods and steps needed. Planning is the primary function of management, as no other functions can be executed without first establishing objectives through planning. Planning is forward-looking by making predictions and assumptions about the future based on past experiences and environmental scans. Planning is also a continuous process that requires regularly updating plans in response to changes in the environment or company needs. Finally, planning is a mental exercise that requires higher-level thinking and should be kept separate from operational activities.
Ppt of planning
Planning involves determining in advance what actions need to be taken to achieve goals. It is goal-oriented, continuous, and looks ahead to anticipate the future. The main steps in the planning process are to define the task, identify resources, consider alternatives, create the plan, implement the plan, and evaluate. Planning provides direction, reduces risk and uncertainty, and guides decision-making. Challenges to planning include lack of information, time/costs, resistance to change, and inability to plan. There are different levels of planning including corporate, divisional/departmental, and group/sectional planning at different management levels in an organization.
Directing
Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counseling, motivating and leading people in an organization to achieve its objectives. Directing is a continuous process that flows from top to bottom and initiates action. It integrates employee efforts, guides employees, facilitates change, and brings stability to an organization. The principles of directing include maximizing individual contribution, maintaining harmony of objectives, having a unity of command, effective managerial communication, using appropriate direction techniques, leveraging informal organizations, and exercising leadership through follow through. The key elements of direction are supervision, motivation, and leadership. Supervision is the process of guiding employee efforts and resources to accomplish goals.
PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT,DEFINITION CHARACTERISTICS, IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Planning is the primary function of management and involves determining the best course of action in advance to achieve organizational objectives. Planning has several key characteristics including being an intellectual process that looks to the future, being continuous, and being required at all levels of management. Planning provides advantages such as better resource utilization, minimizing uncertainties, and improving competitive strength. The planning process involves analyzing internal and external environments, setting objectives, developing alternative courses of action, and carrying out the chosen plan.
Decentralisation
slide2-centralisation
slide3-decentralisation
slide4-difference in both
slide5-types of decentralization
Deconcentration
Delegation
Devolution
slide6-Deconcentration
slide7-Delegation
slide8-Devolution
slide9-benefits of decentralization
slide10-limitation of decentralization
Concept and Features of Planning
Planning is setting objectives and developing courses of action to achieve objectives. It involves deciding in advance what to do and how to do it. Planning bridges the gap between the present state and desired position. Planning focuses on achieving objectives, is a primary management function, and is pervasive throughout all levels and departments of an organization. Planning is futuristic, continuous, and involves decision making. It is a mental exercise that requires foresight, imagination, judgment, and logical thinking rather than guesswork.
Process of planning
in business organisation Process of planning is very important Management study online, Important Steps or Techniques or process of Planning.
Essential elements of contract
This presentation describes about what is agreement and contract,what indian contract act says about,types of contract,essential elements of contract.
Planning in Management
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Planning is an essential function of management. Effective planning results in early achievement of objectives.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAcPlanning in management
This document discusses various aspects of planning in management. It outlines the key managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling. Planning involves determining future actions, including what will be done, how it will be done, and when. Important aspects of planning include providing direction, reducing risks and uncertainties, and establishing standards for control. The document also discusses types of plans like objectives, strategies, programs, budgets, policies, procedures, methods, and rules. It outlines the steps and characteristics of strategy formulation, including determining objectives, SWOT analysis, and consistency with the internal and external environment. Policy formulation and evaluation of strategies are also summarized.
Contract of agency
This document provides an overview of contract of agency. It defines an agent and principal and discusses the essentials of a valid agency contract. It covers topics such as creation of agency through express, implied or ratified agreements. It describes different types of agents and their duties and rights. It also discusses the relationship between the principal and third parties, delegation of authority, and termination of agency. The document was submitted by 5 students to their professor at K.K. Parekh Institute of Management Studies in Amreli.
Discharge of contract
This document discusses the various ways in which a contract can be discharged, including:
1) By performance or tender of performance by both parties.
2) By mutual consent through novation, rescission, alteration, remission, waiver or merger.
3) By impossibility of performance, which can be inherent, subsequent, or due to commercial impossibility, failure of a third party, or other events.
4) By operation of law due to events such as death, insolvency, or merger.
5) By lapse of time.
6) By breach of contract, which can be an actual or anticipatory breach.
Directing - Management
Directing and coordinating are important management functions. Directing involves guiding subordinates towards organizational goals through communication, leadership, and motivation. It is an ongoing process performed by all managers. Coordinating links together interdependent departments by establishing relationships between their activities to ensure they collectively work towards common goals. Both directing and coordinating are essential to achieving unity of action and integrating employee efforts across an organization.
Direction As A Management Function
Directing/Direction is a function of management performed by top level management in order to achieve organizational goals. It is very important and necessary function of management.Management has to undertake various activities like, guide people, inspired and lead them as well as supervision of their activity is required in order to achieve desired results
Directing
Directing is the process by which managers guide subordinates to effectively achieve organizational objectives. It involves functions like motivation, communication, supervision, and leadership. Directing is important as it initiates action, integrates employee efforts, facilitates implementation of changes, and creates balance in the organization. The principles of directing include maximizing individual contribution, maintaining harmony of objectives, ensuring unity of direction, and employing appropriate direction techniques. Elements of direction are supervision, leadership, motivation, coordination, and communication & understanding. Direction differs from supervision in that direction involves setting policies and occurs at higher levels, while supervision focuses on implementation and occurs at lower levels.
Organizing in management
The document discusses the concepts of organizing and organization. It defines organizing as identifying and grouping work to be performed, delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships to enable efficient work. An organization differentiates tasks among specialized units and integrates their work. Key aspects of an organization include a group working toward common objectives, division of labor, cooperative efforts, communication, central authority, rules, and a dynamic element. A sound organizational structure facilitates administration, encourages growth and innovation, ensures optimal resource use, and continuity of the enterprise. The organizing process involves identifying activities, grouping them, assigning duties, and delegating appropriate authority.
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Planning in management
Planning involves defining goals, strategies, and coordinated plans. It determines what to do, how, when, and by whom. Planning establishes objectives, assesses current status, identifies gaps, and develops hierarchical plans. It is goal-oriented, continuous, flexible, and involves choosing between alternatives. Planning provides direction, coordination, risk reduction, and facilitates control and decision-making. However, plans may create rigidity and not account for a dynamic environment. Effective planning requires top management support, participation, communication, and integration of plans.
Administration and management
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- Administration determines objectives and policies at the top level, while management executes decisions at middle levels within the policy framework.
- Administration is viewed as policymaking, rules, and finance, while management is implementation and operations. However, others see administration and management as synonymous terms.
- Public health administration deals with promoting health, preventive services, medical care, resources for health, and more, while applying principles of management. The major aspects are organizational structure, health workforce development, and health planning
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This document summarizes key concepts regarding quasi contracts under business legislation. It defines quasi contracts as obligations that are not truly contractual but are treated as such under law. The document outlines 5 types of quasi contracts and provides examples: 1) supply of necessities, 2) payment by an interested person, 3) obligation to pay for non-gratuitous acts, 4) responsibility of finders of goods, and 5) mistakes or coercion. It explains key sections of legislation regarding each type and illustrates concepts with examples. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes Pakistani business law provisions for quasi-contractual obligations.
planning
The document discusses various aspects of planning including the nature, purpose, importance, forms, types, and steps involved in the planning process as well as its limitations. It describes planning as an intellectual process that helps managers set goals and make decisions. The key forms of planning discussed are strategic planning which is long-term and done at higher levels, and tactical planning which is short-term and done at lower levels. Important steps in planning include establishing goals, assumptions, alternative courses of action, evaluation and selection of the best course. Limitations include the time and cost of planning as well as difficulties maintaining flexibility.
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The document discusses formal and informal organization structures. It defines formal organization as having a predefined hierarchy, policies, and procedures. Features include job specialization and division of work. Benefits are clear objectives and communication. Limitations include loss of initiative. Informal organization arises from social needs and has no set structure. It promotes communication and creativity but can cause role conflicts. The contingency theory states an organization's structure depends on factors like the environment and people. Both formal and informal structures should be integrated to reduce conflicts and use informal channels for information sharing.
Functions of organization
Organizational functions include marketing, production, human resources, finance and accounting, and research and development. These functions are performed through departments headed by managers and involve activities like identifying customer needs, manufacturing goods, staff recruitment and training, financial reporting, and developing new actions to help achieve objectives. Organizational functions are the key activities that allow companies to operate and work towards their goals.
Leadership
The document discusses the definitions and theories of leadership. It defines a leader as someone who influences others through vision and actions to achieve goals. Leadership involves persuading followers to work towards objectives enthusiastically. The document also examines different leadership styles like intellectual, creative, persuasive, and autocratic leaders. It further discusses theories of leadership such as the trait theory, style theory, transformational theory, and situational theory.
Delegation of authority
This document discusses delegation of authority and decentralization. Delegation involves assigning tasks and authority to subordinates while retaining responsibility. Decentralization also delegates responsibility. Delegation is a routine function while decentralization is a major enterprise decision. Delegated authority can be withdrawn while decentralization applies generally. The document also outlines the definition, nature, steps, principles, advantages, and problems of delegation.
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The document outlines the 10 essential elements of a valid contract according to Indian contract law: 1) Proper offer and acceptance, 2) Intention to create a legal relationship, 3) Lawful consideration, 4) Competent parties, 5) Free consent, 6) Lawful object, 7) Certainty of meaning, 8) Possibility of performance, 9) Not declared void or illegal, and 10) Compliance with legal formalities such as writing or registration requirements. The elements must all be present for an agreement to be considered an enforceable contract under Indian law.
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directing.ppt
Directing is an important managerial process that ensures employees understand what tasks need to be done, how to do them, and when. Effective directing initiates organizational activities, integrates employee efforts, motivates subordinates, provides stability and balance in the organization, and facilitates changes. Directing gives instructions and guidance, coordinates individual and organizational goals, and leads employees to accomplish objectives and adapt to changing conditions.
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Planning is an essential function of management. Effective planning results in early achievement of objectives.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAcPlanning in management
This document discusses various aspects of planning in management. It outlines the key managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling. Planning involves determining future actions, including what will be done, how it will be done, and when. Important aspects of planning include providing direction, reducing risks and uncertainties, and establishing standards for control. The document also discusses types of plans like objectives, strategies, programs, budgets, policies, procedures, methods, and rules. It outlines the steps and characteristics of strategy formulation, including determining objectives, SWOT analysis, and consistency with the internal and external environment. Policy formulation and evaluation of strategies are also summarized.
Contract of agency
This document provides an overview of contract of agency. It defines an agent and principal and discusses the essentials of a valid agency contract. It covers topics such as creation of agency through express, implied or ratified agreements. It describes different types of agents and their duties and rights. It also discusses the relationship between the principal and third parties, delegation of authority, and termination of agency. The document was submitted by 5 students to their professor at K.K. Parekh Institute of Management Studies in Amreli.
Discharge of contract
This document discusses the various ways in which a contract can be discharged, including:
1) By performance or tender of performance by both parties.
2) By mutual consent through novation, rescission, alteration, remission, waiver or merger.
3) By impossibility of performance, which can be inherent, subsequent, or due to commercial impossibility, failure of a third party, or other events.
4) By operation of law due to events such as death, insolvency, or merger.
5) By lapse of time.
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Directing and coordinating are important management functions. Directing involves guiding subordinates towards organizational goals through communication, leadership, and motivation. It is an ongoing process performed by all managers. Coordinating links together interdependent departments by establishing relationships between their activities to ensure they collectively work towards common goals. Both directing and coordinating are essential to achieving unity of action and integrating employee efforts across an organization.
Direction As A Management Function
Directing/Direction is a function of management performed by top level management in order to achieve organizational goals. It is very important and necessary function of management.Management has to undertake various activities like, guide people, inspired and lead them as well as supervision of their activity is required in order to achieve desired results
Directing
Directing is the process by which managers guide subordinates to effectively achieve organizational objectives. It involves functions like motivation, communication, supervision, and leadership. Directing is important as it initiates action, integrates employee efforts, facilitates implementation of changes, and creates balance in the organization. The principles of directing include maximizing individual contribution, maintaining harmony of objectives, ensuring unity of direction, and employing appropriate direction techniques. Elements of direction are supervision, leadership, motivation, coordination, and communication & understanding. Direction differs from supervision in that direction involves setting policies and occurs at higher levels, while supervision focuses on implementation and occurs at lower levels.
Organizing in management
The document discusses the concepts of organizing and organization. It defines organizing as identifying and grouping work to be performed, delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships to enable efficient work. An organization differentiates tasks among specialized units and integrates their work. Key aspects of an organization include a group working toward common objectives, division of labor, cooperative efforts, communication, central authority, rules, and a dynamic element. A sound organizational structure facilitates administration, encourages growth and innovation, ensures optimal resource use, and continuity of the enterprise. The organizing process involves identifying activities, grouping them, assigning duties, and delegating appropriate authority.
Ppt on organising
This document discusses the fundamentals of organizing, including its nature, importance, and process. It defines organizing as identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining responsibilities, and establishing relationships to enable efficient work. Organizing involves differentiating and integrating units through specialized tasks and coordination. An effective organization has groups working toward common objectives through divided work and cooperation, with central authority, communication, rules, and a dynamic structure. Organizing is important as it facilitates administration, encourages growth and innovation, optimizes technology use, and ensures continuity through coordination. The process of organizing involves identifying activities, grouping them, assigning duties, and delegating appropriate authority.
Planning in management
Planning involves defining goals, strategies, and coordinated plans. It determines what to do, how, when, and by whom. Planning establishes objectives, assesses current status, identifies gaps, and develops hierarchical plans. It is goal-oriented, continuous, flexible, and involves choosing between alternatives. Planning provides direction, coordination, risk reduction, and facilitates control and decision-making. However, plans may create rigidity and not account for a dynamic environment. Effective planning requires top management support, participation, communication, and integration of plans.
Administration and management
This document discusses the concepts of administration and management in public health. It defines administration as the process of efficiently completing activities through other people, while management involves implementing plans and policies set by administration. Some key points:
- Administration determines objectives and policies at the top level, while management executes decisions at middle levels within the policy framework.
- Administration is viewed as policymaking, rules, and finance, while management is implementation and operations. However, others see administration and management as synonymous terms.
- Public health administration deals with promoting health, preventive services, medical care, resources for health, and more, while applying principles of management. The major aspects are organizational structure, health workforce development, and health planning
Quasi contracts
This document summarizes key concepts regarding quasi contracts under business legislation. It defines quasi contracts as obligations that are not truly contractual but are treated as such under law. The document outlines 5 types of quasi contracts and provides examples: 1) supply of necessities, 2) payment by an interested person, 3) obligation to pay for non-gratuitous acts, 4) responsibility of finders of goods, and 5) mistakes or coercion. It explains key sections of legislation regarding each type and illustrates concepts with examples. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes Pakistani business law provisions for quasi-contractual obligations.
planning
The document discusses various aspects of planning including the nature, purpose, importance, forms, types, and steps involved in the planning process as well as its limitations. It describes planning as an intellectual process that helps managers set goals and make decisions. The key forms of planning discussed are strategic planning which is long-term and done at higher levels, and tactical planning which is short-term and done at lower levels. Important steps in planning include establishing goals, assumptions, alternative courses of action, evaluation and selection of the best course. Limitations include the time and cost of planning as well as difficulties maintaining flexibility.
Formal & informal organisational
The document discusses formal and informal organization structures. It defines formal organization as having a predefined hierarchy, policies, and procedures. Features include job specialization and division of work. Benefits are clear objectives and communication. Limitations include loss of initiative. Informal organization arises from social needs and has no set structure. It promotes communication and creativity but can cause role conflicts. The contingency theory states an organization's structure depends on factors like the environment and people. Both formal and informal structures should be integrated to reduce conflicts and use informal channels for information sharing.
Functions of organization
Organizational functions include marketing, production, human resources, finance and accounting, and research and development. These functions are performed through departments headed by managers and involve activities like identifying customer needs, manufacturing goods, staff recruitment and training, financial reporting, and developing new actions to help achieve objectives. Organizational functions are the key activities that allow companies to operate and work towards their goals.
Leadership
The document discusses the definitions and theories of leadership. It defines a leader as someone who influences others through vision and actions to achieve goals. Leadership involves persuading followers to work towards objectives enthusiastically. The document also examines different leadership styles like intellectual, creative, persuasive, and autocratic leaders. It further discusses theories of leadership such as the trait theory, style theory, transformational theory, and situational theory.
Delegation of authority
This document discusses delegation of authority and decentralization. Delegation involves assigning tasks and authority to subordinates while retaining responsibility. Decentralization also delegates responsibility. Delegation is a routine function while decentralization is a major enterprise decision. Delegated authority can be withdrawn while decentralization applies generally. The document also outlines the definition, nature, steps, principles, advantages, and problems of delegation.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACT
The document outlines the 10 essential elements of a valid contract according to Indian contract law: 1) Proper offer and acceptance, 2) Intention to create a legal relationship, 3) Lawful consideration, 4) Competent parties, 5) Free consent, 6) Lawful object, 7) Certainty of meaning, 8) Possibility of performance, 9) Not declared void or illegal, and 10) Compliance with legal formalities such as writing or registration requirements. The elements must all be present for an agreement to be considered an enforceable contract under Indian law.
Negotiation
This document discusses the key aspects of negotiation including definitions, objectives, approaches, styles, models, processes, participants, and challenges. Specifically, it defines negotiation as a decision-making process between interdependent parties with differing preferences. It outlines the objectives of understanding negotiations and developing effective strategies. And it notes that the challenge for negotiators is to represent principal parties not directly involved while keeping them informed of the negotiation's progress.
directing.ppt
Directing is an important managerial process that ensures employees understand what tasks need to be done, how to do them, and when. Effective directing initiates organizational activities, integrates employee efforts, motivates subordinates, provides stability and balance in the organization, and facilitates changes. Directing gives instructions and guidance, coordinates individual and organizational goals, and leads employees to accomplish objectives and adapt to changing conditions.
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Planning
- 1. PLANNING Meaning of planning Planning forms that part of management which lays down the objectives and various activities to be done for the attainment of those objectives. Under this it is decided what is to be done, how is to be done, when is to be done and by whom is to be done.
- 2. DEFINITIONPlanning involves selecting the enterprise objectives, departmental goals, polices, procedures, programs and determining the wages and reaching them. Or Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selection of objectives, polices and programs from among alternative.
- 3. NATURE OF PLANNING > Planning is goal oriented:- management began with planning and planning began with the determination of objectives. In the absence of objective no organisation can ever be thought out: with the determination of objective. The way to achieve is decided in planning. > Planning is primary function:- it is first important function of management. It is the basic of the management all other function of management are design and attain the goal and set under planning. Planning provides the base for efficient organisation, staffing, directing and controlling.
- 4. > PLANNING IS RATIONAL PROCESS :- PLANNING IS MENTAL EXERCISE INVOLVING IMAGINATION, FOR SITE AND JUDGMENT. IT REQUIRE A MENTAL THINKING BEFORE DOING AND ACTING IN THE LIGHT OF FACTS RATHER THAN GUESS. > PLANNING IS CONTINUOUS PROCESS :- PLANNING IS AN ONGOING AND DYNAMIC EXERCISE AS THE ASSUMPTION AND EVENT ON WHICH PLANS ARE BASED IN CHANGE OLD PLANS HAVE TO BE REQUIRE OR NEW ONES HAVE TO BE PREPARED. > PLANNING INVOLVE CHOICE :- PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVES COURSES OF ACTION. PLANNING SUPPOSE THE EXISTENCE OF ALTERNATIVE. THERE ARE NO NEED OF PLANNING IF THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY OF DONG SOMETHING.
- 5. > PLANNING IS FORWARD LOOKING :- IT DECIDE PLAN OF ACTION – WHAT IS TO BE DONE, HOW IS TO BE DONE, WHEN IS TO BE DONE AND BY WHOM IS TO BE DONE – ALL THIS QUESTION ARE RELATED TO FUTURE. UNDER PLANNING ANSWER OF THIS QUESTION FOUND OUT , SINCE PLANNING IS CONCERNED WITH FUTURE ACTIVITIES, IT IS CALLED FORWARD LOOKING. > PLANNING IS INTEGRATED PROCESS & MEANS CHANGE PROCESS :- PLANNING IS STRUCTURE PROCESS AND DIFFERENT PLAN CONSTITUTE A HIERARCHY EVER LOWER LEVEL PLAN SERVE AS A MEAN TOWARD THE END OF THE HIGHER PLANS. THIS IS ALL KNOWN AS MEAN CHAIN. > PLANNING IS DIRECTED TOWARD EFFICIENCY :- PLANNING HAS NO RELEVANCE. IT DOES NOT FACILITATE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVE ECONOMICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY. THE EFFECT OF PLAN IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH THEY CONTRIBUTE TO OBJECTIVE
- 6. IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING 1. Focus attention on objective and result. 2. Reduce uncertainty and risk. 3. Provide sense of direction. 4. Encourage Enovation and creation. 5. Helps in coordination. 6. Guides decision making. 7. Provides basis of decentralization. 8. Provides efficiency in operations. 9. Efficient control.
- 7. LIMITATION OF PLANNING 1. Planning is time consuming process. 2. Inflexibility. 3. Lack of ability of plans. 4. Environmental constraints. 5. Fall cents of security. 6. Lack of accurate information. 7. Resistance of change. 8. Planning reduce creativity. 9. Planning does not guarantee success.
- 8. TYPES OF PLANNING/HIERARCHY CORPORATE PLANNING DIVISIONAL PLANNING GROUP PLANNING LONG TERM PLANNING MEDIUMTERM PLANNING SHORT TERM PLANNING
- 9. PROCESS OF PLANNING/STEPS OF PLANNING Identify goals. Developing planning premises. Determination alternatives course of action. Selecting course of action. Formulating derivative plans. PLANNING PREMISES Internal &External. Tangible & Intangible Controllable & Uncontrollable
- 10. PLANNING Objectives Strategies Polices Procedures Rules Programs Budgets Schedules Projects Methods MULTI USE PLANS SINGLE USE PLANS
- 11. Objectives :- Every organization exist to achieve some purpose which are called its objectives. It may be define as the ends, purposes or aim which an organization wants to achieve over the period of time. Strategies :- It is complex plan for bring the organization from a given posture and position to a desired position in future. It is essentially response to ext. environment forces. Polices :- A policy is a broad statement of formulate to provide guidance at lower level of management. It defines the area and limit with in which decision can made. Procedure :- It is a sequence or step to be undertaken to enforce a policy and achieve an objective. It lays down the specific manner to be performed. Rules :- Rules are prescribed guides for conduct or action they specify work should be done or not in a given