1. There are fundamental and process limitations to energy efficiency due to losses from imperfect conversions and practical constraints. Fundamental limitations arise from physical laws, while process limitations are due to real-world application issues. 2. Calculating energy efficiency involves determining the useful energy output compared to the total energy input. For any process or system, the energy efficiency can never be 100% due to inevitable losses. 3. Different forms of energy can be converted to other forms, but with losses due to the second law of thermodynamics. Not all energy can be converted to other desired forms.

1. 7
CH,ll ', Ugr,,tQ &,rte&sry1_* e_!
tlcu qel
Ef{tl"n..{ ( e) = ulhul
kihqF qur hrrct ta P'1
lte orger co.t/r errerXq^losses t.., g Bqere-rv1, S" looer ils e0-fiuen,rt
RCuchc,is
fhe
co*e" '{rom L d|,l'Ferenf sc..*r.-eE:
I ProcesS Lim ilahbns:
tn*gl osses due lo practra.l eekus .:F c^n' energl +r*as Formr,Ston fcrcSS
-
D fundcrrneilf&l U rnifc-fionS'.
6^erq.a toSSeS ct-v^e-d.-r-e t?r ph.lstc-cJ lct-r-,--:s Fhcr,t c-c^-rvno4- be c;^c*,/
Tf.l-Sd result d,'F{-,tu"tq <>F hzrnqQ.irrrnis
Q-ron--t FLe- l-f.,e-rrnqr-
*e.1q r,nto ot'{.-q*- forrrr'S oF e-nertq,
' Wc,,<rn3 up c. 9i3rl+ o* sz.rrs, ,-tout f nc-ne.crSe qor,r.f bodrl's 13 bV o.lmt)l lf(nT
' Bo+ qi * u- tcoe1 crse.d a-.[rc{ts -1 2r)oX oF eu"r-r.{.1 Fo cinaf -FL.a. sk..j r 3
lnc-re.crs<- in ut - "b.-lr-,.-F q.r.^ oF' , -IzooJ our b" r.'a€.s= "&Jh"..h r4.ouharJtdu
4 = (tool o, ZS = Zb.L process '1to1u'
eQQ'c-l'erc1 is TLool= -tLeu. e-|_Fr'c-ter.1 due lD '
'I--rrrvrl'-1=*1'lrr-r=
tr,it".l bI loioc,V.orntshcr,l of F"ocl diTtbn r hiome-cjnco-vri"-s o! ho* .tctu rvrove
Nlol Cr. F.,ndcrnne-rrrFcr" Ltr*iF btc proc-e-ss c-oud r"q w.c-r-clq rv"r<;re- e-FQtc-,,e-nt-
, vsed d..i5 rnuSts o<- %n*1"d
tre.c.lrrrccr- e-rne.rX1 Fro""r olhet Sol-r.rc.e-g,
tltucr-g cherntccr enerXtl G .r.^J or o{^q.r Cossi eues
. E*r"n', Conve-rhe.d h 6*t to
1 butrnfnS , cta:v,), {-{"!- rr€utt5 Er-v, converte.cl
{L 6a.-*v''"'-
e-: # = 3 sr -
rnxer.1 due- tu cr Rrndarnnenkr, Lirnikrhbrt
Ea^ CcunOt be- h''rcrnsGrrr^-.- ha oH".e.-r €trrng O0 *""1t r^l [Oti'/- e-0hUeyrg.l
k 35'/"e t's ctose ltr h'{"c{rrejn<.c- ntc>a.t'rnuvn
6.erqr4 Ef&'a'enc"t Probbms
crS "urV**b L{...( ql-". this co.t<1 be- *ve- usek,.,
qeqq o-lFgu! oF c..rr', e-nXtne or procsSs or H^€- tlorl< +4^cttk clo"e- ,',. corhilole.-h'n1 <
n'U"hc"+,,1ou
PfO€. E('. U-)h!.n Llov Cimb c. Pl,'3nr .>& glcrirs, ?r-t'= AU3
.(A"Lunc* qc,u had tu eof " r^,:ill Eereru-lg be- the- stc^I e.ne-rg.{ t.?uts nc.edeel
fo o* entrne, ta6, 0r prcceS8 . A. i ulkn i1c,r.n r*n your c,,.l'. condihi.rne-r-
tAhoh qou F^ig" - e,ec-hricsl *.xxf fngrri
Sovel )or,,. lmr{ ned h do cdrliNc,lrc,- ii.,tc-*^tr^l'c}ns
-C-t)ffPUK Vc"uef iot t^fV,of t{y g^}" t "6hc.J-,r.!wpo-rd'' o B. sove- c,tl evrergt vr*tves
- CoVnpUte e = a hc"l- vp, ?*/ril.* .t* pcud t$"U,r**,.

2. 7
Pc-r--Z
-A Cr+r-3 brc^ve-;5 cio..15 c^- e-rzel v^o<C e^Jr
St€,€.*a!1 $S c.t (Offr* ?0%)
^ph
t-'.jhc*. q"{qq frarrilforrrrrh'on cefcl bvz"rrs.$brs ar-e- fs$(i^a p c.r-e.-?
Akr Ar,t1;A&h+ AE r.e"., = W tCL Conse.rvcuh'c,n o& E e1. ftr on open sqtRrn, fnctr.rcIE
.CC!. mov1.n3@ cocSfsrrtsgeec, n,raKl olttlg"S oF 6 {rJhigh rn,'ghf q{pt^.,t ta l'{.0.-c-c*r
'&rod tg ev<-, so no - F qrr iS rwrnr well,r i Se.nnp. r"r:ilt be c.ng1tl.{.b, no AE"."
6<l,.rn does chonctr<-, clerx-ecrinX aS &r.e. r's brrrnecl
AG.r."r, = frl rcl
U*q tD cl o u.ny!1 [t" oF Ctyir€ Go.co * *u d-rayuEftr E aS h4c.i- ,tz> F{^a- e.rwrnt
r A c(L( an a-
hc..t a d r""3 coegfitjenl oF 0,60 ', CLfet* of Hlr (fovrtr <ll t{o Cf,*r = [,trnz, WhCtts
t/nin. pou/e;. doe-s thts cry neeel b yv'royg o c,gteadq spee.cl o4 3ofr/s on kvel ftround I
'Cc* coing work blc of droq , Fshiry afrncnpcre *i) F = in mcrtn ihrJe tu d.o.q h-c,e- b:
.l-lnis is +.t 6.cu thcri's ao5 r-,..rortr on l4^g €lWrn*
D=icpAu. . P= Fv =(zfuN)ts"*ts) -gloor
b= L(o 3px.2*V*9(t.rr) [eo*ru; *2&os
-Tko c-orve-re-. ho* Fxlt'l ft r<*+<o] a+ zs rni(-o.s/guJtan o? go-s a* hr^6h,n*.7 sFecc)
fuhc.,fk fL" a Cav-va*<- clriw<,n 25 mite-s (ctctt<*.,) o,j- Sants?
"*{blen'1 o?
fa g.<ff6>n ,F tc.s cankr.,.r'ng 1."{xtor t aF c$sry1teel *ernq
aE*,., = PA! = P(+)
au7'/.trtotT =GroowXatrtr) lt.to*
=' irrtT
- -'t'& = o.ot 3 = 8. E"/,
O^ t. 6Z oF l-{^.- c-l,unfe*.| e-n.t-17 Froy", {-i.c gas f s use-d lz evucafte
dfclt. fl^-c- regt i6 ^'tc>sh-" crg h!c^-t- $" Y^R- qv;ran*qr{.
in t1rnle--licrr,l Enery.r' ln.,-td*S lvc.r6e otly -t13 _
af*dxlde wcrler
onc€-
bn erqq frui 'ft:or)
its =!rot-
ne-lo'ods
, Lte l"-"d.I -K i;I;;b..' v-4
tv('trlaurg Gd z-{, Lo,' (nt'+,o'
JZ.ipTiljr
6f"lri*ft"--t 1t.:--= S::1.1",brerjftuc.l fn"i k=,, .cr'*b,'n<s
o^Wx t-hcr-fS -1:t.jl,f^ {-r' prodvre " '
u f e1er9'
eJts|l cc-rgor1 clr'oy,icle, uth;ch r'S e-yhoJ<d; t^:e,ler r-Jhic4
cr-q be
uSe-c. ta1'l-he-_taa) *1
-.,,2' O s c,{aqy1iq^,, . uOxic.,tahbn oF ti oF ?"
.- +l eferc4t4 t'S Use.gr bq^
.
. 4:*+-q$Lgt,trtl
+ enen3Y fs useo 3[rrcoae-b. <rX ot{^r cc,rb
. eff",rOq r.l.lit reecrse ctPProA ' 17 <T oC en.ertt
r-- -,r.thr--rdR;;€du d-
r^a 0.,*t.1" a...-.-., fzroal r--. -- c- ^ - ^ tt --.-
- purnr'n3 L. -, 1-'-.ns6aq1f..{l-'-t -u
L-
fuut"t oF H.,e- TH"ffi;;"H* F*r*., lr>
o.s Q$6,rk* J,.o-^*t E;{."t*. . Jill'un c<rn bq e'o*tt3 w-rerr+r'rreel
cw * Q) E*..^ t tsucr.5 nnerrt,ur,recj r'h rn,:$ rt CalofreS(cg'f)
Ik.,a*t.j,..,$$ q4
^ ^r Cnwqq C{.)n€JI Oir tDoct S LrLrcr_t
{
i= tsr:lb .OO cs"on'e- a 11,11
outes
",t
quoted in Cciories Ccaf) u-ll c. cr.pibr^l_"c
iCc.u.ie (a-so "at..t o'"€r94 cr^ltt'ia")=
IOOO sr 1kcc.J . lF a, ccrndq. bar
..i'l n";6s " 1?dCn.l . fl U,,rnn{ :l uLc-tulll p rr> d,, ce
:c.rn#r-u'ns lSo C*t, i(-b -r nd, ;t f ;il4 nrr)
-
"".lo',es
Z*,bCS cc-l (r,r 9&2KT) irl E*".^.-t

3. 7
& ll.s; trt,erg{ tn Fxd _Pe.s -
- ft Z aZ .o]^' o( sodcr cohta-u'1rg eqprax. '/oj (v;+Lss i-h6, 7r cr^p)
"F 6ufr*,
a simple cc,,rd>hyolr.,-c-.), Hot^t fvrvch C)t!.mtccJ <nerql in .lstrles cl.:eS fhrs Scr{f,rf conta,r'n(
tb.- -"-nt cr^-lorr'e.S iS lhis ?
t g o( sf3c.r = t-T l<T 1- cat * L{, 1 jo,oes
u3 =68011T - &Eo,ooo1 = bzza c-c^l = GoCaJ in !* c-..--, -P socl,e.*
6""-fl Us-e o$ J-s4__
Reshhq pd!/er(Vi
()t'14c,..-n
.._-<-
oF 6g fi.i i",a.'
'bod'a ii a-[uc.qS Usinq (aeratL/ t ovex cr-h re.St- " Liv<--r- zQ
btrlo!,rn1 F repc^-irih3 hr'ssJ.re, d,3ue(.t-t.'3 F...a, q-.-td
jce-e-prn{ *.Lr"rr. il:", e.3/3-". c:,-,4 ipo-er (.n w-l-fs)
'Brc.a',^, I1
'Enet^n1 c'orwteS F-o'n-lt 6-^-"n tn gtaur L-olra't 6.!zre.St ' ' l'teay {- -l
d,.rtd ",-i t-r-lh^rrao-fel q ccrnwe-rlr-aa <.i^H-eJj t+ l-i"A-fmc.l € 'htne^1s LL
-h'c-h 13 i-rc<,nS{-t.d.4 cLS heaf- b H^e-
e)1vi.oY1rvreo1-
?
'A Spirarne'l-er me,.svreg hoc', rnuch 0z -he- bod,1 lffiff' r1
S tcr<t..o rrD + lleo.SLrre-s khe tacrclq's 'l-ot-c^f tcx)U
TakL d.tJoor.. En.,z1 Us. (fr"Frfr{1,),";[* to-r-,t
ge-h $c:7 rw'rt n3 oc+-,'"t
! )
'lf qnu elimb cL aet o€ 6{zdrs c,.l a c.on€fcrrrt specd
AUq :-A E11' * A C-.1..o,, = o (no ake)
'--.G
Whc,f L16u X*', t*1 :. 3 A.t
.J ,
bolh ;a.rgas5 (n) be.rn3
"sed t-)
1-.
Ail3: t6t<3{9.tmls) 1z'.1"..) = itoc:.5-
IAE = AUq o- A 6.n
Chevnr'ccrl ^"..eme-t"q.1 Fr"rd yuu.r bc,dl
iS ccrrrve-rted in'l-o^ po,l-ent,c;' eIeyt'({ 2. 1t1hc.t tqou hac) b pnl
The ..E+- is li^e
( He,3hr,is increa5l'-) and lhurna)
rle1(nc- 5 | l c-r €(-(a rEr I uI c4 { nJLf, I
1 I vrrekc.r.-)oo;c enetnl Fl,'o- b.,d| arsec{ i n
enerbl Lbcx i s s{' gll"ttq ..-:c.r.r,.e-r) corngl-h"1 Flr.{ r..s k . t c1.,.^"
x-fr,f W hf:" .o€ och'v;6pg congdered,h
-For
Y," fuf"tt:oaltciagt o-nA *f9c ere4 in
o€ och'vitts, 5-,".,.1 '-1ZpoT
cUyitq,el"o
-'":z:zoor ] o,::-:F!:,
!
flt. f Uu"1i3,
Fr*[Z lat;?ffi'EH:,N,";'H'#
ra4dp a( Zo- Sd z oW15'/"
EW ends up us t'f.-qrrncrl ,rrrl lncr€crciecl t^l
&.tlq, I*uw rnc^n1 H|flhrs
- lF u1". c-r,nELrrvlec c! Zo a c.,-n oF sodc(r h.r^ **.1 *ttXt"t5 of sh^r'rS coud art
C.tnno or' [,[i- 6-v.,.n" its c.onl-a^rhS3 f*ssuvv'te- .-. rvecrSS oF 6F {<} C-Lnc o. Fl,gtnt- tl
Sfotrs hc.s q- vev h'cg- he.rqh* .t z.-Inr .
I c-r^*-r sodo- = G86 lqS oV 6o^...., Sr'nsq flvtg = m't'Arl
'l. Ssurne- ?5'/. ls trc.rrrk,rrnecl h> Act= 4*a = 1,1'ttsT--
i,nrrpc.Serl t/,3 -tr,r,::ltq.t-r") ' *5
Aug =
l
Lts,esXf" trr r ros 6) A.{ =
ryla
A(g= [,]'l()sT 2,-1rn
: 1-t FiXhts of sk rrs
' h"q.i used f;er *.^cz:nd runnt= proporhonc.r.I F6 lcrurr speeal
u'funnt 2x o-s R^.ef takes ofet". Zx as muc-h
[rcru:€r, brlF cllso te"V4S 1w Zx ct0Lf
b"*Bq quu. ttse- bu run a- ecrkcrin chEkrncs.- doetn'l- depend on your apeeal)

4. 7
Co En Gn w ht-1,'Fh^ Rt,-tl
"A, we;XYrt-lrpl'er ,Pls q. 5o t.S bo.- P."..t lhe- Fo.rr lb a P"si}1a,n ov€1- h,S hce^d
ctn), bccc1( ks H"1a FL,r6r- qtcq-n O X in Successran. At- U^i- e" rrl oF fi,s eaerc{,s€
lJhc(F .41-n1 {-ra-nsFurrnc-honf hcuvt h;u-r p ) c..c-c-?
4 6lc-rn I ute-tVht'liFW * b-.t
Snvrninh c,tt.:e-S na QorR on k1^4- aLiSrca'v't A F.tot, "A C*r" = 4)
ot /ot"etu'l ,
(LSSurr"ve- H^r- Hrn€- t'6 Shcrrh eni'rXl-r <'a-c-r' #'"Vr^e- ---Lre- bc,-a ;3 rot^s.)
H". t- fio hr-cr.!r g5 r^e.r>s$c-rred Qr*, lht ^uSel'<-S t:se' E.t e-rr, . U (l-'r.-r.**-11, qJl at
t{.c- s1;*--t t-a) 'H^-e- e.llvvaq+f, {'h;s e^erX"l rS FraagQ'lntec| f., 5,-+"
B--r t'S re-brlrnecJ, +r> its s!c{-hr^ru3 Fosih<:n cl.rrc} iS rlod tuvtuial t So la<-re'S beet1-
no cVrqn* in .r kg
-A3
)e l*toSt e*eraiSeS in [-f{
t 1- ( 1;fhnt .-*th}, runnrh3 c)v1 a. frec^-Lvr,tl) invalo
ot-t Fl"e hcprrsfurpys;h'on oF E"-t-at--, + Er+-,
'A a.4c,l6t pe.cJc.ls 20 rniq a-v 6. 5;pe-ceJ og 15 l<*',1h.. Hau-s nL.eh rnejaba/ic q1gg11 tS
tor
" , re7u4
'l8O W esecJ in c*1cl in3 c'-f o- apeed a? t$ k-rnf hr 2<> mrx (*{) lr2-ac> 5
=
ffi be=?At AG= Llt'OW (r2oos) u-
Ae -sKoff
6ner.?1 Sh,rc, q(
'Boc)",1 cit,tg 6t"*.Jn frcr"n &rod, iF {"rts e.l.e{t1 isn't wEed, iF u,i be shured 4r
-A"-F : srvrcJl on-ertnf o( U"rvt/ ne-cded Qr. rmrnecl,'cr-te 0.6e
-G tlco2zn I cs-d glucose: c-r.a^r o.rwrvr,,h ?Htflsil-6cecl ir, rmrtsole hrtaerlt'v<t
'Ha-lhhq actull rna.k 5d-ares * LlooT aF l-/.aae "r
ec,rb'(a, h,#A rr-ro(e {-/T-1 cc:n$urwel ln 7 du1
-Tha bd stoFeS &bcx^n- YOOa .,F csrbolqa"^*a. Aggrax. hc-,r.^.r 0<*r- c-zruc.l u 68 t.3 run$€,
}rc.rr{ on Fhts s{-orecl qo7l 7
t1 t.T pu oF c<^rr"ox.aa,"^re. (rlooor)(.{oo3) = Q.tr loo T
I 5o W useJ i n runrricl c!t- l5<m[ l+r
e .yrr o& ,-
A8.r.."r.,=Pct At": A.6.,n'-.^/p :-boi_-: b'tt3.oq s = t.Gl Ftours
Ax= VAt
=(teKrn/*r)(t.t"U gt; Ax = L_1.ta <rn - 25lcrn
usa 4"nrf 6 ua)k bl. ol merhano'o,/ ine-F&z-;et'tcr es t n oL,-r ?u<'f.-
(tne-he €-ne,ri.1 'frrnott{1 t-raltSfu"w1aA intz: ffu+rna} *uffi t'rt qoutl n/ruseles r ShoeS
6dh-oecLr c.r-1 be- c)e-Si3ne.c[ +a r"'rinirniae lc,Ss oF e."er11
Lt A l{.e Scl€ ol {-he Shoe Ccu,r S-Dre polen'o- enert.{ ,uJhioh
"p",nq rn
CAi^l bd re-turnecl t-D <nerh'c, *."?Y dcr*-,n3 fL'-L MN+ stride.
(Spr,hq maJc< {-l.e- calli;fon cu/ lhe X-t'attnd ,nc'}e e"las'ne)
.J

5. 7
P6.5
lc-_- a
t
" ce,si u s
s -a/
'tre.lnre-nhe.il
tdeat 6crS
L'".tr*S do nol_ inferccc-t tl[ othe-r te-x.epF 6r collisfans:ec.SHc,tro no
er^c-l"r
is ost) , {he sqst<rn, haS no Va+enh.J **X1 (U{ , anll Kineh'c
"*rtt nh*"*t enerXl oF en ideo. gas = ir"J'hDki ki.,e-Vtc.-en"r11
*T?-r'e
SoBl o[* {-he o=turns {+c,=l rrLctke op f-h€- qc"-g
*,The ternperc"bure- oF cqf 'derd gcts. rg e.- rne-c+-€uy-€. o[- {tte avecctl-
(ineh'c <rre-rfl r$ H"e a,lrorns t-hc,!- rna)ca uF ++',L qa-s.
! z
kouS -- Z vrn.Vrrrs
n
c.tomtcmas" r-oot rrrecr-q SqUA*1.e. Spe-er)
nurnbe-r o$ qhornS
"15{Sf =2 N rnv.-*'
b
I
grn
E'
Tlwrgero.ture on tl.,e. Ke vin 6c<re (T=T. " 21 C
O K= Points o-h uJicj^ !L"a Ktne-hL
^uX1
crF aJzms i$ 'Ze;^o
-'24 lernperc.h-:res on Hne- <e,vin S<.c--e o{e Lr)
1-e*.n9e-rc.:tute- c>FcJt rc1ec.I gcx in S<-rrvrS aF f{^{-
_ .. Ka*r
<g dr,)er^c'ar- ktne-htc- e'nenxrl per a-tztnn
3 ku (fjottanrc.nn's conshanf) : t.3E x tO-tt %.
kc..r3 = 2 KeT
Y L
on l..r clerends on {he, lonl etv.lure, nots on fhe crC-om rncLrs
| lncrerrsinq x lrr c^ Scrctur oF cl
lncrerrsino Lr-r Scrclur
1,.rg-r^se-.d oF2-
1 "i - e-'c'btrs 3<e'T fi epeed is ProporFr'onc.l br> t'lne
rn { o$ vhe Ternpe.rce}ure.
I
1-nlT
,' *h,gher kmpesalare c<rrresponclS
i b ftrsfer alrcrnla or mr:leclrkrr epeecls
xA gc.s ,.ll l*th* cr.kornS r-r:i ho"ve- Qlster cr,hrrvrt,
ChcrSin3 X c.fz.cJa,,'ot {+an
On Crvercrsyq <>(
tcrS tll hecrvfer c.-FornS
C e-}atqts I b'{ 't C'IH)
S,r+"c oQ- {Z
Uacd'ar ots c-
&rcfor d*- rr'= otfumc rnqss r l,6Gx tt,^" 1<3
Ex l/.8iSpecd oF rrttr"gen w.'oec-u"eS
-l.liFroqrurr.,es (ti2-).
tj 2o". ohc:]r r:s -h!- rms speedjl_ilgw$bcgtes oG__qlqgi
(n="78^*]qb;lO.a?k3=T.2orL.l3V,*u=.F^@Vrr.ns:5(om/5
y.,r= Ll,&sr.ro-11Jg 1-= z-g3 tq - - -V L.Gb nlo'uus

6. -YGr.b
C-ort g*b 11ner n c,. Ene.c61
% x Therrnc- **t1 f s airac-l{.1
f1*.,= N'ko.,1 = t tq'Ke'lf g roportr'c,ncr. Q Te{Ylpe,{cr$ure
therrnal F6*X1 Jg c.^ icJec,. Xa,s oQ N a.rhurng A6,.^ = * U:ku'AT
, Tne E*. oF o. s ubskrncr- f s p ro porfr6,ra^J; t?, H,.e- humber oQ cr.irornS
A gcrs r-o m6re c^*orns hcrS rnore- 6*h Hac.n o, tci*s a.ts S-ne-
Sdn4 e- Te-r.perer-h:re- w I Fe.rre-. cttt>rrrs.
2. A A in Ternpe-rzlfure- cr*u8es c:. cropor{i''c,inc--L c-,1c,-ng,L I n {"1 4*
5 $V2EV<u cets Vllerrnc.l *15 .t A [arctr er tso,rvrporature cVrcuu.r-
;,
(rrr.r€e.s a l*tgr chc*n1e t n thcrmc.,{ areft1
O, t'
I,(a1 c
to o c-r|,13 oF c.-tsrnosphere- pre-Ssrre- ancl 2Lo c- c-ont-crjn: 2.5 * lott rnole<-tr;eg
81 ho.^t nnr-rc-[r 6[oe-S itsS $.l-rn..-l d'ea"rt- |{ r'{-s hq-+eol tzt %'c-?.
AT-= lo i<
^*1rt
AFr,.,
:i (2.5 r to'')[t .tr,tol,l*X ror.)
A 6*t =6, 5Z 5
r ena W"'r< o{e aimpy Z d,'FFcrerrf
+e.Ak rrrcr-L{-S oF {-ratrSf'.'etr rh3
enen1l bb or {..o"^ a, €lgFenn x
'Therrnc- ey.r3t1 fs trci-ns$<r-rec.t b [,^r cr sqel-e-rrn crtrd ?l-!- €-v1vt ran *-,enl
cLS cr C-oAseclue-rice o? a fer^np. ;1; p$<r<nce b l* Pt"-&1
''Whe*1 the fast - p,at-,e.c,ues in t4^e hoFler oblec-l- coicJ<- u,l lhe Src'ser
n,Tcrecr-re-S (n Vhe- r-aer obierrt-
NeJr Resol|l fi.ri1 k*n hoHer --> Coole.r o61<c-f
4rc-xr'tslerrq)
[{ ecr is Vhe- aer% .1 trc.ns$<-J- d, i o- tl^errnc.l q Fer-i:.c-t-rc 1 rr
^

7. 1'la1
Ffotn nrro'rr'nq
n bqJrr'er Ore.vc-nks IerlrprnSbwts sbrl o-Pou5 P_e'r.61
Wem Sqsk-rn tD 2.
( H^e.-rvr tu coicdg
stem.r
uz Tr tTi
fr- 'AtsurvrS in SqstelnL hc'ra o.--hiXh.e* kr'u3
Lr.,o n€-.- r's /as I r'n a* pere<c*11
,oJ"E a o
^uI
qtr'c e-o l ti-s icrn)
F-z^sl- Slow
Oa <-<)
Etc.s'Lr c
rolisioh
L-b.L6"6;s.{ GrCrrnS Enerqq
#'
h'crnS6erre-ct Fro"t {-he
-+ Therrrn.) e" e''rXLI s
(
n€''l- &-'q71 franS$e.r ; .$o-tt*- t^lov'^n c<-bpr-"-S 6n {-h. U)o-rrnq- E;lcj€
(as Hec^'r) .b ${-re, Sot-se-r-"fvrcrvr'rt3 o-tsornS o11 *he- asler St^c{e
)rZ Sqsferns pc^c-e.d
in thermc" eonrferc-l
LDi I Frc^yrs$er *fiernrc^l I tr Cotlt5;orn3 lrc.rtt&er eAe.tfqL,t Fr.or- l'[re u-Efmer
to-S
Sq're-/}1 +-?, H^-o- *-tu/ ,vno"e enetTe'li<
ene*tl t.l-nlil $.dr (k,)c.u3 (l<.)"."1
o-L*S osa Cn€rrCq tb eSS e-rrrerqeFl'q
&^*t ternperir*t^rcs a*Fzr rnS . Th i s .i4v trc'ns$er = [ 915-
O{e
Q,<o q; tr-) qrhen =." i=' h.*l*$.u..d
t{"0- Scrrn.Lf
^*XrI SpJ*
5qe,+errl
Q =(-) 6fierr enerXl iS hr-ounskrred
OUF ok c^ S.t6h€rn
F {ecr"t S Fra.ns€e-r'qg9
6carrs
€co"n hoF to cokix
T+ lTr u)1,e4 the Sqs+<-tvts hc-re H^0. -tc,!r.a
a-Ne-rcLc* tfc.n6lC--h^onc-l lcine,fi'c e1er1r1
o-y,d, f{r,.r.S Hne- sc}rne 1-crnpera}-iZ
Qz --l-Q, r llnd, e-o(l,Srbns sh'll tra-nsFere/^e-rqq t-"* L
Srcte fr.r {-{^n- ofu, 6ra J-l,,e-re,k n" fr*r err."E1
lrc.n s$cr )
themcJ k1vilibr,utt
lJn" ls* Lc.* oF thermodqncrFn'cs : [g*= VJ*Q
lZt sqstcrnS f n ^rhrcl^ on1 {-he- Fhe."'..t €-nefil chc-n3es, lh" %ny,
^
in fherr c- e-ne--n1 iS eluc^, +15 F{^e er1"t1 trc-.ns$err<d I'ata ar ouf't
YL-,e Sq6€i.n cLS tt)rk W ard/c,r herr-t- O
'sqslerns lL,crt cren't fnovinS Cno 6r) , Fhcrl_gun"n'9 q-hcst, cernicolrl(ca'-4, bul-
UhoSe. t€,,x pert'h-tre5 dcrn ohc{nx,e- -- the:rnaAlna-rnr'6
Wov( on Wclr< bt{
su st<rn'
Sqstern f,r) <O
w>o Srlsherrr
6ner3t1 ln AE+v,=W rCl EnerXl out
Q>o Q <c)
Hee* to Hec.l- &ro.n
6r.1S€rn
=c1arcrn

8. 7
PG.B
Conc-eo,.rc- Ex lt,3'. CompreSsinc a q4s
-|1pfrt" c( 3a-s is in a-n ins,rc.$eol conta,jner, so |l.rcr-t no hec.i enoty qJn escq.{>e.
tF
t pistan is used 4o arnyress *t^-o- g*s, uJha+ happe,',t /" l1- '|enp. oF t-/^o fq ?
"The pr'6fon cr"gg,eS s frrr.e f0 Frr.l- $s, r.',.td {'h€re ts o. d;Ebrnr.errt, ih,S
rns4rls thc* ,"n i< ts cLrne on .|il. qc,S bq {de pitton [Vrl to). No thervrar <.{eJ(tu
COn be evciluna+d ill the Qnvironriient, theHninq Q=O. Sincr. ane-rqqrS lrr,rrd.rl.,
inlo the.p,lt+r"^, h" tfu""""l qe"U? "P +4i-a- fas rnus*,'nr-ui^e. Th,s
tTlgatts t/v-'#tnf rhusl ncrerts€ a-5" cae.//.
&. Il.lct', Wortt ond hea-l in a 4 tde.a-l Gds
-Sup7ose u conVcrlner hods 5.or lOtt r"roec,*r€s oF ar1 rclec,.,{ flqs, 5oT oF q:orK
o.fe- done on &'1",e toS b'-1 o pislan fLwf @rnpreSses r'1. the. +<:vtp oF th" 9cia
Cha-rr,7cs by 3o'c- clurin3 *his proc-aes . Ilac': rnvc-h het* r^S *rans{<.rred Fa c..,-
$-."- t{.,e- '*uiron.-.-ri+7 AE*n=1 N'KB ar
n
Q=tr6+q -W
AE+r-, = ? (s.or. ro")(.38 r ro-'3 Y*)( 3o .) : 3tS- 5oT
e.rwtcc)'fvrn€.rr1-
,Yy, l;;:*' ilffii*
in Lhis procs*ss
En *J, - Tra.nsfrr Drrcrns
'h*V, Re-Ssrt o,'r-; c.-n a blec'V or a- 6tart aF the- envirarnmcrtrts so <,-r-1p
Hac--f ifs +emp. cl.oesn'f nohc-<.c.bt1 cJnc,nXe uhen hec^-|- ;s tra-ttSl<rr<d
bt^ lt" 61stsern c-nc, &he Y?ser14;v-
(Tu) -+Dt Re.gervoirl A re-servofr cr-F a higher +-e{1p. +{"&-"1 Vhe sysFcrn
(f") - CDd Re-Eervoir I A reserv6jr o-k c loc.rer hp. 1-{ru---n +{"- s,1s}-<-{v^r
.+[-{er-r.t e$eql is }ra-yrS$errect bl* q Eqsl-ern a*tcl a- reservo(r r'f
1+.e-1 hcve- dil(ere.n* *e-lrnp.eratrreS
0 * , o-rnoon! of he-c-+ t-rr-.r's&-rreci +o o( Som cr hot fe.s€rvoir
-^fr#au' Q c : &wroun| of hec-! Frcrns$e,rrect ho o- etov^ ct c-olc feServoir
;s
Hedr*
()l H lrc.nr Qc-
c.gP$-s t'|oL
Q&voir
reserlar'r
HoF reservott
.rr! --Cotd a-I- -fc
-
a-+ -----r Fre c-€
y^gclurYes
51shewr QH=Qc
.+o+ rese(/oir fs crtsc,.r-{s aF Fhe top (k53'f
'(Dd re,&rvo-ir cr,-rrarrs c.r.t Ts bo*owr
'-lhe sqslem tgFT"') b* 2 reservorr5
' Res"vuor.s c^vld alsratr 6,911aecfid b,t h;N" +W co^d t//f//-
**otrt/7
-"'- J't " I Lrr,-sE4r -*uf ,
)t Spnlarrrus hranskrs go rn 1 direc-hbn ont.1( *'
bt+couF,_
fuuVr{-TrcrrrsW Dr'a6ro.rn

9. 7
?csr
Cbncegfual 5, ll.'l Anut, t**tdku-< . ', r
: l'lno 8"O,
-)ldhy-in phlSr'cS &ercnS- r's i+ rylor<- tux;oj ort *he bou la ereretse tn "e*,/ hal
w e+^+rer?
Llor, fua1 cenhhuovsl7 c-ctnver*s Fohemo E*n, . E (q*r?r4zt"th a. cons'ic-n{r bocLq k-r,rtX"
Tourboel{ musi urnh'nrrl.zl1 {rransfu hr<* t- t1.*- ertv{rdftfte({1. Thts is ecLE.l fn c<,.t
tt'te-u.]-l*r : 'hrcol- ts Sponlclner*ts! t'rasrs|ered h tdt- €t-tvtn* , bu[- olkan l,l.a- o-t'.
l*af i: h,Xt^rr |hclrl l1cr* b..{i ts€rnp ,L{N" b"t1 ec*nnaf aol idset? l'h,s cr6ll/
rutd Muat ose olLt* rne.-hc"rlisrns *b fi-c.nsSe"r- this **Ajt Suc-h as fe.rspr'rrn5.
Tl.,nSe rher)-lc,'-rt6zraS r eTur're a.ctcl,'han -t ener7 elqr<,,no ih.lf<.
7
6nerto{ f5 e-xhc{ckd
ffiexq, s f
u'C,rwur,ua
ht ru{ l-l.re S.*
Woor =aR _ec_ 5ysfer4 'ie-,--u. bq f ru ""ST.-
6e41au& Evergl it'pul Fr.cess heal-
erlertl rs +tc.1s$<rrei deterrnined br dte
Hecrt ene{j1 is
Q r+
"6. into !he- cotd tpcrter Znd La-,^t eF 'n-d{ra&lc:
dha(
trcsrs$erle'l €rorn the c tZ
ho,t- r.^rqtler e-^ Worr - Qrr-e. e^oo= -T
a Qu e.o reh'cc.l ry"axl mum eFft C erc.t
" B lc er^c.x e I , ?. werr< done is o( o- h-e.^f e-n3ine-
o-u:crr{S e SS Y"c^rr^ {-L.r,e hec^} i vr p t-,r"t
(wo.,* . Q ")
So !her. b-^.uST ba hec-t Qc exhc^.rs<.l +" f{.re cod Te.servoir
q No hec+ enqfre- er.n corwqr
tci% o[- Lt-,y in&z rsefi]. r,oor-(
z-,b-r+ rg l-''g
enercM rs'usecJ
"^Yg1 l:,yi,
hloun d'#.i"f=ff-l 'h"nl flzr^ nac)a-r 7yr13;n tr4,o c.,(e ac e-
Stinu Worl< Nou+
uc-eqjr- rec-eh)r procluceS h^'Sh-PreSSt,re.
Sl-ect-gh al- ZO-e-. +Fle-r ils use-cl FD spin c
Cod / 'l-t,-rtine, ifts cr-nds6gqd ( usiS cc-,ar3 .^.oher
ksenroir (-c.. cr.- irec,-rro1 rive-.) bc,ctc h: Urcther qi ZO"C--
3.1h" 'l'trre
rernarninq enerqq e-tce5s hor.l-rs,cleEei/ed ,n l/* nnq.'{1,,t
Qc'Q *l - Wori is ex'krrrrsd oxr.ber iS H^{t1 refur.lel,C}rd +l."l. qde beginS off4'n
h, ll,e. ccd reservoir cLS hrhcL!3 lLe rncrx. ross i l"e 46tn^c*qi4,,s yb,n I ;,t)
ui&Sl h4f^,k a , zlo"e +?-13= 5 L3
, LNLV'T
K A* zot +z1B= Z1#n
€rvrr"X= l- /b63l<
€rrro* =L182

10. 7
16'0
t, J I 1 eerts P. nnps
L>Ticrntf€{:s hec- i*ou !ro* cotcl reservior fo o. hot resgvior
"^
(tt"e o3'pcsifs .F the"ri,^l.rtol cdrrecht -,
6r.: Kgh''gnr*Vr:#rcc.nsffers h"a^h Fro* the cokl cur ins{ae lhe refrinercrior tl fiine
W0rn^q otr in f{,,9 fo,lvn,
Qtt= Q-rWin
'-fhu. arnou.,nt oF heo.t- 6nerq q ry'vusd-. b e conSerfccl
e,xl.arusd *o $re hoL
IFfecr.tu lep-si a-er-I in t-'Ls h"[ stde- rnr,si*
.q"o- tt€ Surn o F k'Lve nec.*-
,f lyrty ,thL,/, tQ
r€SB.rcvoir t^e.rvro.rec &ror* $-{.q col._l -sioVg
a,mo,.mf & h!-I- e,Xycrs-bed CLr41 {-ha uoorl< inpr.lf-'
g"o"n {4a cold roS?yvo(y
CoeE6'ql'*"0 oF pa-[.t.,rrnc{rc€- (Coe) eseA far aKrreJl.l
coP= g = =_ 6;
Qe
l*1 c,>er r1a'ceA la ?e.fucrn {t,- $ran&r Wl'
tr
&+tnol eyv,<rs usel to
femove l,ta* harn a- alcl C,op,".,.o =+€ Theore-fi,..-{ r'ylcr.x C-c.t? oS o.- he-,or+
q-rd gxkr-us'l-
fe,se.rvoir hae,,f P
u't-? Used L. coaig
t> c. ho- reservoir
)t A cu3er CoP yneAnE cl
t.F llea* pump Is ussJ eor hecoh'n3', rr,tsre- e.Ffrcrerrf hec$
COp = 3da 3 ener€q ardcled
to t{'re k:h rescr voir e Qt*"
Pc.tl r,oc,rt ralur'rec| to per-$orr,, t+r4- hrctfss-r W,'.1
-lhgore-hr:c*I
nrcs coP
"1 "-i*^t e,*p-'
Oser.l Crr hecA'=
COp-* = #*
-'f(. tnsr'oliq aF qosc F"ra* is agrrav, Ooc-. t+e{+ S.o".., lhe- ineicle {E depositeaj rnto t-L(
Cdr !. lour citsc-^.n , Lrhrch has c,. 't*p o( 2O'c-. UIE-+; phe n 1x co,lo( Vr, hdV".
'iH = 2o.c- 2a3k Tc-:Zl3<. boP,-.,* - fr., : L13l<
{tZ">
cop o.i 3.(o rne(.{ls f4"$,i. uie- p(Jmp 13,Gil- Tv--- ffis-----
ot- her! (or c.l.r eret.{ ce6{- o& tf
" If.5 c,- hoh dA1, c-.-l.rc yoor c-ph, s rctf,-5r r^)cJ-c^. 1.,r. r.E>6,,4 ftv--t-e- so3get;;

11. 7
'{he #crlafer o$ he<rf firon^ hot h cod t8 qn rrerersibte process
AlthorSh inlerachons o-.1- i-he rnolecr-rlcrr te.va a.re ratq6ible, the sho$s at- lc.rg,r_.
hurnbers frtr'(e, i{- overu.rhernr'ng1 ikd1 tt^c}+ 4te sqslern U;itl s/ove-
fou:cocl @utl,i'briam (it-s |te ,-ost prob,-be sh.,Fe- in whr,ch +o be)
&1m"ru I me4e*Jr.s {-he c.mourrq. oF otsoraer (n e,, Eqale'nn
ncrecrseS &s lcru (nove- Sto* a.n c:r:oleleA sqolern to c- fl'tcsre cl&c'rclereet st|t4rr-t
'2 fherr'nc,r ineraclig stlslen"rs u-tl al;((, l-engwcrturS 6ve a lor.,.l enkopq
jrda<cl: hdkralorns Gle on o{e Bioe <l$ Fhe Vaorrt{, lhe sLt-ue, e'.-}ornt .. lfu o//*
The rur.rsf rc"ndsn laossib)e drSlribu*bn oF enory1 (*l" ts.t'l- orde-*'er) st1s+e.m)
correEfruk +b r'thzn {he Z slslerr":s Afe l'n f{.rmrj quilibl'orn dlqr"rtl l-*,PS.
Fhopq incvec,r,seS os lhe 2 tqslews w rn,hc,rt1 ollfferenl terngera,trxee n'byg
luwo,rd l-{rerrrc" equi I ilorium
zn"t L".,^ o9 Therrr,odqha-m'c-a'. Thet e.,*'rcy1c,f o.n @la-ta-J aqs CVT
clerrecrses. 1e. errhopcl gfher incxecrsc, u,r"tr t-lne aystun reazhzs epilibrlum,
or, il +hu. sqs+ern b*Sl-. ln equiibritim, Starls I'he Sar e-.
Satn
nn lsotc"ted sqsfern e.rloles sucj. thrrt:
" 0rdey hrynS rnio dr6orcler a..nd nlurdorrvness
' ln4o.-c.ha:n is los+ fct-tlr.cr +^ftc.n q.tt,,ed
' fh,e- 6r1tb<.m *ru-rrg du^-:nu .f other ftv*S oF **qq qre ha$ssorrneol +.)
therp,16,.1
"JrW1
' 1'fterrna hHs enkogcl, oHner t'or*s oF enerX do nof
e-rnerql^
Vtihen orroFher hovrvr ol a.rernl is converYe *o dterrnal *o(u|, fhe,re is
incfecrSe in ut/ropy. The proc-€ss usill_ ndf sytr*aneaslq re/e-/se-
(S^fi*'n= DVy conve-rsionS e6- e)"rwcr Fo..'.s t'" **.11 . t/v1a,crnc,1 <-r
c& of{.sr cz)rrr'> gnqttl T.. Yr'T Y^c' *'-11
"f
is irre-ve-r-s ble)
*' */il#//ru,"[[rinru.
ff {s ci-clct€d
t$, ?*ff , rF ffi"u,
tD t{,e- hec^} errgine
E ---L. fhe work oul- coik$ns no
No.r- Qlrrtr4tt.The on ^rri{ H4Gl-
€xhoBg{sa$ l€qrve iS rrik
her.C,Sto.^: to lhe cor,d
6+-f1 resejV(or
Cod Pessvur:
Tc ,///iv' qoes ocrt o+ H^e hrea! ryrrrnq intu he
b'r*tyl rs f€.rvrovecl S.z,-u pfie he-a.t- er€roe.

12. 7
Pa,z
Alkrnc^hve 6t-0,ernenk o$ fhe Znd trr^o d Xte,rwodqrv:rrrvrrcs
?h.*.rn.t*n*
. UJhen 2 eqokms ctt diffuent )evnpercdwex intcnrcf, ha,rl
Fec{i Tert..1 6pn}anecrsr1
Flor,ot tr.nh hot to cod s€{r1 is hctrskrd S?* klneoun1 Som " hotter io *h
eoder 6q8iern, Fevor trom lYe co6.. b the hdfer
" hnhogtl conetdera*h'ons imt t " f ts nov ptaiot to wrcrke <r hecr- e-rrqine -h$ts
fhe possibe etftciencg oF u converK fhermo enetl ino qn equivop-nF o,nnowr
hq^t enXine ofr wciy<,
'+ |o,kus ene,vtg lo rnove 'Hk nr! potsibe to wnrke er hecrf pump thc^k nnnnel s,
hel^f 0.u* c^ ci,ta objeci io ko"n cr coo obleci ts c,. hot- oe* ''^lo on oxt€i-rurl
o. Vttcrfrn objes-l- tu.ntt t nguF
'Ihe- <x1hrcpl of crn '1he h'.. dire.han in rNric ?he *rna71
"ttre Prr,t -lrot' "[ on
isocr-lecl €qsfern Wi ne.'rer iSalcr-lecl 16+€r0n ncrecr.SeS tS
5ponhcrneou$ decrecrse
1
'We can! C,rfualh/ rotn od*- ,:t enetXl (tn.tq c<lrr't .r ol€st"ofd)
hre Cnu ru"n ou# of htqh-9uei sttrrc-et .l!'eneratl (G"r-s {4rcd-co.n .oa,'U
vr
be conver|..I inb other fiit^* o!
-*tf)
E*'.Oi+ cocrFc^aYr: c,!'.s.m"c€, ener"ll, h l&rc1). quqlh,l.l . Jf's c- ltc1uful,r5a rJ eoarll
kcrnSpodd cqld ec,eir1 f,*.n".t in c* liust oS d,e,n",ices b 3ener.te. L,*i
9tclrtci, ar rnobron.
'Vrlhen we lcqrn oi, Wedon'l- useup ils eneql-Ne 6imgt1 eonueft il
,lu ['{u,r-rncul e
As we do +hs, v,redecreose lLe orrrunt ofi hrqh-quoti C"r,"-',. rn ile hovlcl
O.nc incretrSQ t4re SUggll ol- 5rt Ll.ss use-fu I aiFh'c*,tl F., .onwrr b o{o"6rmS'
t(Z*'t Lcrw oF therrntctqno.rnrts ontq agplries lb
ltOr-nteU Scza+<ns (qsl.erns i-,tc^+
dcin'f ercfrurql erne"qtl Ul Fhr-ir environrrrent)
&, )0,^, bocr1 it
nof e"n isokrted ssern
'her .fou hu(e in chrxnico{ enerfltt r)n te- {oo.l .1u., @l"t, rl5 us..J f". er,e€t.{, r'nosfr al
$
i! enos up os tsrrv.cA €-nerxu1 Fh.rt qo* e-xhc"$.sV qs heolr hho l-{'e. envlranrr:.rrf-
!X: ctvuctrl Fne uxrbrop Vk$ ncrrurcA TJrcce-sses in qour bd.1 c-r'erdas
_ Eyrerqq larve1 Uour bd ,{vo6q{
N 'tb
fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otAerl,
otqero
lec.tves
o.t"
{t HFq T*T,q
toosE :I$'R-enttoq
r*r ol
ujeli
(oop1 .r.pon rol Fhe €nvirLnry*nt .H.c^t
nnctlfes o)r ,e -o.ncl *t t,te- j,SsibP

13. PG,
CI+ [z', I'tcrer
-t) Gc^S: Q Sgslern in rihtoh eqdr lccrrhoe rnoves fted1 through :pace r.r.rrbi , dh
6cccrs(on, il_ cordes tuiHr onoYher pcrrHcle or' the uq o$ ils c.on!c.'.r'oer
Lvlud: r.o ecrk bcrnds pe.r..tiF rnotr'on,ovriq t-e.-eptn1 *h e- pcrrh^oes c-os(
)
e*t"or
a) Sol'c,l: A rrqrcl-sad h<:s cr. cleGnife etscf9 ard ec^n te- .ornpressed e)r
deh"t'"d on'l1 s,grt{1 ,. f c<.rns ss .S e,o'n3 conn e,c}€d epril- Iitlo
rnoe<.rr"c,,.rr 6o13.
Lrluiot: gcr-rt'tdeS hc.-ye- goc-c.J<- U"r.tcls !.l.cJ.i-
CnoSt 'tsre c-ose- toXe.t+^ec fl-e
Po.rhLes &re rn fASclOrn t Akee,p
fnohon curd inferc.t-c.H.{
"n
q;-,.::) crrn side c^ro.:n. ec<J
pcrrtr'cle.s
e€ts'rc c-o i sicrns -? oter,so tte- q,,,id c<r-r'r Q.r.*r
.: Sat id : fe Pc.-rf'k-e-S a'<-e-
-) rffi q-a ne'q-.ts€.4 b re-c.F't d1
6h +'+ slrinS- izsoncls
w
ffi
( f* e."rrpg = l4xrb sn)
Airannt'c- N{e1s S r A t-ocnic- Hc!q> Nornlsrr
.Atornf e nocrSS Nurnbe-c (p.) = * prohcns'+ nerrtr-orns (n= b t(c =tz)
Lt ('tC)
-ri!t<rr cr$ c! ecrAin5 sobscrtlol c,h &f.e crJn5rnc 6qmral
tnC,
fcrdioc,c!-ive tsoiole used 9zr. ccrrbon dofrnl , !rc.,,3 b prohong+8ne..,tnu.
'Ato-i. mc^ss LrnftLly) = t.t t x lo tt .q
t
LadeFerrnrned bl ,T--Zcr Cercrc-r-1) *t.")= 2vr
' !4h>rntc- nncrSeeS crre, Cd lefl hecr1 e1'.rcr.r fo .dr gvto.nniC nur^er LA)
tt1*, ,"r;r'lt A- , is tn- l,bOlt..)
* 6r t-hiS h6k, juSl USe A cr-S t{,."- vaue of U"- olrtirnts rnv-5
-F{oe-<r,r"crr t{c^q = 6urm of }-he- cr-tornrc- fn(.rtsses o$ te- o.J-crns forntfnl
fhe motecrlJle
ettl rn(O.) = 2*,('cf) = 32cr
'A lln e)efnenfk, crf,crcnE nr..crgS nur"nbay is Netr t*re 6cr.nr,e crq s Cr'Vornre-
numoar " q!omts,, ttumbulSives t-ne- dementS positioct tn thre- 6ricdic k$t*)
ig !V,e CIr.irnber- ol locol-onS

14. 7
De& nihbn oF .eth. t{oe P6.z
1 rt*rt" of
tshgfcrnce,a-bbrevfc,.tecl 1 rnol., r's G.ozxloz3 fa"rorc- pc,rhcle5
(1 rnde oF rncrf}et ,s ft" a*novnt= o$ et-lLstc*ne€ conlcuninl arS *"1 bcrsrc f^rhttes
os lh€re Gre in iz 3 o$ ''c)
'{'{onatorrrtc Cnc,-s'. (e-x'. tirr9, l-he- bcrstc- por-h+cle rs te he-tum c^borv
G.oZ rrfg he-it,..n c-rlurnS c,re. t r',o o$ he-iurn.
-Dic^tO".ric Gac.S', (e-6r Orql&rl, of bcrsic- pc'-rtr.c,e- = OL
rno cXqyn gcr"S ,'<irrrrr'ns G.O?-x(oz3 rnbecr.,rleg "l& O2 c^rrcJ Ytr'.r,S
2 (G.oazr lo"t) 'ox11rrr cr-torn6
AvoXctdros Nurnber !S^) : Thq * of hac^trc pclrhEes per mole- of subescrnc-€.
Nn=G.OLx1OtS nnol-l
!- l-turnbev- oQ moe,s (n) oQ cl. surbsY<rnc€ c.onkrr'nrinl
f= Nn N bc.r.6rt- gc*r-r.c)eS
'Nt.:t"*.- rncrss (Hr"ol) eb ae €, sobskn(c rs Hne- rnoas n €nrcrrns -S
I mo of aobsyunc-e ttC
O+, Hne mocr - wrusg o( €. is Hrr.,",t (ttC) = l2g/ rno
[U oa"tot3 shr>rrrl
oSN ) fnoles at c^ sclbelrrncg in fervns oS ihS rrras5.
Ex Z.t'. Deterrnintnl quc.-nHes o$ oxq?-
-A 5,16ern c.r>rrtc^r'ns oo1 og *fy-rr. !b,^t mo{ rnoss cAoeS i$ cantt^r'n? t*o,*. Yncuy
Ox11cn (O r) H"i'-r = Zg/i'.al Ft'..* rvrdte. cavrtcJnS Na mote.cur.*,, =-l**W$tf?
n=!X{p_== 3.125 rno d 1. n,UR = 3.lLS ,L.ozxto'3*;t = 1.1;pzq.,..recutes
v- rv.o
Vounne (r"t)
t'l-hg crrvrc,,-tr* g$ sp.^ce lhe eqtbenn occqpir$
I rnt = tou.-3 uiter = i ooo -*3, so r",t= 03 L
(^ mrllililer (mr_) iS lhe so.dne c6 .Lcml
lZ. 2 i'Ihefmc^t &pc^-nsion
nc-re-ereeS l+€- vo[urn& oF c.r) oQics-F c-LS fe.nnpeac.br.re- rtncres.se-5
'f hecr- Cs Frc.nr$erreA '-o on 6[ecl-, tK fkfi.
"AY</ltpu*t*xF;aH'?"'r"*10:;ilhk'
tt'''rfher c*'c^rt'
ard ttxher speeds m.ve
/ r, I ) I I I -B.trcS c^<-< "Gfrehc]rec' '. ncrec^ses l+re-
lVoluincl I L/
Tennp. T; I Volttrne v+ I o dtstc,.^c-e blto c,$orns , Eo bhe cu"ue
Te-rg. G lournet inerecrses t.l g
Voume 'llecrrre{ 6rP"nqi.^ '
AV=(3ViAT fo. rnost 6rrbstunceE, AV=V+-V; ia inecs1 rc-c-tcct tD v!.,<-
co9tfide-r"vh eG -it
lliro;"g*l* tt:rt;:i[t o"r"rcJs oq the- ncrhr.e, of, rr"€- bonc]s. in cr r.r-*e-rio])

15. 7
Linecr-r Th<-rrncrl Ftgccnsion I P(is-
A L=3 Li ar A6 o, solrd's oltrme 'ncf,ecrs€S, ecrc-h o0 ifs ltnecrr
A constroF:Ccie(f,i:r'enf of Wt- erF:rfitlcr-l dirvrenSdors increcr8eS crS roel.
'The- ex?reaaions for lhermc.l elpan6fon crre onr{ c'-pfroyirncrh€ e+precci<rts, }-hcf
Apgll over c^ irni.lecl r"*r? 6$ |eryrpercrlweS.
"Ef.Pirt'ccr- Brrn,..,re^t: l-hrl're er So€l frt fu m"c.s.,red clc*cl, b.t| Fhel clonf
g
"t tcurO L therc- crre, rncrfc.rrb! ts{'.<r} cJc'
fegfe8en| Crnq [rrterltlinX fr^r.tdotnent UOT
eoq to.:--.q. ei+her .jlc.Jhtc,r.S
:ta^r*e t2.3,, coefGic-ierrs oF Line..--
*(r<-r) Btr.-l)
sr.r.bsf<rnc€ L r.., ec^*- V",^rn.. otvrn€ -lhermal e+po-r'eion a'l-20'c
' Arrntnurn Z3x O-u (s 1 n to'6
.6lc.ss lxl6*c Zl x t0-b *,
e.iquid
' lron ot 3lee- Lx10:L 3G xro-b r3
' Gncrele tZxttfu SGrtob I t,- ll -dr
l'aJ
' alct$o
Efhql
. rlqrter
llC0x tot
2tO
It.!
x ltf
l-
l€
l) la
rt"
'/1/ri,
' Air(*.a oflner Gs,s.s) 3t{6rtdk tE .5'i
r-r
-2 o L q E9tar<1rz.s!!)
1a569<rc*hsre- ('Q
-Vcrriatr'1oq<]F-I{.,,e--v-oT
i.,.) til^'le,fnPe.fc&Y.r.ce
f'he €g*ce Nenakr ct steel .J1osq1r1cr$r'crr *orrrer th 6ec^|t.J</ is lt0rrrc-ters oncr
-The- hrr'gh+ ol
O"c ,^rinVJ d.cq. !f6oo Yr,vcln Fc,tlter is rT on c-{- ho} Surnrner cicg{ toVrarnr t<rnp = 3O'c-J
AT= 3o<AL="ILIAT --
AL= Lz*to-cla-').trc-)CBor.) Au= o.O(eS r-, .L.L,
r Spoce Needle is Q.S<-nn tc^lte- in l-e €clmher , taLE^. he.igVr- = 8O.bG5rn
Con..fh.'", l-]1t2.l I t,)h,f happens to !e hote ?
-A rr€.tal ptc,,te krrs er slrc.ulcrr holein i|. As the plcute ls he^rec, doe8 lhe hote get lcrrrtrr ocern<-rltr
*" lhe siee oF Fhe hok EXPAkT DS <-g the- gc'...e. e-x pc.nds
n.re..gg
lffi*
l-.,-:-:;l Temgwrtr.rre
* Put thQ-ld of a 6k.ssjc-,.r order verl hcrh rp<^Fsr tt'er1
both bc-it the stee- 1id- <ird lhe 6ge,ninX ic. $.e- tid
_e'lgand,
F'qure- 2'5(c;):
th6t $S over {he g<reS jc,!r-'e.npcrrrcls br.1 more Vhc^n hq
Skrss .c{r. fhe lor id uliil be- oqgr, c.rd con be- moce.
J
AS |V.e +e.,ciP.
t8.o
necrrs O'i. e*Sl[ ae-n v:vecl '
o2 'rrcrker bg3fnS
to e.y.p11d
-o .)
t'.ort 6tgYrF1 snce. th€.
€J q)crher iS coe.l Sgecl'ot Properhes oS Nc^"tser crnC ee.
Vl o) K.ti tt / /-64ow 1o< S,s"t+€f r^rcr.|er
.ttJ*- .or-l
ue<.ooL' n&st.r,tts inq - A rettrF of, te cx.,."Oe ctigtribrh'on o-n H^e Woer.44.,g/
"z
o/
trrreCrR "dn Vo,+me
u.thtcrh ce,lerrn tnes hot^r neclrbl molecrileS intercrol o{ ect ot{"
e.
5
.olb
'o t.os -> As qrcrber c1pffoc11hs H"e keeeioX goin mc>e<.LLeS benin hr hrwr
ctusYers ll'rc*t alre rnore €hronqtq I'aonded, Hao mocgr.eS rSw.rsl
dlL-"rr^t s1l 6,Ioit g.itUrr-'a+erf+ 'i6 F'"ni eir-rr <-utie.rs,-vnerr4i6qv l
Temg<rer.fu,e('c) voturne-tnLrerraes,. Aeeet'rui' +he t+]eter nasrrlts tn <rrr €-rren
<irer.r-er i ncrer.xse- r'n veufteJ-> tc-e (sord) is l,oss de.ngc S'cr.n
Y^r + .e.r (i c1u ro) o.nd $<rcd6

16. fq.q-
'(ac^ses diP$er ho- gdltds or trlcluids in lhc^t lhe^1 c,re. t'hjht1 Cornpestible
L> pt gqs ccrrt expond or conlrcrct not- ontl ro res?on€ io ie*igetof.r.e,fo,-rFc.,lto
lu Squeeanl the p.^rhqeS .1.rge.r logerher or 7'*ldng *harn f<,.rWr c{Pc'*.
l(fnehc Theonl: J
The e-xpqnrion o$ ?rogectres at the of
ffrS os cr ,JhcE fn lerrnS rcudornllmovinl paHcle
Terngerctnr.re
"Te-9q-rcditJre o$ On {deo, Aa-a I'n ferrns oS Hne wroh'ovq o$ tndivtduol ?""+c["S
o{ F{^. 8o.s.
' 6rqt Hnough di[€<rgrluoecules hove diFerent sgeecls, we c-crn de$tne- c.rr o.vercrqA
"V'*s =J@.^u- u:he.e (v'h,r"1 is $he ovg o+ +;;$J.-#'d
'.il^e
o't fhc- rmlecrrietr velocih'es- (rrn$= Y66F- il,.cr.n - Sc{u.G tr-€.
"g ".4)
l ou* =lttntv =)rn,j.-.'
-,
Tl,a Ay3 <Y.,ehb- e-necSy of the i.^s porhc-e3 in texms oF l{re- rrrs seeecl
k ".,,q=* <*f (au = l.SE' to*7x
, is the Botemc.nrlg c.rat<,.nt
b €' direr-$1 gropochoncJ }o !Le. a-bsoui€ {ernperot^re. CT)
'Te{np ercuhr,re rn<cr'Eu.res the qv€.c4tr- ki ne-c *re.01 aF tlne. pcrrht le.s
in o, StlSlern
XTP-rrrp K tnhmcte1 eonnedred to l{.re rcrnr<Jom rnohons o$ the pc'.rhtles in
, hhe
TOSil
Pre.ssr,lre nef furre <rS
The- Qr..e - h: - a-r€-c raho [E), i"a"penc]enF o$ 'l-he- EurQrce., ec, rsed b,1 lhe collrr'ons
o$ [he g".s gc.rhcls u ith {he u-:cr,lls ol c. contc^r'ner.
; F "PreSSur€ is q. sccdcr quo$ti
['=[. 'Gos e*er*s o.. €occa -tr rre3ni]ude (p=p"A)
,| fre56ur" *urril -or*ffit ::ffi":**"^, is rss,-* vn. ecs ere-rts
G Rrrcg on o. 6qcft>cc.
(ve.q 6rncr-, t^suc^,lr^a pressures fn <iopc^sc.-ts), olhu-,^e 1Wc^= 0[0Pa
, fe
-rh" &,1 PusccJ=
tPa: t it'
rvrarl be luite lorrlt' b"t if Fe1 excu-l1
b."ffil"t-n$."*t#
(r'tl" ol.l €orc-e ot t€- 6srftr<€ aS lour l'"d,{ d,.r.e trc l-lre press$re & il'*-
cYrtncsgh€re- rs sver t{o,oco poundS,rbul i}s bc.Jqr,<.e-d b.{ * *1"d
p re6srre- inSide our bodq pUhinq ouJk, J
. Ne| ftrceS Are exerkd ft'lere3 cr. ?resau,re- dtf{er<no Ap,
anttl
Fneh on a turgelcg/a F*t= F -F,
^tten
*PrA -P,A=Atp"-p) = AAp
oleo, oS A J

17. 7
lqs-
'DecreoBinq l-he nurnber cF rnolecules in e con[,ainer decrec^ses Vhe
pres.^re Be.o.,o. lhere ore fe-we" eolisians W ilh the wolts.
.nA pe.r$e.| vqcr^u-rn (p=Ofa) rs (rngoee,rbe blc ccrrrno,l- rernoe eerl rrrilecde
koon c^- regiorn o9 Sg.*re..
VcrCtturrr : (n p.c*cbice) rS gn encjosecl 6Pc,ce in tlhtc, P a'Io.rFrn
(usin3 P= OPo is +fun e' good ogproximafnn)
Mecrsu."ir.o P.ess,.^re
' *) pres-sure o$ Fhe c*lrnosphere (*osF irngcrrt<rnf pressure ftr ou" dai h*)
lhe- Vq,rr'es
t.ith o.)lihrde ond $lte weother, tuF fhe gobc,, e^verc*qa presaute-ql.!6€cr ervelr
1 Slun"c-l'c) Atmcsghe,re = 1 er.hrn = IOl,EdSPcr = o,3 <P..
'ln le U,S. to..-e is vnecrtr:red in Po.^ncS otncl o.recr, in slucxre- incjuS
Pressrrre fs o$ben poonds per f nz to. gsi) I c'.tr^ = L{,1 psi
'Gc,rute ?re.ss.r.. (P3) ie Fh.,e- pressere- in e-xcess oS- 1 c*n1
PS= P- c,-trn (r.r,.rst cretd ! a.-tm=lol.3<Pc. ho lhe r€{d{nc5 oT.^-
preggsye gc^uge ht fr'"€I the c.hEoti^Fe greStr-rre'(p)
ne,ecled b. rnost q^crrJc^HonS)
the
- Pcrh'ents tuFletio5 Cto"n de-cow,.gce-ss(on sic-ness c^rnl a!rr conc,i&ronS n"c*.{ bg
lrec*tec la er- hl"gerh*rc<- or,{ffn ohcunber ft.a uf oxqX,crr o.h qrecrter thetrr ofmr:a-
pherte pre€Er.ne. h qrhcria:J chcr.rrrl.er l,sir 8-t* ena qtctfes o$ dtosne-b<-r O.?S'n is fi'tfed
WilL ol..{ko^ {u cgtdfP pressr.e- a>f L-l fPc.. r,dhcr.t's }f,e trne.,t- on tr c,ltdefS -.1 3u!
A=ntrE] Z-le?c,.=ap
Ap F=lqZt-.zN
A=ir to.'rs*/z)' F = A'Ap F = Z<N
A = o.H1zm' F = (0,1.{e*"X21,ero p.,")
fror., Collistons b Pressr.rre. or,cl Fhg lcl€*t-Gs Lc.r*s
, [ncreqBtnl the Temp le<rcB toan ncrecrse in PreEure
L> ?c*rtic,e
{yn-ve c*}r higher epeec}6, fh"hiV tlne- wcds ry.ro*.e oFeq.ll msre- [orc9,
So {-hq-re: trnore presv}re
'Decrecr.tin lL. Voume- tec.cts b on Increr^Se in Pr.sture
L" Fto.e H.ealuent <,oi8on *ll te- rOC,r.S d' lt* <ocr.riqcr, clnd &htrS
fnore PresAuJe
'ncnec^sinq Vhe Number 6$ Pcrch'oeS lec^cls io c*rr ncrer,.te in PreEsuce
L" |.kf€-
"trrrttiluenf cothsr'ont uf l l-he r.rcilfs .f FLre conle.,.i.,-*-,errrd fhuS tnore. ?..sSwe
+Cotltstons in on ioecrl gos e<t#tg6o no e^,""11 ts osl in tf'e- <oision
1ire per$eoH1
thvr,, lhe porhefe rebo,.^,njS g.*" to-,*ral u:l its veod **Zd &o* V ta -V

18. " The F;3 erer-el d**1 c. <oteion o$ d,,,.rahon At is rec*!aA l"r k!.L
I
parhuels cv'drqe in momennd* Of ttro.,S)r At'APx = m(Vr)+ - rn (vl.);
hiit5 (V*);"=y e*ncl CV*)e : -V, he L*3 o.' Fhe FclrFr<le i6',
(n*-.-,;axx=Yn[vx)+- h(vri = -i"r zu
AI At
11lg Q:..e. oh {-he pe^r-h'cle is neXcrtive. blc- i] poinls to Fh<r tet+.
Ac<onCinl E d-l.1r,.l, $+€ wall erperienceS le eg,.l but ogposirc Force
,lo Ne'^ltern's
.Ii *. n*k'pilT*u$rp1
[-,'no fhe %r." op 1 <orision r]e ]ohr nunnhr N.o*
o$ corslons lhe^t ocr.uf, du*rir,<a t|'e h'-e to+exvc.I At. t[ lLrere- <'re- N p*hq,,eS
'lnor io1 ol s,g"od y in cr bo> oF vitu*e V, t-Vre- t+ o$ coisions i s',
t."ou = !$n.,a,t
'ncregei.,g t t+gc.rt'aes).'r tVc- siae- oF lher,oq A u.ri ncsecrse ..lcorr
'ncre-cr.Si",1 the- oQ {lne- box to Decrecrse the- Nc,orr [sprcads tLr. gcrrhees ouF)
N
'-f't1e Ne! 6rce :
on *-.he r,,aer"ll F.,e-r= N)co[ ttrworr)*s, =HV^"'ot)tH) - -V
rnutA
reg<rce V b.l VrrnS ond tUtc lhere c're 3 dimensk-,n.) 7. bl 3 I 6'rU lha} llne (o..o- ercrted
un tsh woft b.1 cl vc^st hurnbcr of cotrsicrns iS'.
Fne-r = *+mv._J.A
SlvidioJ tr^.+ b.1 A I F','net1 hc.r"ve qn elpre66tor. {or +Le prcssore- i n t{^'c- t."ti
f= P =
5 Y*u.-"'= e +tlnnl,,.r)
).nnv*at = c"v3 rine-ht- e,ngrtl per perrhue- fn q<-^. r Eo )
?= 3 Sk*
*The prestLre ol-an idecr.l qcrs degencs on jutt z tht,.q'.
0lhe number o$ pc,r|''c-qs per g|rbrc rn.i"r (N/v)
6 ftQ- o.ve-r"cr*c6r kinehc errex-X1 o$ the pc.rhrceS ( <c"q)
- pV=NkeT : dec^.^ g-s [-c.,.rrr Lve.roton t) Siondsrel Tgmperqlure qncl lr.ssur
tanis oS pV rs e11:ivaent +,r T t P"..m) (StP) = 1 e^Frn ?ress$re-
'fl= h JnkgT= n g.T I d,er^I-gc^S Lqr^r (vereion-z) crncl o'c
p,=xinrul tr,a',",r+= Gcrs crrrrsh-rrt ' (1 r''ol oT 8es e^'t- ETp r- z?'{LJ
PV=nRT
"p I Alotoule prees,.rre Lin vnr'h5 o$ Pc") ' R ', Gc"s Conelc,'lf ( in uni]s o& *.r.r)
'Vl Voume oFthe6crniw, or c.nk+ineroSqqs Lin u',ils "t ..t) '1:fa^fercr,l-ure [in units.g k)
'y1= Numt.- oF moles in rFhe scr.rype qe c.o6uiner o( tcrs
."$ c^ rnoq
--$B| .volvYn( ts oec*:gr'd b.{ 1 rnoc, o{ o-n tlecr, gc-S q* a# FreSture of lc,hn ord c lemg o$ o'c-l
q
l.*to^ = 1"0L3 KPct V= tn W)/p V=0.022t{ rn3 ( to3 u)
P= ^3'
Tt O". = Z1g R v = (t.oo *or)tr. sr Y*d .Cf,zt a k) V. ZZ.'{ L
n=1 rnol ot,3 q 52*

19. Pq.l
lZ.q I cler,l-frc^s ?roc=esses
L)Thg ideal -qF^S c,*^f Xro.rtcles cr connealrtrn blur {re gres8.rre, Volume-, crvrd tempercr}trre
s$ g qas. A"inq 1 o$ t-luse vcrricrbeS ccl.rses L or boFh o$ the othets to ehcrn$-
tt|,rs
" Prop*Jhes of ?ro.ess'.
' thg Quorrti d qlra iS Sxed. No Gr ls c^dcted ho o. rernovec) &orn +he- *rre"
' -Il.er. c we-defir'uc nihcA Slrl.e. The inhc,. vcdr..r.eS <>Q press,*re, lourne,
arrd ervrterqrre. crr-e deSigr.c*"te,4 pi, !'ir'IT
The"e c-,* u:e-a*a$fnec ffna Eh:,.,e , vcrues desgrc'ted ?+,V{,G
6r qoS.S in Secred conlqiners., ttte nuynlrer o$ moss (* oF moecr,rr.es) does llOT cJccrnl,t
ln lhc,.t ca5i,ss, the idecrt-qes lcrur c<rJn be roriben.. +S
=CI.R.: eonE$cqntT
Xhc vcilueS oF $g vorobles in +te fnihc"l ond S'r,r*l sfcrles are l-herr r<*hecl br1',
'Blc p cnd VcTp:f'- prVC.=S;Vi ,riha" anct Fca,. stEltes C,r, crr, idecrl q<..s
orr bc,t-h sicles o$tFfre {1fl- r r -
€cru<r$icJc r r.rle w6q1 qgg l{ ir cr se<-ed cootcs'ner- r
T
p-"tF*;t'*tf ffil[l**, levnsorc,rhrrs busr be- i"r ke-Nin
pI Dic^grc*rns
Ec.ch slate- oS cf idec" <a<s5 ig ferpre.se-nteci -> kncr,-r'nq p qr'd V, ctnd crssumi,
CrSePoinf <jf cA oV'dtC,tQfcMn gea1' 6 id k",o*ttl {tt- o.seo,te.d,
^ Lspe.cr'$es prcssside- crr.d, v&ucne-) <-onlc*i^e-c,
t 1ou coJn $r'ncr T-
I = lcxrt< T-= 3btX:k Ts= Goo l<
A pr6c-e-ss +hc!r cVrcrrrqeS the- qq5 frorn one Skrie o
Onb{+rer- is reprrraSerrH bq g $ic.ier-turq o? o pV c)'c.trc{.{/'y'
t (<-x'. he-c.tr'^3 i* or d.oyyrPretsstni it)
V t*r) C-onBtrrr* - Vcrutne P"ocess
6v; I
(bnstcrnt* PregEr"rre Proc-eSS
C,onatcrnh - Voluumq froce.sse.S tv+ * i)
b {h* vc.we of V doesn'+ crr*ntrl , Shor*rn cr3 cr vertr'c-c^, ine- i-t$ 4on t{re- pV clie,Xrc.r
&, lZ.6'.Ccmpuhnc+ hre presrure on c. Llo+ b.^a
*Tt,re- pre.ssu're fn a ccrr hr<- is 3o.opei oy G^ c.o.d Vnorninq rr)c.n l-hc- a-ir Fcvnp is o'<.
AS[€r g^g dc.{ {"{rc.rrns ug o-rd oriXh} €trn ghrheS on !he- Iotcrc,l< *"a, Hnc- lcrnp o[ c.i. tnticle- 4^e,
h'ne r.r.dno-S 3O'e, t Jkrc,.tts llne h're, pressuye cF fnrs t.rt p ?
Pilr =+.;-Yi- ?i= 3o'0 Psi t l'l'Jpsi f+=P;4.r+
Tr T p; =lL{,lpsi r;'rt sobK
I' = 0'C = Z?3 ( Tt = 3o"c = 303 < P+ =[q't,1pti X zra rJ
ft. L'l9,La pti - I.r.19oi
pP = 3{.1gsi

20. Contlc*rrf - ?res6ure ProceEeeS ( P+ = P; ) Pq. t
L: ffso ccred c^n sobc-,rrc- proce.GS
'HggecrrS crs a lrlorraonh^,l line on c. PV diaXrom
-tThe gcrs pressure ls delermfned by i+e requirement lkrt the
3c.s mu$,|- suggorh bofl^
fhe rnaES on hop oS the piston (qp6t{it cr const<.rr-dorrnun-rcl fur.e tl3 on trq?iston) crncl
fhe Air pres6inl inwclrcJ ( lt e erir erlso pr€sses dr:.^n on lhe pishn)
x-flnis p..s*.,.e is lnclepencler* of the ternp o€ fle gcrs or {}'e heiXvh oF the f,*ton
se if s{rrl1s eorrs*c,rrl crs on1 o-s l'{ iS trnchar,cttd tt
nnc.rSs fnCuinkc^.t'os e^ Constcrnt
p..se'.r.re in the c1incJer
Ex rz. com SA
-A qcs occuglioi 5o,C)cm" cl"l 60'e- is c-ooled qlF c.onstqnt Pressure r,tnt-i le. {-e.rnp is (O'c-.
Qhcril lhe Hn& vciume-? . t ?E3.K.-
Ti=bdc=3z3b< V+= ,f.v; Tf Vt = Eo,o.r"t t s4I,. j
'llq= l0'c = ZE 3 <r T'y V+ = 93.Kcrr.s
Const<^n - -le.rngeltr^rc- Pybceas (Ta 'T;)
bAss c.*ed, c,."r. solherwc*l pr<rcess
br.'. n piEton is beirg goshecl dor,'rn a comgress a tG, buF the qcrs a$ircle.r ts e,"rbr',e.rg-ed {n R
lc.rctt eonrrlnsr- oG qu;rJ helcl cr-t e<rnstcrntTeir?, l$ tt',e- pieYon is g.rshec aocll$, t{.4J
hecl erver*, +nons6el: thn*th +he tr:c*s -S lhe u{linaet u:i ke€f 'lre- gas c-+ 1!.r- sc.rs
lernp crs tlne q.rr.o.,ndin5 iqud Lsotnsrn*. cornpreesc.rn)
' S.r}6i.rrt c.. eXg^.5eoq : -Ihe- ravqfse. grae-tS, *sl the- ?ielbn gon-r:..1 guJed outs
'Bon c^nd V q,hcrn(g in crn iso+herrnc-A proc€Gs. As lo5 es Tr"r"'or'ns Stxcl,
?
..t '5 = ft Bf =
qgls!g5,t- *oH"lrrn: The qr<ph oF ar, lso$u.rrnc,l ?rbceRs
;$," il*"= o', Y^uur*" R€,c^h,o.*hip blw p a.cr V, +he Br..gh 6g en botkrrnc./
!-'u Pro@ss is a
perbocr
v1 v; soerrrg Eypev'rsion wouo rnove in lhe olgosile cJirech'on
Hn o,on3 {-tne- hlpcrboc^-
The occrHon oft the hlperboc,- de perrls on lhe vcc*€- of f
O* o,rceat corltsi<rnrt {-ernp *(D=4t!hes+ cpnsbcrr*r te-nnj.
- A gnort ek deeg brect-rh el the s,ur&rcq, ftti* hts un6s rpiv.r H'Ou oF cri.. He-ttl
Fc^V.eg e.
dercqds to e de4Hn e'f S.owr , tDhere l^q pressure ts t.5 c!hn^, A tis de,? , uJhc^Fb the volurn. oS
cu'r tn lhp snorthr-s lunqs1 Vt= Vi'P; Vt-(.{,t,c)(ffi)
P+ V+= 2.b1 L

21. ,lorK Pq.1
'AS gc.s evgc"ncK, tf does worK on cl-n obe-ct, F3* [s drre.io tlte qqs ?resstJre
'Jl rnaSniude- ot^ -i?t
Vee.p tlre o6ton
^ gc's in on
done b'{ isobc'rrc' in o!:rce. a-rl exltrn€^l
'xlv-
rlgos= p(vr -vi) = pnV 6rl-a tn(er Ue. E,c.-
g"t ory*i€ b qc,$
Wg*=o,r€cr Wrder lhe gV qrc-ph blw Vi cr.nd V+
AS lhe pfs&on fnoveto distuoce d,
the gcrs 6,.3 g'.rork E-",d
- 11,e q.ts
olurv.{ cfnr,Xrg
bq AV'd.A
'norcle. [.r" c*
$os to do wc.rr(, lhe- o[uvne lnLr,Et Clr"nxt.
Thus fto hrorK is done in a cont!un-- volurr,e proceas r
h've when o.; *;;"tnu'o)
b.,.t t)egc$irq (-"."i.3 wori. i dore oh t1'.e qc.O 6then lhe gas (s compressec) (AV.cl)
'hJgoS=PAV on$ c*ppies to conskrnt-ptestwe Proces8ea, Er a-n.1 oFher [ct€a.,| -ga.s
proceS, Yut cc"cucre the ar".^ under lhe p Xrcrph
'To Gilct,.crFe p'esEurernuStsbe tn ?o 656 yeL"r-rne in wl3. The procluci .,f
,rtcrrK)
Pc^ (?*, co,d tnt is Joole ( +he- u^-,nr'ts of wort< anrcl **g..4)
{g* it wor( done Bi tL'e sqSlern, whie Fhe orK W +hcrr apyears in t-[,e- lo 1c..,. ef-
Aurwodqrfrrnics is (-rlorK done OAJ H-re selsferrr . B,-,-f 4f =- Ug-t , So *& lsn Lo-r-'l
Qrrr be Nri+ten'. AE+t= Q- Wg*
"":St).,
1 o__ ..*J
& l2,t,.Fn"r,' the r^,",'k rtr-,e by o G".S --I t ,
-0,0lGg rol d$ ninog4n Tolcr^l |'l'le iaec.l-gcrs pra.r-ss sh<r,sn be)o,o I i 1*
^q)
hkl c,re lhe inihoJ enct fi'r'rc,rt tevngerafu,"s .f n"" qSE? I , {
V(c-r')
li)tb* rnuch ur.r6 s done tuj Hre g,.s?
f k:o,&o -la>
k:o
p; Vi= nRT b) nig..s= oLrecr encle-r pv S"oph
(o.oo"Z .n3),*zoo,oooTa) !(o.o.rcz-).zo,oooeq
0 11 = (ttqr,oo.rp*Xo.ooor d)
(o,olO0ro)(t.atY*o'r)
'
NXe"s= ''lo,oT + ?o.oT
Wgat= bO .O f
G=
[o,or oO r"or)tt.ar Y"or. r)
T+=rlb K

22. Ad iqb",t'" ?ro"..ss.s ?G. ro
Lt Rn iclecr-tos proeess in rqhteh no hec"t ehertl isfrc.ns$e-rrccl blur {de-
nc8
qnd the Envrronmerrl tl'us Q=O,
'L possible $c{s it- ccrn occ{^-rl
)-U" €qstern is thermctlll tnsr-rc*tr<dz prevtrrH.a hec.b t--crr,eSe-r
z)The Fro<-ess .rc.pge-ns foo quic-klt 6. c^ frc ns$er b occsr (ryroe| cotr.tt'.:o)
' Fl re.gid Corngression (Adiobcrhc csmgres6icn) dr ex?crrlqt.r, (odic^bc^h'L €x?crrsfon) oT .. tc^S
doesn'f ollour fime C*/fl"-t .|. .*ui., ,/
-t"
. Rqises tne l5*gerreture of g<*s Lowe*s t*terc.{,ure o8 6c.$
.l.I$es WorK, rg..er t"c'.n heatsr to Oncvtlr- l*re- sgecds oS t-he- moe.cr.,r,Ie8,
c*nc, Iurs ehc'nXl Hne- Tqrnpercr*trre
'.Fdrcrbcrh'c* CornPressic>Y" Q=O r sc A6+11 = - N$*= -
J.tu clo .*:crr( On $he- qc's b carnprcss i],ao Hne- trsr< aone -b Fhe go"S
rs negcrfive (Wgc.s-o).Thtx fl.,L F+r,, oS le gcr-S nc-re-crses Cte+6t61
crncl +he -Ieynp. goes up
bh Gpc,.nsioo: go-s. t-hqts does t^ror<* on a pitFon b1 e+gc..no,'5
r+ ad,'ab..hb"lt
(VrlX..s >o)'q€Jbs coder ttrf) os its Tt'urrrr. enertl decrarses [AE1'o)
t?
2
Pz
6 Conceptrrc" & lz.zl Adirbcrh'c eurves cn q p V d,'otrorn
+FV at*{rc.rn Ot c^
ffrS trnckrqoi,.l * i5o+krrrc,r compressdon&om pirrrt pr
Z. Rotlnhtl'ho.rl '.rlo,,td ilnegv J,5r.^- look i$ the ga$ uJere com?r€ts€d
la poinf
dacm F"nt 1 +D +{E- Sqrre S'norl PresEu.l€ bl . ragid vL
9d,ctU"^lr'c- corngressrbn?
tt
Pz Jhe cwvg of the qdrkrbcrhe r.r.".o".= $q feYnp. o[ the gcla cs the uror<-
?z qorprEiaign rhoves
from a-bver
,ia;[.TJii.A- +o-.'[Bh;rH4.
----- dorre- on the qos it frc*ns$rmecl in|o €u.'. Corsequerrtl$, t
G5SE:rn
- A^rve cr.rbs creross ihe- i66 i-harrnK fd ad on o- h,$*-F.r-F
fLgher r rsaFLrrm u)ht{ Fhe qcrs Pretsqr€ re.rraru-s p.
. -lhe $i..r vdurr€ k i* lf'ere$ore l*qN ldqn tfut for lle.
P1 , LowerT
v
isofurmcrj com?reaion.
vz tr
Spe.i&c Heert Lsq,,.u.' rs .)
Lrlhe cr.rvrcunt a$ hec$ t,,.r-.t rqi3e< lf.eTernp oS 1k3 oT sr.rbstcrnce- b1 1S
tt Dqends on1on lhe m..'.te-tcl hovn sghidn at oe$ i€"^ trcrele
the hecrt neectecl(o) to groclr-rce cr Ternp. c,hc^ncnL tAT) {t:r mc.ss [F) wi{r .r. age.rhc hec-r.F tc)
Q = H'c 'AT ( = t tte6o
ff"E q") Q = - (t*-p qss Dor^rn)
Bl" t1i %+C I ll tr^.t.eS hec.f entrttl to e-l.rc^rr1p +U,e- Te-rng. oF c^ sr.:oskrn<< rrr[ c. s^"caL
Yyy3y€,
Specit-nt- l,u-ah 'tf^errc {c AT oF o. aulbetqr.rrc- ro[ c'. snnc^, spec-ih<- h<sit

23. 7
Fe,.U.
6. lZ.?t6,'erttl f^. .,'n '. Fen".
-A 1ox3 stucf<rrt ccrfc,hes *1.'e $l,e,crnd is hoal +€.r.? increcrteS $tom 31.Ooc(9t,G'F) fo 31.o'c-(1q12op'
l{o.*l rruc1 e11eql is reluirecl }o vc^ise hrs boclults f"rng, f
Spec-iSL het^r oS the bod" 3'oo|g*'L
Q = H.c'ar Q = '1-1b0OO 5
Q = (ro <3)tsrcoT*u. r.zr<) a = tl,trlosT
Phcr8e Chc^nq<S
T:lonsk n{- c."S 'tVre 6qS}<-rn
TC'c) a.s iirom tcrjz. trqu,ct O 'lhe T"mp, Rxecl qb o"c{ot an exterrled pgid of }tmt
r€.ryrcLins
'[htS
iS fhe hrne intervcr.( durinX Ohrch llne- ice met16.
Skrm is As ils rne5, |he ce Ttr,(P'=Ooc- Gnd the iclurd r.rxr.er Temp"o"c-
trrerrninS
' Euen though+he qsrcrn iS ber hec*erl, tl'€Ter"?.doesni- br1,o tt
rise qfi+il ALL the tce hos rnelFstr,
Time
'Erte.g1 b- o.IdeA tb tV€- sn<tern it being troecl b brec^K
fs bonds H,l the- u>qr-!er- maes.r'es, Aiot the- Sorro oF +he-r*rc^.l<r
worrhi
Fro* sot ie -> Lilurct
0T*rn^0. o..h tohrch cr Pr' iF llne
q €aid = ?sn+ or
hn {-he @ (b"th phc,.te cVK,rqA)
fruibriurnl ftn1 omount o[ sottd con Coex,S- *l anul ernounl- oF Lrqurd
.PhcrSe
0b0c"u.s t.lh.rn a sqshem iS ob fhe melhnt or fr"eA€ point
'@ >lighHl , l-he €rrhre slgFem Soon becornes q Liquncl
, Eiqhtq, L[ enhre sqshern becomeS a sottd
@ Bt,^l l-he Ltquic tde GqS ?hc,se qnl curncxints o9 Lq,.rid cc^r| @ckic* d(
"."d cr.* Fhts Te.rnp.1 c*nc(
Gntl o.nnounF cF (naS
'As hec.$r ts aolded to lhe sqshern) +deRmg. skols fhe sctr''e. Added **11 raused f
brerot< brrts blu, the Uqu{d rvroecgt6, c-tb,,.rrh3 H^qrn [0 rnove iob Hre C6ri qtoSg.
-=
@1*1. e^| r,;,htg,h o Gc's becorneS e Liquio Cond<nso.hon Poinl oy
A l.-ruid be.connes cr Gc.g (iF E+n is ncrerfeJ)' Boitrlng Point
-S houe q Narrn soda th$ g.r^wrsh"+ocoo, woold i.t- be fnoreef*ec-frV{- ta' qclc, 5J oF i$io,ooher
'qo"t
al 0'C or 253 o urc$er rc€ qt O'C?
' Fbe Zt ol-qrr+er ice. ctf o"c- luai, ha^t 6* t^ri|l be hanskrrecl {rom +he scdc lo *.,e ica +<: .e)! i
trans{orminS lhe0'c- tce +o Ooc t,'q",b} t.:o.,ter.^ Hec$ uoit lherr be hentkdred b the iq'ord acr,ber.to rc^it€
i k^p" Thrs ,no* f*-, ulitl be rernrree.l korn the soccr, $ui$ l q tryer finol Ternp,
'lf .1ot 6qJ{ ,iquid dh Ot l"cr,,[ uli orrll b0 trcssfrrred G,"rm $'E g,ocl€( [r t+1€- u:a,[cr1 ra,stt l+refe'vri
oF t{rg ulqfer od b**"3 lhc.t d tl.e godfi, t.eSS E+q, (ernovd &rctn Pt-l. Uelqt hglrr G
Gncepbuc.J R lz.qr Es+ o- st.r.^> Boi.?
- tootre oooKinl pcrsfcr. gn FLr- SWelts ur€.ler iscrFcr tgour boi, UJi lne,pc'trr,, cod( rrrore elufc,k * luu
tr^rn up lhe b*Xe. on tlne gtuve so tcrf lhe ,,,s.r<r [s of a. &.s,t b-i ?
uhher boi[t ah D'o; no rncrrter how vlprax i]
borig,lls-Ternp is k'torffi_
HLI|gprO*e $r^,#K
that aeerrntneS Vuo 8S+ te crrokrq3 occ.q5i ACAir{ h{rte &stcr ror,hgdi"tl'dt?,w urltt nor a,'l--orvl **[
^irg*u