Plankton isolation / Classification
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Classification of Planktons 1. Phytoplankton 2.Zooplankton
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Plankton.Lecture.1
The document discusses plankton, including phytoplankton and zooplankton. It defines plankton and describes the major groups that comprise it, such as phytoplankton including diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and others. It also describes zooplankton groups like cnidarians, ctenophores, rotifers, and flatworms. The document provides details on the characteristics and examples of different plankton taxa.
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Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
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The document discusses plankton, including phytoplankton and zooplankton. It defines plankton and describes the major groups that comprise it, such as phytoplankton including diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and others. It also describes zooplankton groups like cnidarians, ctenophores, rotifers, and flatworms. The document provides details on the characteristics and examples of different plankton taxa.
INTRODUCTION OF PLANKTON
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
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This document discusses methods for sampling and analyzing plankton, including the use of plankton nets, flowmeters, and bottles. It describes mesh sizes for nets and quality standards. The document also outlines procedures for preserving samples with formaldehyde, storing them in jars, and analyzing samples through settling, counting, and identification methods. References on marine plankton and oceans are also listed.
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The document discusses various models and methods commonly used for marine fish stock assessment. It provides an overview of holistic or surplus production models, which analyze the relationship between effort and catch to estimate biomass and fishing mortality. Yield or yield per recruit models compute yield given exploitation patterns at different effort intensities. Virtual population analysis and cohort analysis reconstruct stock histories from catch-at-age data. Length cohort analysis is a modification of VPA that can use length frequency distributions. Time series analysis examines trends, seasonality and noise in catch or effort time series data. Ecological models account for biological interactions between species, while simulation modeling tests management actions and environmental impacts. Worked examples demonstrate length cohort analysis and yield per recruit modeling.
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Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They include algae, bacteria, protozoa, and tiny animals. Plankton are the base of aquatic food webs, providing a food source for larger animals and ultimately humans. Their abundance varies depending on factors like light availability and nutrient levels. Plankton inhabit all bodies of water and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles.
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parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
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This document discusses the classification of planktonic organisms. It defines plankton as diverse microscopic and small organisms that live in water bodies but cannot swim against currents. Plankton are classified into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton include algae and cyanobacteria that photosynthesize, while zooplankton feed on other plankton. Both groups are further divided based on size into bacterio, nano, micro, macro, and meg plankton. The document provides examples for different classifications.
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1. Plankton are microscopic aquatic organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater systems. They include phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton.
2. Plankton are classified in various ways, including by nutritional requirements (phyto- vs zooplankton), length of planktonic life (holo-, mero-, or tychoplankton), size (nano- to mega-plankton), and habitat (marine, brackish, or freshwater).
3. Primary productivity refers to the amount of carbon fixed by autotrophic plankton through photosynthesis. It
Biological oceanography
1. Plankton are microscopic aquatic organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater systems. They include phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton.
2. Plankton are classified in many ways, including by nutritional requirements (phyto, zoo, sapro), length of planktonic life (holo, mero, tycho), size (ultra to mega), and habitat (marine, freshwater). The most important classifications are phytoplankton, which produce food via photosynthesis, and zooplankton, which consume phytoplankton.
3. Primary productivity refers
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Costiosis / Ichthyobodosis
Costiosis, also known as blue slime disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Ichthyobodo necator. The parasite infects fish through the skin and gills, attaching and feeding on epithelial cells. This causes skin irritation and hyperplasia, increased mucus production, and respiratory distress in the fish. Heavily infected fish appear lethargic with damaged fins and are often unable to swim normally. The parasite can be diagnosed by examining skin or gill biopsies microscopically. Treatment involves salt baths, formalin baths, or raising water temperature above 30 degrees Celsius to kill the parasites. Proper tank management can also help prevent outbreaks.
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The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
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This document provides information on diagnosing diseases in aquaculture. It discusses the importance of understanding normal conditions to detect abnormalities. The diagnosis process aims to determine the accurate cause of disease to select proper treatment. Key steps include taking a case history, conducting clinical, post-mortem, laboratory, histopathological, and molecular examinations. Signs of disease may be behavioral, physical on external/internal examination. Mortality can occur in acute outbreaks or chronic patterns over time. Accurate diagnosis is needed to effectively treat diseases affecting aquaculture.
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Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in water bodies. They fall into two categories: phytoplankton, which are plant-like organisms, and zooplankton, which are animal-like. Plankton play an important role in the global carbon cycle and food web as they are both a primary producer through photosynthesis and a food source. Many fish rely on plankton as their sole or primary food source, and plankton blooms influence fisheries. The abundance of plankton can also indicate fish populations, as nutrient-rich areas attract both plankton and fish. Plankton and fish have a complex, interdependent relationship through food chains, gas exchange, and some plankton acting
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Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They include algae, bacteria, protozoa, and tiny animals. Plankton are the base of aquatic food webs, providing a food source for larger animals and ultimately humans. Their abundance varies depending on factors like light availability and nutrient levels. Plankton inhabit all bodies of water and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles.
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The document discusses virtual population analysis (VPA), a method used to reconstruct fish populations by age or length using historical catch data. VPA was first developed in the 1920s and modified over time. It works by analyzing catch data to calculate backwards to estimate population sizes and mortality rates. Key equations relate catch to population size, fishing mortality, and natural mortality. An example application to North Sea whiting cohorts illustrates the step-by-step process of using VPA calculations to estimate population numbers and fishing mortality rates for different age groups over time.
Ichthyophthiriasis
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a parasitic protozoan that causes white spot disease in freshwater fish. It has a direct life cycle with three stages: the feeding trophont stage on the fish, the reproducing tomont stage in the environment, and the infective theront stage. Clinical signs include white spots on the skin and fins. Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of spots and seeing the characteristic moving trophonts. Common treatments include formalin, malachite green, increased temperature, or salt, with the goal of targeting the free-living theront stage.
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This document discusses Trichodina, a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects fish. It belongs to the phylum Ciliophora. Trichodina has a dorsoventrally flattened oval shape and lives on the skin, gills, and sometimes urogenital system of fish. Infection is more common under conditions of poor water quality, high bacterial counts, stress, and high temperatures. Clinical signs include excess mucus, skin reddening, and lethargy. Prevention focuses on water quality improvement and treatment includes chemical baths.
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This document provides an overview of limnology, defining it as the study of inland bodies of water. It discusses the history and definitions of limnology, noting it was born on the shores of Lake Geneva and can be described as "inland oceanography." Limnology has three main branches: physical, biological, and chemical. The document also outlines various facets of limnology including geology, physics/mathematics, chemistry, biology, and its historical and applied aspects.
White spot disease in fish
White spot disease, caused by the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is one of the most prevalent and destructive diseases affecting both cultured and aquarium fish. The disease is characterized by the appearance of white spots on the skin, gills, and fins. Stress factors such as overcrowding and poor water quality can lead to outbreaks. The parasite has a direct life cycle alternating between an infective theront stage, an obligate fish-associated trophont stage, and a waterborne tomont stage. Treatment involves breaking the life cycle through measures such as frequent water changes and chemical treatments, while control relies on good management practices and disinfection of facilities between outbreaks.
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The document describes the life cycle and development of the typical penaeid prawn Penaeus monodon. It discusses that wild gravid females spawn in open sea, and the planktonic larval stages last about 2 weeks until postlarvae are found in coastal and estuarine areas. The postlarvae then develop into juveniles and adults in estuaries before returning to sea to spawn. It outlines the 5 stages of ovarian development and spawning, where a female can produce 500,000-1,000,000 eggs per spawn. The document then details the characteristics and duration of the nauplius, protozoea, mysis, and postlarval stages in the praw
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This document provides an introduction to fish stock assessment and key concepts. It discusses the primary objective of fish stock assessment as determining the optimal exploitation level to achieve maximum sustainable yield. It defines the stock concept as a subset of a species inhabiting a particular area with consistent growth and mortality parameters. The document emphasizes that fish stock assessment should be performed separately for each identified stock.
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fish parasite
parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
PLANKTONIC ORGANISMS AND CLASSIFICATION
This document discusses the classification of planktonic organisms. It defines plankton as diverse microscopic and small organisms that live in water bodies but cannot swim against currents. Plankton are classified into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton include algae and cyanobacteria that photosynthesize, while zooplankton feed on other plankton. Both groups are further divided based on size into bacterio, nano, micro, macro, and meg plankton. The document provides examples for different classifications.
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Growth of coral reefs is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors that influence coral reef growth include latitude, temperature, light, salinity, turbidity, wave action, aerial exposure, and the need for a firm substrate. Biotic factors include mutualistic relationships between corals and zooxanthellae, as well as competition and predation between coral species. Both natural stresses such as storms, disease, and river runoff, as well as human impacts like pollution, sedimentation, and climate change threaten the growth and survival of coral reefs.
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1. Plankton are microscopic aquatic organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater systems. They include phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton.
2. Plankton are classified in various ways, including by nutritional requirements (phyto- vs zooplankton), length of planktonic life (holo-, mero-, or tychoplankton), size (nano- to mega-plankton), and habitat (marine, brackish, or freshwater).
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1. Plankton are microscopic aquatic organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater systems. They include phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton.
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words or less and the paper is confusing me. The paper is on Ctneophora and how they are
related to other animals. Can anyone help me Interrupt this article? I linked the article.
file:///C:/Users/malge/Downloads/PNAS-2015-Whelan-5773-8-1%20(1).pdf
Solution
Definition of Ctenophora:
Soft, transparent, dioplblastic, marine metazoans with out nematocysts, but with adhersive
colloblasts and eight meridional ciliated combplates called Ctenophora.
Features of Ctenophora:
Ctenephores from an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as
cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones etc.,) and less complex than bilaterians ( which includes
almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by
inter- cell connection and carpet- like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and
some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having
colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack
them.Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cell that sandwich a
middle layer of jelly- like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians are ctenophoress;
more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly- like layer. Hence
ctenophores have traditionally been labelled diaploblastic, along with sponges. Ctenophores have
a type of muscles that , in more complex animals, have three main cell arises from the middle
cell layer, and as a result text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic, while other still regard
them as diploblastic. Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039in) to 1.5 meters (4.9) in size,
ctenophores are the largest non- colonial animals that use cilia as their main method of
locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies
and bear comb- like bands of cilia, called ctenes, stacked aiong the comb rows so that when the
cilia beat, thosee of each comb touch below. The name ctenophores means comb- bearing from
the Greek meaning comb and the suffix meaning carrying.
Types of Ctenophores
Oceanic ctenophores:
In addition to the relative well- known coastal ctenophores, there are many species found only
far offshore near the surface, or in the mid- water or in the deep sea. Although the ocean seems
rather uniform, each species is representative of only a small portion of the water column,
defined by a combination of water temperature, light availability, depth and other factores- many
oceanic cternophores species are found under similar conditions world wide. Oceanic
ctenophores tend to be much more fragile that coastal species, because they do not need to
tolerate wave action or the turbulence and sediment load of coastal water. Some of them have
fastastic, unlikely shapes. Recognizable species include the lobe- flapping Ocyropsis, which.
Biological Oceanography
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2. Plankton range in size from microscopic picoplankton to larger macroplankton visible to the naked eye. They are classified by size into categories like nanoplankton, microplankton, and net plankton.
3. Plankton have adaptations that allow them to remain suspended in water such as small size, buoyancy aids, and shapes that increase drag and slow sinking. These adaptations are important for their survival and role in marine ecosystems and food we
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Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments such as oceans, seas and bodies of fresh water. They play an important role in aquatic food webs as primary producers (phytoplankton) or primary consumers (zooplankton). Phytoplankton include algae like diatoms, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria which produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food chain. Zooplankton include protozoa, rotifers, crustaceans and copepods which feed on phytoplankton and bacteria and are food for larger organisms. Plankton are crucial for marine ecosystems as they provide the base of the food web that supports many fish
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This document discusses different types of plankton. It describes phytoplankton such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria. Diatoms are enclosed in silica cases and come in many shapes and sizes. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algal blooms. Coccolithophores have scales and two flagella. Zooplankton include holoplankton which spend their whole lives as plankton, and meroplankton which are plankton temporarily. Examples given are copepods, ostracods and rotifers. The document also discusses using diatoms to help determine causes of death in forensic investigations.
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Stay Ahead of the Curve with PFAS Testing
There is a tremendous amount of news being disseminated every day online about dangerous forever chemicals called PFAS. In this interview with a global PFAS testing expert, Geraint Williams of ALS, he and York Analytical President Michael Beckerich discuss the hot-button issues for the environmental engineering and consulting industry -- the wider range of PFAS contamination sites, new PFAS that are unregulated, and the compliance challenges ahead.
Widespread PFAS contamination requires stringent sampling and laboratory analyses by certified laboratories only -- whether it is for PFAS in soil, groundwater, wastewater or drinking water.
Contact us at York Analytical Laboratories for expert environmental testing with fast turnaround times and client service. We have 4 state-certified laboratories in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, and 4 client service centers.
P: 800-306-YORK
E: clientservices@YorkLab.com
W: YorkLab.com
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
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Plankton isolation / Classification
- 1. Presented By Sushil Kumar Departement of Botany , Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University
- 2. INTRODUCTION Organisms that are free-floating or found in the water column (i.e. pelagic) but are unable to swim against typical currents , generally small • Neuston = plankton living at or just below the water surface (e.g. Bacterial film) • Pleuston = plankton that live at the surface but protrude into the air (e.g. Portuguese Man O’War) •Nekton = pelagic animals that are powerful enough swimmers to move at will in the water column, under most conditions (e.g. fish, dolphins, squid) Benthos = organisms living on or in the bottom (in the subtidal zone) Plankton, from Greek word for ‘drifter’ or ‘wanderer
- 3. Zooplankton Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Cladocerans (4 orders) • most with calcareous shell (usually clear) • Holoplankton Polyphemus Daphnia pulex
- 4. Zooplankton Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum :Crustacea • mostly marine, also few, terrestrial •~50,000 spp. Copepods – (> 10,000 spp.) most abundant animals in oceans mostly holoplankton (some parasitic) swim with antennae, thoracic legs, or mouthparts. Candacia
- 5. Zooplankton Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • small, unsegmented, smooth; bilateral symmetry • mostly benthic • move via ‘lashing’ movement (wiggling motion) • no planktonic larvae • ~12,000 spp.
- 6. Phytoplankton - Dinoflagellates Kingdom Protista Division Dinophyta (Gr. dinos: whirling; L. flagellum: whip) (=Pyrrophyta) (Gr. pyros: fire, and phyton: plant) – refers to bioluminescence of many forms • most have 2 flagella • may be armored (thecate) or Ceratium
- 7. Phytoplankton – Diatoms •Pennate (L. pinnatus: feathered) – elongate; bilaterally symmetric pinnate refers to markings on walls of some of these forms Cymbella affinis Pseudo-nitzschia cleaned frustule of pennate diatom
- 8. Why are plankton important? Important part of global carbon cycle Food source (basis of the food web) Producer of oxygen (photosynthesis) 8
- 9. Plankton are an energy source for Marine Ecosystems Many plankton are primary producers Over 90 % of Marine Primary Production (energy produced) is from Phytoplankton! The rest is from marine plants and other sources. 9 Satellite view: Map Productivity in the Ocean Photo:NOAA
- 10. How are plankton studied? Collected with special nets and sampling bottles Underwater cameras Microscopes Satellites 10 Plankton collection using Net in a pond Van Dorn Bottle
- 11. Do organisms spend their entire lives as Plankton? Holoplankton spend their entire life cycle as plankton. i.e.- Dinoflagellates, Diatoms and Krill Meroplankton : spend part of life as plankton i.e. 11 Diatom (Unicellular phytoplankton) Photo: Rolf Gradinger, NOAA/OER
- 12. How are phytoplankton different from zooplankton? Phytoplankton Producers Single cells or chains of cells including the smallest plankton – picoplankton (0.2 -2 microns) Remain near the surface Zooplankton Consumers (including herbivores and carnivores) Include microscopic and macroscopic organisms May vertically migrate (to a depth of 200m) during the day for protection but resurface at night to feed 12
- 13. Steps of Plankton isolation Selection of source:marine or fresh water body-(Sainta Cruz Wetland) Collection : using nets Filtration - different sizes of filters / bolting cloth Planktons concentration Observation (preliminary) Staining(Rose bengal Dye) Observation under Stereo microscope/microscope
- 14. Planktons Counting Cell Wiggling motion
- 15. Plankton Taxonomy Phytoplankton groups can be categorized according to size and taxonomic features. Size category Linear size (µm)- Picoplankton - 0.2 – 2 Nanoplankton - 2 - 20 Microplankton - 20 - 200 Macroplankton - > 200
- 16. Special Thanks to my Prof. Sandeep Kumar Melhotra
- 17. Thank You