The term pit and fissure sealant is used to describe a material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and fissures of caries susceptible teeth, thus forming a micromechanically bonded, protective layer cutting access of caries-producing bacteria from their source of nutrients.
This presentation features the various measures which can be undertaken to prevent pit and fissure caries to develop i an otherwise healthy oral environment. The use of pit and fissure sealants is emphasised in case of deep pits and fissures.
This presentation features the various measures which can be undertaken to prevent pit and fissure caries to develop i an otherwise healthy oral environment. The use of pit and fissure sealants is emphasised in case of deep pits and fissures.
Tooth hypersensitivity is a common problem encountered in everyday life and clinical practice. This presentation clearly shows causes, methods of prevention and treatment in such cases.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
Tooth hypersensitivity is a common problem encountered in everyday life and clinical practice. This presentation clearly shows causes, methods of prevention and treatment in such cases.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Bonding in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
3. Pit & Fissures
A pit is defined as a pinpoint depression located at the junction
of grooves present over the grinding surfaces of the teeth.
A fissure is defined as a deep cleft between adjoining cusps of
a molar or premolar, usually located at the junction of
developmental grooves.
4. Pit and Fissure Sealants
The term pit and fissure sealant is used to describe a
material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and
fissures of caries susceptible teeth, thus forming a
micromechanically bonded, protective layer cutting access
of caries-producing bacteria from their source of nutrients.
6. Why Sealants?
The fissures and pits are normal anatomical findings in a dentition and caused
by faults in dental enamel. Shallow fissures may not be problematic and be self
cleansing and resistant to dental caries.
However, deep and narrow fissures
tend to lead to tooth decay. Both pit
and fissures act as areas of initiation
of caries due to food retention.
To prevent dental caries. It is a safe,
efficient and effective method of
prevention of pits and fissure caries.
7. Dental caries are defined as a progressive irreversible microbial disease
affecting the hard parts of tooth exposed to the oral environment, resulting
in demineralization of the inorganic constituents and dissolution of the
organic constituent, thereby leading to a cavity formation.
Dental Caries
8. It has been well documented that occlusal surfaces in young patients
have a high caries susceptibility. The incidence of caries is relatively
low on smooth, self cleansing surfaces (i.e., buccal , lingual, mesial,
distal) where fluorides are highly effective in reducing decay.
Unfortunately, fluoride is not nearly as effective in the pits and
fissures where approximately 50-85% of decay is found.
The reason for this high rate of caries relates specifically to the pit
and fissure morphology of occlusal and buccal/lingual surfaces.
Bacteria are able to breed in deep, narrow fissures where enamel did
not completely form (called non coalescence of enamel).
In many cases toothbrush bristles cannot reach to the depths of
these spaces to remove bacteria.
9. Susceptibility
Upper and lower first molar 95%
Upper and lower second molar 75%
Upper second bicuspid 45%
Upper first bicuspid 35%
Lower second bicuspid 35%
Upper central and lateral incisor 30%
Upper cuspids and lower first bicuspid 10%
Lower central and lateral incisor 3%
Lower cuspids 3%
Caries susceptibility of individual tooth surface
occlusal > mesial > buccal > lingual
10. Sealants are the most effective clinical technique to prevent pit and fissure
caries. The cost effectiveness of sealants, naturally, is based upon sealant
retention.
While the rates of sealant retention on occlusal surfaces are relatively high
at five years, sealant retention for buccal and lingual pits and fissures of
molars is considerably lower.
There was 88% complete sealant retention of the self-cure sealant on the
occlusal surface but only 35% retention on the buccal/lingual surfaces.
The light-cure sealant had a retention rate of 81% for the occlusal surfaces
compared to a 39% rate of retention on the buccal/lingual surfaces.
These data indicate that, while the loss of sealant from occlusal surfaces
averages 5-10% a year, for buccal and lingual surfaces the percentage of
sealant loss increases to 30% per year, rendering this procedure less
reliable.
Thus, based on sealant retention rates, it follows that the occlusal surfaces
should be easier to protect from caries than buccal/lingual surfaces.
11. Wilson used zinc phosphate
Kline and Knutson- use of ammoniacal silver nitrate
Extension for prevention: G. V. Black
Prophylactic odontotomy : Hyatt (1923)
Fissure eradication: Bodecker (1929)
Acrylic polymers introduced to dentistry – 1937
Acid etching: Buonocore (1955)
Composites – 1960
Unfilled resin- BIS-GMA: Bowen (1965)
Glass ionomers – 1972
Historical Background
12. Classification
1) Polymerization methods:
First generation: UV light
Second generation: Self Cure
Third generation: visible Light
Fourth generation: fluoride releasing
3) Resin Systems
BIS-GMA (Bis phenol alpha-Glycidyl Methacrylate Adduct)
Urethane acrylate
4) Depending on presence of filler
Filled
Semi-filled
5) Depending on color
Clear
Tinted
14. The Glass Ionomer Cement were invented by Wilson and Kent in 1972
in London. Their use for pit and fissure sealing was advocated by
McLean and Wilson in 1974.
Characteristics which justify their use as pit and fissure sealant are:
Physicochemical bonding with enamel and dentin.
Release of fluoride ions
Cariostatic and anti-microbial activity due to fluoride release.
Biocompatibility.
Resistance to oral fluids.
Ease of use.
15. Studies of the use of GIC and resin modified glass ionomers as fissure
sealants indicate significantly lower retention rates than resin-based pit
and fissure sealants.
However, several studies have found that GIC's exert a cariostatic effect
even after they had disappeared macroscopically, and that this effect
might be based on remnants of the cement in the fissure as well as
increased levels of fluorides on the enamel surface, have been shown to
be specifically beneficial in reducing occlusal caries.
The use of GIC has been suggested for erupting teeth where isolation is a
problem, especially in the high caries risk individuals.
In this situation they can be considered more a fluoride vehicle than a
traditional fissure sealant.
16. Requirements
1. Should have high flow properties i.e. low surface tension,
low viscosity and low or zero angle of contact.
2. Adequate working time
3. Rapid cure
4. Good and prolonged adhesion to the enamel
5. Low sorption and solubility
6. COTE should be similar to tooth structure
7. Minimum irritation to tissues
8. Cariostatic action
9. Match the tooth color
17. Indications
Carious occlusal anatomy- If pits or fissures are
separated by transverse ridge, a sound pit or fissure
may be sealed
Carious pits or fissures- Deep, narrow pits and fissures
General caries activity-mild, Many occlusal lesions; few
proximal lesions
Recently erupted teeth
18. Contraindications
Many proximal lesions
General caries activity-high
Sound Broad, well-coalesced pits and fissures
Teeth without caries (free for 4years or longer)
Rampant caries / decay.
Interproximal lesions .
Occlusal surface is already carious.
Tooth present in mouth for many years and there is no
evidence of decay.
20. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
1. Cleansing of tooth
2. Tooth isolation
3. Enamel etching
4. Application of sealant material
5. Curing of sealant material
6. Inspection of sealant
7. Re-evaluation of sealant
21. 1. CLEANSING OF TOOTH
Use a prophy cup and pumice with water (any non-
fluoride paste can be used).
Run explorer through the grooves to remove pumice.
Thoroughly wash, dry, and re-examine.
Mechanically prepare the tooth (optional ).
There is no need for anesthesia.
22. 2. TOOTH ISOLATION
To maintain a dry field, use rubber dams or cotton
rolls.
If the tooth is contaminated with saliva, the etching
must be done over again.
23. 3. ENAMEL ETCHING
37% phosphoric acid in gel form applied 2/3 way the
cuspal incline to create microporosities within the enamel.
Etch tooth 20-30 seconds.
Fully rinse and dry tooth.
24.
25. 4. APPLICATION OF SEALANT
MATERIAL
Apply the sealant material according to manufacturer’s
direction.
A brush is used to allow it to follow the curvature of the
tooth.
The sealant may be light-activated or self-curing.
Avoid air bubbles
26. 5. CURING OF SEALANT MATERIAL
Visible light is used to cure (harden) the sealant
material.
Don’t touch tip of cure light to sealant material.
27. 6. INSPECTION OF SEALANT
Use an explorer to ensure that all grooves are
filled/sealed and smooth.
Verify that the sealant doesn’t extend over the marginal
ridge of the tooth.
Check for occlusal interferences using articulating paper.
If necessary, remove excess.
No contact points on sealants.
There is no need for further polishing.
28. 7. RE-EVALUATION OF SEALANT
Observe the sealants at all future appointments.
One may need to re-apply the sealant.
Re-applications, along with fluoride, and other
preventative measures can provide a 100% caries
free and restorative free patient.
29. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Air bubbles may be present between or under
sealants:
Sealant should be ground down to expose the air bubble,
and the bubble should then be filled / repaired
Porosities may develop in the sealant:
Reapply the sealant. If this is delayed, decay may form
around the edges.
Sealant may fall off :
Reapply the sealant.
Caries / decay left under the sealant :
This is a contraindication for sealant placement.
The sealant should be removed, and a filling should be
placed.
31. Points to remember
Etching agent should be 35-37% orthophosphoric acid.
15 sec. of etching is sufficient.
There is benefit in using a bonding layer, which improves retention.
Dry brushing, rotary brushing with pumice, air polishing and air
abrasion are all acceptable for cleaning the tooth.
32. Flouride-containing sealants show no superiority to regular
sealant.
GI sealants show poor retention in comparison to resin based
sealants.
Autocured vs. light cured sealants show similar performance,
However, autocure have more retention.
Microleakage is greater in teeth that aren’t prepared before
sealing, but if sealant falls, the preparation causes a higher
chance of caries.
Sealant is not supposed to be applied once.
33. NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND PROJECTIONS
Argon laser curing: argon laser polymerization provides
further caries protection against a cariogenic challenge
over that afforded by fluoride-releasing sealants
DIAGNOdent (KaVo): laser fluorescence system into
detecting caries under sealants.
Use of air abrasion 50 micron Alumina particles for tooth
preparation.
Editor's Notes
The tray contains examination instruments, articulating paper and holder, sealant material (etchant and sealant), dental floss with which to check contact areas after sealant placement, a disposable prophy angle with which to prepare the tooth, moisture-control items (cotton rolls and a high-volume evacuator), and a dappen dish to hold liquid materials such as the pumice.