Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
Abhi ppt for herbal drug standarizationpharma_abhi
This document discusses standardization and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that herbal medicines account for a large portion of the global pharmaceutical market and health expenditures in many countries. However, herbal drugs can vary in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, making quality control an important challenge. The document outlines methods for identification, quality control, extraction and analysis of herbal drugs including chromatography techniques like HPLC and TLC. Standardization of herbal medicines is necessary to ensure consistent potency, efficacy and safety.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
Compendial evaluation for evaluation of crude and herbal drugsShruti Patel
This document discusses methods for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines various compendial parameters for evaluation including identification, foreign matter, loss on drying, moisture content, residue on ignition, water and alcohol soluble extractives, heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial contamination, aflatoxins, and assays. Methods are described for many of these tests including identification by macroscopic and microscopic examination, TLC/HPTLC. Loss on drying is determined by drying a sample to a constant weight. Total ash involves incinerating a sample and calculating the percentage of residue. Water and alcohol soluble extractives involve macerating a sample in water or alcohol and evaporating the filtrate to a constant weight.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical composition of two tropical medicinal plants, Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf extracts were prepared from the plants using different solvents and subjected to phytochemical screening tests. Both plants were found to contain several bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. Stereospermum colais L. had a higher extractive value in methanol. Physicochemical analysis and fluorescence analysis were also performed on the leaf powders. The study supports the use of these plants in traditional medicine.
Phytochemical Investigation and the study of Drug Potential of Phytocompound ...Halavath Ramesh
The document summarizes research on the phytochemical investigation and study of drug potential of phytocompounds in Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco). Key findings include:
1. Phytochemical screening of tobacco extracts using different solvents found various compounds including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
2. Estimation of specific compounds like alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and phenols was performed on the extracts.
3. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis aided in separation and identification of phytochemicals.
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy helped identify pharmacologically important compounds
Abhi ppt for herbal drug standarizationpharma_abhi
This document discusses standardization and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that herbal medicines account for a large portion of the global pharmaceutical market and health expenditures in many countries. However, herbal drugs can vary in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, making quality control an important challenge. The document outlines methods for identification, quality control, extraction and analysis of herbal drugs including chromatography techniques like HPLC and TLC. Standardization of herbal medicines is necessary to ensure consistent potency, efficacy and safety.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
Compendial evaluation for evaluation of crude and herbal drugsShruti Patel
This document discusses methods for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines various compendial parameters for evaluation including identification, foreign matter, loss on drying, moisture content, residue on ignition, water and alcohol soluble extractives, heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial contamination, aflatoxins, and assays. Methods are described for many of these tests including identification by macroscopic and microscopic examination, TLC/HPTLC. Loss on drying is determined by drying a sample to a constant weight. Total ash involves incinerating a sample and calculating the percentage of residue. Water and alcohol soluble extractives involve macerating a sample in water or alcohol and evaporating the filtrate to a constant weight.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It studies the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs from natural origins. Pharmacognosy has many applications in drug development including standardization, quality control, and meeting export standards. It is important for identifying medicinal plants, studying their properties, ensuring substitutes and adulterants are not used, and for developing pharmacopeias. Pharmacognosy involves collection and identification of plant materials, anatomical and phytochemical analysis, and biological activity studies to develop formulations.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical composition of two tropical medicinal plants, Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf extracts were prepared from the plants using different solvents and subjected to phytochemical screening tests. Both plants were found to contain several bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. Stereospermum colais L. had a higher extractive value in methanol. Physicochemical analysis and fluorescence analysis were also performed on the leaf powders. The study supports the use of these plants in traditional medicine.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
Standardization of Unani Medicine -Parameters and Exigency Dr. NTR University
This document discusses the standardization of herbal medicines. It begins by defining standardization according to the World Health Organization and the American Herbal Product Association. Standardization is described as the process of prescribing a set of standards to ensure quality, efficacy, safety and reproducibility of herbal medicines.
The document then outlines the various parameters used for evaluating and standardizing unani medicines, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific evaluation methods are described under each parameter such as morphological examination for organoleptic evaluation and determination of values like moisture content and ash for physical evaluation. Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and other spectroscopic techniques are discussed for chemical evaluation.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
This document outlines 8 parameters for quality control testing of herbal drugs:
1. Macroscopic examination including organoleptic evaluation of color, odor, shape, etc.
2. Microscopic evaluation to identify plant species and parts.
3. Determination of foreign matter through visual inspection or microscopy.
4. Determination of ash content through burning to measure total ash and acid-insoluble ash.
5. Determination of heavy metals using color reactions or instrumental analysis.
6. Determination of microbial contaminants and aflatoxins through standard procedures.
7. Determination of swelling index by measuring volume after shaking in water.
8. Determination of pesticide residues by extracting and
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
This document discusses various parameters used to evaluate crude drugs, including moisture content, specific gravity, density, melting point, viscosity, solubility, ash content, and extractive values. Evaluating crude drugs by these parameters helps ensure their identification and determines their quality, purity, and potential biochemical variations or deterioration from treatment and storage. Common tests include determining the moisture content, specific gravity, solubility in various solvents, melting points of constituents, ash content, and extractive values using water, alcohol, or ether to extract different types of components.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
Test for active pharmaceutical raw materials in herbal drugs, Pharmacognostic...Md. Mohabbot Hossen
Since ancient times humanity has depended on the diversity of plant resources for food, clothing, shelter, and traditional medicine to cure myriads of ailments. By using modern science now plant is greatly used in pharmaceutical industries and various test have involved here.
This document discusses the science of pharmacy and pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacy as dealing with the procurement, testing, storage, and conversion of drugs into suitable forms. Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of drugs from biological origins, including plants, animals, and minerals. The document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, including isolation of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationships, cultivation of medicinal plants, and development of herbal formulations. Physical and chemical parameters used to evaluate crude drugs are also summarized, such as ash values, swelling factor, and extractive values.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines sensory characteristics like color, odor, taste, and texture. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed examination of drug anatomy. Physical evaluation considers properties like moisture content and viscosity. Chemical evaluation determines active constituents through tests. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot satisfactorily assess a drug's response in living systems. The document provides examples to illustrate each evaluation method.
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
The document discusses standardization, pharmacopoeias, good manufacturing practices (GMP), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and process validation as they relate to pharmaceutical chemistry. It defines standardization as confirming a drug's identity, quality, and purity. A pharmacopoeia establishes standards for drug substances and dosage forms used in a country. GMP provides assurance that medicines are manufactured safely, efficaciously, and qualify. ISO is an international standard-setting body. Process validation involves collecting data throughout production to establish a process can consistently deliver quality products.
This document discusses different methods for evaluating crude drugs, including their identity, quality, and purity. It describes five main evaluation methods: morphological, physical, chemical, biological, and microscopic. Morphological evaluation examines characteristics like color, odor, taste, and shape. Physical evaluation includes tests of solubility, moisture content, viscosity, melting point, and ash value. Chemical evaluation isolates and identifies active constituents. Biological evaluation examines a drug's effects on living systems. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed study of cellular structures under magnification. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive quality assessment of crude drugs.
This document discusses herbal medicine and quality control of herbal drugs. It provides examples of commonly used herbal medicines like ginger, garlic, and valerian. Quality control of herbal drugs involves parameters like microscopic evaluation to identify plant parts, determining foreign matter and particle size distribution. It also involves determining ash content, water content, and loss on drying to ensure purity and consistency in herbal drug preparations.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Cynodon dactylon. Microscopic analysis revealed features of the culm, leaf sheath, and lamina anatomy. Physicochemical parameters like ash values and extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. The study provides anatomical details and preliminary analysis of the phytochemical constituents of C. dactylon, a weed used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, mineral profile, and antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plants - Stachys parviflora and Calotropis procera. The study found that both plants contain nutrients and minerals, with Calotropis procera having higher fat, protein, and energy content. Various parts of the plants were also found to contain essential macro and micro minerals. Extracts from both plants exhibited inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal pathogens, indicating antimicrobial properties. The results suggest that the two studied plants have potential as nutritional food sources and natural antimicrobial agents.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
Standardization of Unani Medicine -Parameters and Exigency Dr. NTR University
This document discusses the standardization of herbal medicines. It begins by defining standardization according to the World Health Organization and the American Herbal Product Association. Standardization is described as the process of prescribing a set of standards to ensure quality, efficacy, safety and reproducibility of herbal medicines.
The document then outlines the various parameters used for evaluating and standardizing unani medicines, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific evaluation methods are described under each parameter such as morphological examination for organoleptic evaluation and determination of values like moisture content and ash for physical evaluation. Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and other spectroscopic techniques are discussed for chemical evaluation.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
This document outlines 8 parameters for quality control testing of herbal drugs:
1. Macroscopic examination including organoleptic evaluation of color, odor, shape, etc.
2. Microscopic evaluation to identify plant species and parts.
3. Determination of foreign matter through visual inspection or microscopy.
4. Determination of ash content through burning to measure total ash and acid-insoluble ash.
5. Determination of heavy metals using color reactions or instrumental analysis.
6. Determination of microbial contaminants and aflatoxins through standard procedures.
7. Determination of swelling index by measuring volume after shaking in water.
8. Determination of pesticide residues by extracting and
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
This document discusses various parameters used to evaluate crude drugs, including moisture content, specific gravity, density, melting point, viscosity, solubility, ash content, and extractive values. Evaluating crude drugs by these parameters helps ensure their identification and determines their quality, purity, and potential biochemical variations or deterioration from treatment and storage. Common tests include determining the moisture content, specific gravity, solubility in various solvents, melting points of constituents, ash content, and extractive values using water, alcohol, or ether to extract different types of components.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs. It begins with introductions to herbal medicines and traditional Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. It then discusses the need for standardization of herbal drugs and describes various quality control tests including determination of ash content, extractable matter, moisture content, volatile oils, bitterness value, and residue testing. Macroscopic and microscopic examination as well as thin layer chromatography are also summarized as important quality control methods.
Test for active pharmaceutical raw materials in herbal drugs, Pharmacognostic...Md. Mohabbot Hossen
Since ancient times humanity has depended on the diversity of plant resources for food, clothing, shelter, and traditional medicine to cure myriads of ailments. By using modern science now plant is greatly used in pharmaceutical industries and various test have involved here.
This document discusses the science of pharmacy and pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacy as dealing with the procurement, testing, storage, and conversion of drugs into suitable forms. Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of drugs from biological origins, including plants, animals, and minerals. The document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, including isolation of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationships, cultivation of medicinal plants, and development of herbal formulations. Physical and chemical parameters used to evaluate crude drugs are also summarized, such as ash values, swelling factor, and extractive values.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines sensory characteristics like color, odor, taste, and texture. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed examination of drug anatomy. Physical evaluation considers properties like moisture content and viscosity. Chemical evaluation determines active constituents through tests. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot satisfactorily assess a drug's response in living systems. The document provides examples to illustrate each evaluation method.
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
The document discusses standardization, pharmacopoeias, good manufacturing practices (GMP), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and process validation as they relate to pharmaceutical chemistry. It defines standardization as confirming a drug's identity, quality, and purity. A pharmacopoeia establishes standards for drug substances and dosage forms used in a country. GMP provides assurance that medicines are manufactured safely, efficaciously, and qualify. ISO is an international standard-setting body. Process validation involves collecting data throughout production to establish a process can consistently deliver quality products.
This document discusses different methods for evaluating crude drugs, including their identity, quality, and purity. It describes five main evaluation methods: morphological, physical, chemical, biological, and microscopic. Morphological evaluation examines characteristics like color, odor, taste, and shape. Physical evaluation includes tests of solubility, moisture content, viscosity, melting point, and ash value. Chemical evaluation isolates and identifies active constituents. Biological evaluation examines a drug's effects on living systems. Microscopic evaluation allows detailed study of cellular structures under magnification. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive quality assessment of crude drugs.
This document discusses herbal medicine and quality control of herbal drugs. It provides examples of commonly used herbal medicines like ginger, garlic, and valerian. Quality control of herbal drugs involves parameters like microscopic evaluation to identify plant parts, determining foreign matter and particle size distribution. It also involves determining ash content, water content, and loss on drying to ensure purity and consistency in herbal drug preparations.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Cynodon dactylon. Microscopic analysis revealed features of the culm, leaf sheath, and lamina anatomy. Physicochemical parameters like ash values and extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. The study provides anatomical details and preliminary analysis of the phytochemical constituents of C. dactylon, a weed used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, mineral profile, and antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plants - Stachys parviflora and Calotropis procera. The study found that both plants contain nutrients and minerals, with Calotropis procera having higher fat, protein, and energy content. Various parts of the plants were also found to contain essential macro and micro minerals. Extracts from both plants exhibited inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal pathogens, indicating antimicrobial properties. The results suggest that the two studied plants have potential as nutritional food sources and natural antimicrobial agents.
Fourier-transform Infrared Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Or...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present research is to assess the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and antibacterial activities of Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extract using different solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and chloroform. To investigation of FT-IR analysis and antibacterial activities become used agar well diffusion method. FT-IR vibrational bands confirmed that the fractions of O. cochinchinense had lots of biologically active compounds which include H–Bonded Phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid, flavonoids, polyphenols, catechins, aromatics, and aliphatic amines. Antibacterial activity showed that the strongest activities had been produced by MeOH solvent reaction with all the human pathogens. This research may be concluded that MeOH solvent extract of O. cochinchinense might be a capability for the treatment of antibacterial activities.
The document describes the isolation and characterization of a compound from the rhizomes of Arisaema utile and evaluation of its antioxidant and antifungal activities. Preliminary tests identified the presence of various phytochemicals in the plant extract. A crystalline compound was isolated via column chromatography and identified as the disaccharide sucrose based on IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT spectroscopy. In vitro assays found the compound showed promising radical scavenging activity at 10 μg/ml in DPPH assays and antifungal activity against Candida paropsilosis at a MIC80 of 128 μg/ml.
This document summarizes the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Abutilon indicum. Microscopic analysis revealed distinctive features of the young and thick stems including epidermal trichomes, vascular bundles, fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were also performed. The results indicate the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the stem. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical profile of the stem of A. indicum that can help validate its traditional uses.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Kukutnakhi- Aspidium Cicutariu...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Kukkutnakhi,(Aspidium cicutarium) a folklore plant claimed to be used for cure of inflammation. This article is an insight to explore its hidden values and establish a scientific validation of unexplored plant.
1) The document presents a lab report analyzing the physical and chemical properties of Acacia Nilotica seeds. Parameters like moisture content, ash content, extract values, and phytochemical screening were tested and the results were compared to standard values.
2) The moisture content was slightly higher than standard. Ash content and tannin levels were also higher than standard. Extract values from cold ethanol were highest.
3) Phytochemical screening found saponins, tannins, and furanochromone present, but no alkaloids or anthraquinones. The analysis was to quality control the herbal preparation for traditional uses like treatment of diabetes and wounds.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document describes a study that aimed to isolate flavonoid constituents from the plant Launaea procumbens using preparative high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The researchers first screened the plant's methanolic extract for flavonoids using chemical tests and thin layer chromatography. They then used preparative HPTLC to separate compounds in the extract. One bright blue fluorescent band was isolated and confirmed to be a flavonoid based on UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. The researchers concluded that their simple procedure was effective for purifying compounds from plant extracts using a suitable solvent system for flavonoid separation.
Investigation of Phytochemical in Euphorbia heterophylla and Euphorbia rothianaAI Publications
The genus Euphorbia attracted the attention of many researchers as it is poorly studied. Euphorbia heterophyla and Euphorbia rothiana were selected and aimed to investigate the presence of phytochemicals screenings in leaf and stem. Aqueous, Acetone and Methanol Solvents were used for phytochemical analysis. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of phenolic compound in leaf and stem of the plants in all extracts and flavonoid using aqueous and methanol extracts. Our findings provides evidence, that aqueous and organic solvent extracts of these plants contain medicinally important bioactive compounds.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of seeds from two samples of Cicer arietinum (chickpea) purchased from local markets in Roopnagar, Punjab, India. The researchers conducted macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the seeds, as well as physicochemical evaluation including determination of extractive values, ash values, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index, and pH. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts showed multiple compounds
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document describes a study that developed an HPTLC fingerprint analysis method to characterize the macrocyclic alkaloids budmunchiamines in the medicinal plant Albizia amara. Leaves of A. amara were extracted using petroleum ether and methanol. HPTLC analysis separated 8 compounds in the methanolic extract. Two compounds, SR-01 and SR-02, were further isolated via column chromatography and their HPTLC fingerprints obtained. The method provides a simple, rapid way to analyze budmunchiamines in A. amara for quality control of herbal formulations using this plant.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effe...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effects of methanolic extract of Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. by DSNBK Prasanth in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
The antipyrexia action of the methanol extract of A. pilosa had been explored utilizing the yeast evoked pyrexia procedure in rabbits. Paracetamol utilized as a positive control as well as negative control group acquired distilled water. Rectal temperatures of all rabbits had been documented instantly prior to the administration of the extract or vehicle or paracetamol as well as again at 30min period for 3h utilizing digital thermometer. The extract had been additionally phytochemically tested with regard to alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and phenols. At 400mg/kg dosage the extract revealed considerable decrease in yeast evoked raised temperature when compared with that of standard drug paracetamol where by the extract dose 200mg/kg had been less effective as compared to higher dose (p<0.05). Phytochemical testing demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, acid compounds, glycosides, amino acids, and proteins. This research confirmed that this methanol extract of A. pilosa at a dose of 400mg/kg owns considerable antipyretic outcome against the yeast-induced raised temperature. The antipyretic activity of A. pilosaextract could be due to its secondary metabolites, which probably consist of flavonoids like Rutin and Quercetin; sterols like β-Sitosterol. But, further phytochemical, as well as biological tests, are recommended to determine the other active chemical constituents accountable for the antipyretic activity.
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study compared the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and haldi (Curcuma longa). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, and saponins in both plant extracts. However, proteins were only present in haldi. Quantitative analysis found tulsi to have lower moisture content and water-soluble ash than haldi. The physicochemical and phytochemical profiles provide useful data for identification of these medicinal plants.
Phytochemical screening of some pakistanian medicinal plantsWilberto De Lima
This study analyzed the phytochemical composition of 20 medicinal plants collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening tests were performed to detect the presence of reducing sugars, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. The results found that Mentha spicata and Withania coagulaus contained all phytochemicals tested. Some plants like Perilla frutescums and Cannabis stative lacked tannins but contained the other phytochemicals. The environment can affect a plant's phytochemical composition. The study provides information on the phytochem
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
This document provides details about the development of an antidiabetic formulation from the leaves of Costus pictus. It includes an introduction to the plant and literature review discussing previous studies investigating its hypoglycemic activity and phytochemical constituents. The objective is to standardize a formula and identify chemicals responsible for antidiabetic effects. The plan of work involves characterization of the drug through various tests and formulation into advanced dosage forms like nanosuspensions. The conclusion is that markers like diosgenin and quercetin could be useful for quality control and identifying specific markers for standardized formulations.
Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Rudraksh...Pratyush Kumar Das
Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the
field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.
Similar to Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to Their Pharmacognostical Evaluation (20)
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Pattern for Patients with Chronic Diseases...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
The document summarizes research on using various iterative schemes to solve fixed-point problems and inequalities involving self-mappings and contractions in Banach spaces. It defines concepts like non-expansive mappings, mean non-expansive mappings, and rates of convergence. The paper presents two theorems: 1) an iterative scheme for a sequence involving a self-mapping T is shown to converge to a fixed point of T, and 2) an iterative process involving a self-contraction mapping T is defined and shown to converge. Limiting cases are considered to prove convergence as the number of iterations approaches infinity.
This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 22
Campus, New Delhi, India (2018) and samples
were identified by Taxonomist Prof. H.B. Singh,
Department of Botany, NISCAIR. The specimen
was studied in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Laboratory, Vivek College of Technical Education,
Bijnor, U.P.
Macroscopical and microscopic study
The fresh leaves were examined to macroscopical
and microscopical studies. The dried leaves
were examined for powder microscopy using
different staining reagents for different types of
microscopical characters.
Physicochemical evaluation of drug
Determination of individual extractive values
The amount of soluble components extracted
with different solvents from the powder plant
material.
Maceration
The air-dried coarse drug powdered was
macerated with different solvents such as pet.
ether, chloroform, water, and methanol of in a
closed flask and place for 24 h, shaking frequently
during 6 h and allowing standing for 24 h.After the
filtration, evaporated to dryness in a dish and dried
at 105°C, to constant weight and get percentage
yield.
Soxhlet extraction
The dried coarse powdered drug was packed in a
Soxhlet apparatus separately for different solvents
such as pet. ether, chloroform, water, and methanol.
Each extract was evaporated till to dryness and
extractive value was noted.
Successive extraction
The dried coarse powdered drug was subjected
for successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus
with different solvents as pet. ether, chloroform,
and methanol. The extract was evaporated till to
dryness and extractive values were noted.
Determination of ash values
Ash value is an essential parameter of a drug for
the extent of adulteration and also establishes the
quality and purity of the drug.
Determination of total ash values
After the ignition of medicinal plant yield, total
ash constituting in which both physiological and
non-physiological ashes were present. The drug
was incinerated in a silica crucible at temperature
which not more than 450°C, then was cooled and
weighed to get the total ash content.
Determination of acid-insoluble ash values
Sand and siliceous earth both forming acid-
insoluble ash represent. Ash is boiled with dil. HCl
(6 N) for 5 min. After that, the insoluble matter
collected on an ashless filter paper, rinsed with hot
water, and ignited at a temperature which not more
than 450°C to a constant weight.
Determination of water-soluble ash values
The ash was in dissolved distilled water after that
the insoluble part of ash collected on an ashless
filter paper which ignited at 450°C to a constant
weight. The weight of soluble part of ash is noted
by subtracting the weight of insoluble part from
the ash.
Fluorescence analysis
Fluorescence analysis of the powder drug was
exposed to in daylight and ultraviolet (UV) light
(254 and 366 nm) and treated with different
reagents such as sodium hydroxide, picric acid,
iodine, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, pet. ether,
ferric chloride, and chloroform.
Phytochemical screening
The different extracts of the selected drugs such
as petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract,
methanolic extract, and aqueous extract were
reportedtopreliminaryphytochemicalinvestigation
forthedetectionofsecondarymetabolites.Theplant
extracts may provide the information regarding
3. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 23
various types of phytoconstituents present such
as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, protein,
saponins, mucilage, resins, fat, and lipids.[8]
Determination of pH
pH 1% solution
Drug was dissolved in distilled water, filtered this,
and noted pH of the filtrate with a standardized
glass electrode.
pH 10% solution
Drug was dissolved in distilled water, filtered this,
and noted pH of the filtrate with a standardized
glass electrode.
Determination of moisture content
Excess of water in medicinal plant will encourage
the microbial growth and also the presence of fungi
and insect resulting in deterioration and hydrolysis.
Weighed drug and dried in oven at 105°C temp. for
1 hour, then cool in desiccator and weight.
Loss on drying = Wt. before drying–wt. after
drying × 100/wt. sample taken.
Heavy metals residue
Heavymetalsweredeterminedsuchaslead,arsenic,
mercury, and cadmium in the leaf extract of the
plant using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.[9]
Pesticide residue
AccordingtotheAmericanOrganizationofAnalytical
Chemist (AOAC) using gas chromatography–
mass spectrometry method, pesticides residue was
determined such as pyrethroids, organochlorines,
and organophosphates in the leaf extract of the
plant.[9]
Aflatoxin analysis
According to the AOAC using high-performance
liquid chromatography method, aflatoxin were
analyzed in leaf extract of the plant.[9]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Macroscopical study
The leaves of C. papaya were green in color,
simple lobed shape, smooth surface, 50–70 cm
in diameter size, bitter in taste, and characteristic
odor, as shown in Table 1.
Microscopic study
Transverse section of leaves
Transverse section of leaves through the mid rib
showed upper epidermis and lower epidermis
Table 1: Macroscopic character of the leaves of Carica
papaya
Parameters Observation
Color Green
Odor Characteristic
Taste Bitter
Size 50–70 cm in diameter
Shape Simple, lobed
Surface Smooth
Table 2: Quantitative microscopy of the leaves of Carica
papaya
Parameters Observation
Stomatal no.
Upper surface 3±4
Lower surface 6±8
Stomatal index
Upper surface 24±28
Lower surface 26±30
Vein termination 5±6
Palisade ratio 12±13
Figure 1: View of vascular bundle
4. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 24
Figure 2: View of stomata
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Figure 3: % w/w of maceration extraction
surrounded by well-defined 5–7 layer of
collenchyma and sclerenchyma. The endodermis
is composed of parenchymatous cells. The pith
is found to be absent as the stalk is hollow from
Table 3: Physicochemical evaluation of powder drug of
the leaves of Carica papaya
Parameters Result %w/w
Maceration extraction
Petroleum ether 1.46
Chloroform 1.05
Methanol 1.45
Hydroalcohol 1.06
Soxhlet extraction
Petroleum ether 0.24
Chloroform 0.49
Methanol 1.13
Hydroalcohol 0.89
Aqueous 0.76
Successive extraction
Petroleum ether 0.48
Chloroform 0.55
Methanol 0.78
Ash values
Total ash 1.63
Acid-insoluble ash 1.39
Water-soluble ash 0.16
pH of 1% solution 6.87
pH of 10% solution 5.26
Moisture content 6.40
Table 4: Heavy metals residue analysis of the leaves of
Carica papaya
Heavy metals Concentration
Cadmium (Cd) 0.20±0.04
Arsenic (As) 0.37±0.08
Mercury (Hg) 0.45±0.06
Lead (Pb) 0.38±0.09
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Figure 4: % w/w of Soxhlet extraction
Table 5: Aflatoxin residue analysis of the leaves of Carica
papaya
Parameters Method Results MDL (µg/kg)
Aflatoxin B1
AOAC 990.332 Not detected 1.0
Aflatoxin B2
AOAC 990.332 Not detected 1.0
Aflatoxin G1
AOAC 990.332 Not detected 1.0
Aflatoxin G2
AOAC 990.332 Not detected 1.0
AOAC: American Organization of Analytical Chemist, MDL: Method detection
limit
inside. A middle portion is covered with xylem
and phloem surrounded by parenchymatous cell
that, in turn, surrounded by sclerenchyma cells.
Numerous fibres are present with cluster crystals.
Some xylem vessels (pitted vessels) are also
5. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 25
vein-islet, and stomatal numbers, stomatal index, and
palisade ratio of the leaf are shown in Table 2.
Physicochemical evaluation
The various physicochemical parameters were
determined using air-dried powder plant material,
as shown in Table 3. Graphical representation is
shown in Figures 3-7.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Pet. Ether Chloroform Methanol
Figure 5: % w/w of successive extraction
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Total ash Acid
insoluble
Water
soluble
Figure 6: % w/w of ash value
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Figure 7: Concentration of heavy metals
Table 6: Pesticide residue analysis of the leaves of Carica
papaya
Pesticide Test method Results MDL
(mg/kg)
α-BHC AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
β-BHC AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
γ-BHC AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
δ-BHC AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
α-Chlordane AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
β-Chlordane AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Heptachlor AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Heptachlor_
Epoxide
AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
α-Endosulfan AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
β-Endosulfan AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Endrin AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Endrin_
Aldehyde
AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Total DDE AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Total DDD AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Total DDT AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Alachlor AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Butachlor AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Monochlor AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Malathoin AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Methyl–
parathion
AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Chlorpyrifos AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Ethion AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Diazinone AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Phosphamidon AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Simazine AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Atrazine AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Fenitrothion AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Mevinphos AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Dimethoate AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
Phorate AOAC 790.52/EPA525.5 Not detected 0.01
AOAC: American Organization of Analytical Chemist, MDL: Method detection
limit
visible which are lignified. Cells of palisade and
spongy parenchyma are also visible [Figure 1].
Quantitative microscopy
The slides of surface preparation of leaf are prepared
andsubjectedtoquantitativemicroscopicexamination,
Figure 2. The parameters such as vein termination,
6. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 26
Determination of heavy metal residue
As per the WHO, the determination of heavy
metals was carried out in the extract of C. papaya
leaves using atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
as shown in Table 4. Graphical representation is
shown in Figure 7.
Determination of aflatoxin residue
The detection of aflatoxin such as B1, B2, G1,
and G2 was carried out in the extract of C. papaya
leaves, as shown in Table 5.
Determination of pesticide residue
According to the AOAC guidelines, pesticide
residue was carried out in the extract of C. papaya
leaves, as shown in Table 6.
Phytochemical analysis
The presence and absence of various
phytoconstituents to the preliminary chemical test
of extracts are subjected, as shown in Table 7.
Fluorescence analysis
The air-dried powder of the leaves was subjected
in lights and UV light with different chemical
reagents to be observed, as shown in Table 8.
CONCLUSION
The present study is an attempt to develop
the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and
phytochemical standard parameters to be used for
identification, purity, quality, and extracts of the
leaves of C. papaya. Clinical evaluation of these
plants in human beings may be carried out for the
above promising pharmacological activities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the Department of
Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education
Bijnor, for providing valuable support.
REFERENCES
1. Isela EJ, Carlos AT, Dora EA, Luis FR, Carlos EL,
Jorge LB, et al. Phytochemical screening and
hypoglycaemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rev Bras Farmcogn
2014;24:341-7.
2. Anonymous. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part
Table 7: Phytochemical evaluation of the leaves extract of
Carica papaya
Constituents Extracts
petroleum
ether
Chloroform Alcoholic Aqueous
Carbohydrate − − + +
Phenolic
compound
+ + + +
Alkaloids − + + +
Flavonoids − − + −
Lipids + − − −
Saponins − − + −
Steroids + + + −
Amino acids − − + −
Proteins − − + −
−: Absent, +: Present
Table 8: Fluorescence analysis of powder of the leaves of
Carica papaya
Reagent Daylight UV light
254 nm
UV light
366 nm
Powder such as Light
green
Dark green Light green
Powder treated with
dist. water
Green Dark green Brown
Powder treated with
1 N NaOH
Light
green
Dark green Green
Powder treated with
HNO3
Brown Black Dark green
Powder treated with
H2
SO4
Light
brown
Dark green Dark brown
Powder treated with
iodine
Brown Dark brown Green
Powder treated with
conc. HCL
Green Brown Black
Powder treated with
ammonia
Green Green Brown
Powder treated with
ferric chloride
Yellowish-
green
Black Light brown
Powder treated with
picric acid
Light
green
Green Dark green
Powder treated with
pet. ether
Dark green Black Dark green
Powder treated with
chloroform
Dark green Brown Dark green
UV: Ultraviolet
7. Verma, et al.: Physiochemical screening of Carica papaya leaves with specific reference to their pharmacognostical evaluation
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 27
1. Vol. 4. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda,
Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
(AYUSH); 2016.
3. MohammedA,Abubakar SA, Sule MS. Hepatoprotective
effect of aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn.
Against CCL4
-induced hepatic damage in rats. Int J
Pharm Sci Rev Res 2011;11:23.
4. Krishnan KL, Paridhavi M, Jagruti A. Review on
nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties
of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.). Nat Prod Radiance
2008;7:364-73.
5. BrunetonJ.Pharmacignosy,PhytochemistryofMedicinal
Plant Carica papaya. 2nd
ed. France: Technique and
Documentation; 1999. p. 221-3.
6. Nugroho A, Haryani H, Chai JS, Park HJ. Identification
and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf
and peroxynitrite scavenging activity. Asian Pac J Trop
Bio Med 2017;7:208-13.
7. Ayoola PB, Adeyeye A. Phytochemical and nutrient
evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves. Int J Res
Rev Appl Sci 2010;5:325-8.
8. MukherjeeP.QualityControlofHerbalDrugs.New Delhi:
Business Horizons Pharmaceutical Publishers; 2002.
9. Anonymous, Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Methods AOAC 970.33, Method AOAC
990.33. United States: Association of Official Analytical
Chemists; 2005.