Pythagoras, an ancient Greek mathematician, is traditionally credited with discovering the Pythagorean theorem around 570 BC. The theorem states that for any right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. It has numerous proofs and can be generalized beyond right triangles. The Pythagorean theorem is fundamental in areas like navigation, land surveying, and ramp design and has attracted interest outside mathematics for its symbolic power.