1) The document discusses the generation of solar power in the US and the technological, economic, political, environmental, and social issues involved.
2) It describes how solar photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors work to harness energy from the sun and convert it to electrical or thermal energy.
3) While solar power provides a renewable source of energy, the high initial costs of solar panels have limited their widespread adoption in the US compared to fossil fuels, which remain the primary energy source due to being more cost effective currently.
The document discusses solar power prospects. It notes that while solar power production is growing rapidly, it still accounts for less than 1% of U.S. electricity output. Solar is among the fastest growing renewable energy technologies but remains more expensive than conventional sources. The document explores when solar power may reach grid parity and be able to compete with other energy sources without subsidies.
The document discusses the history of solar energy usage dating back thousands of years, as well as recent developments and predictions for the future of solar energy. It notes that the sun has been a source of energy since the earth was formed over 5 billion years ago. While early cultures like the Greeks and Native Americans utilized solar energy, the first modern solar collector was built in 1776. Recent decades have seen growing investment and installation of solar technologies driven by policy incentives, energy security concerns, and growing energy demand. The document also explores socioeconomic, political, technological, and educational factors that may impact the future development and use of solar energy.
This document is a feasibility study examining whether municipalities can mandate that new residential developments include solar photovoltaic installations. It contains chapters on the history and operation of solar energy systems, regulations around electricity generation, case studies of cities with existing solar ordinances, a cost-benefit analysis, and recommendations for implementing a solar ordinance. The study finds that requiring new homes to have solar is feasible and provides benefits like reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased jobs and energy independence, lower energy costs for homeowners, and progress toward California's clean energy goals.
H.R. 2774 seeks to increase funding for solar energy research and development through grants administered by the Department of Energy. The bill aims to make solar power more cost competitive with fossil fuels like coal by focusing funding on improving solar thermal energy storage capacity and increasing investor and political support for solar. The summary provides background on the current state of solar technology and energy policy. It explains the motivation and goals of H.R. 2774 to support the development of solar, especially concentrated solar power, as a more substantial source of electricity in the United States.
Former Ambassador and head of the US delegation to the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, Stuart Eizentstat, Partner with law firm of Covington & Burling LLP, delivered the keynote address at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. View more info at: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems: Market Trends In The United StatesIJAPEJOURNAL
This document summarizes photovoltaic solar energy systems and market trends in the United States. It discusses the basic materials used in PV cells, including silicon, thin film technologies, and organic materials. Grid-connected solar capacity in the US has increased significantly in recent years, especially in the utility sector due to policy incentives. Total solar capacity currently under development in the US is over 16 gigawatts, with utility-scale solar projects making up the majority. The document analyzes factors driving solar market growth in the US, such as falling costs and federal/state incentives.
Renewable energy realities in the united states finalDeepa Sanyal
Renewable energy sources generated 11.73% of US energy in early 2011, projected to reach 15% by 2035 if federal subsidies expire as planned. In 2012, focus will shift to state policies like renewable portfolio standards as federal action is unlikely in an election year. Key federal incentives that support renewable projects expire in 2012-2016, so the industry outlook is cautious without extensions. Solar continues advancing towards grid parity while targeting new applications, and geothermal and biomass also see some growth potential depending on policy clarity.
The document discusses solar power prospects. It notes that while solar power production is growing rapidly, it still accounts for less than 1% of U.S. electricity output. Solar is among the fastest growing renewable energy technologies but remains more expensive than conventional sources. The document explores when solar power may reach grid parity and be able to compete with other energy sources without subsidies.
The document discusses the history of solar energy usage dating back thousands of years, as well as recent developments and predictions for the future of solar energy. It notes that the sun has been a source of energy since the earth was formed over 5 billion years ago. While early cultures like the Greeks and Native Americans utilized solar energy, the first modern solar collector was built in 1776. Recent decades have seen growing investment and installation of solar technologies driven by policy incentives, energy security concerns, and growing energy demand. The document also explores socioeconomic, political, technological, and educational factors that may impact the future development and use of solar energy.
This document is a feasibility study examining whether municipalities can mandate that new residential developments include solar photovoltaic installations. It contains chapters on the history and operation of solar energy systems, regulations around electricity generation, case studies of cities with existing solar ordinances, a cost-benefit analysis, and recommendations for implementing a solar ordinance. The study finds that requiring new homes to have solar is feasible and provides benefits like reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased jobs and energy independence, lower energy costs for homeowners, and progress toward California's clean energy goals.
H.R. 2774 seeks to increase funding for solar energy research and development through grants administered by the Department of Energy. The bill aims to make solar power more cost competitive with fossil fuels like coal by focusing funding on improving solar thermal energy storage capacity and increasing investor and political support for solar. The summary provides background on the current state of solar technology and energy policy. It explains the motivation and goals of H.R. 2774 to support the development of solar, especially concentrated solar power, as a more substantial source of electricity in the United States.
Former Ambassador and head of the US delegation to the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, Stuart Eizentstat, Partner with law firm of Covington & Burling LLP, delivered the keynote address at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. View more info at: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems: Market Trends In The United StatesIJAPEJOURNAL
This document summarizes photovoltaic solar energy systems and market trends in the United States. It discusses the basic materials used in PV cells, including silicon, thin film technologies, and organic materials. Grid-connected solar capacity in the US has increased significantly in recent years, especially in the utility sector due to policy incentives. Total solar capacity currently under development in the US is over 16 gigawatts, with utility-scale solar projects making up the majority. The document analyzes factors driving solar market growth in the US, such as falling costs and federal/state incentives.
Renewable energy realities in the united states finalDeepa Sanyal
Renewable energy sources generated 11.73% of US energy in early 2011, projected to reach 15% by 2035 if federal subsidies expire as planned. In 2012, focus will shift to state policies like renewable portfolio standards as federal action is unlikely in an election year. Key federal incentives that support renewable projects expire in 2012-2016, so the industry outlook is cautious without extensions. Solar continues advancing towards grid parity while targeting new applications, and geothermal and biomass also see some growth potential depending on policy clarity.
China is dramatically shifting its electricity sources and will surpass the US as the world leader in electricity generation capacity by 2015. This is driven by large investments and rapid expansion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as continued reliance on coal. The implementation of smart grid technologies across China will be a major factor supporting this transition and is projected to become a $61 billion market by 2015. However, China may face challenges meeting electricity demand from economic pressures and needs to balance increasing clean energy while still relying on coal as a major source.
This letter from the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) to the Secretary of Energy discusses the electric power industry's plan to reduce greenhouse gas intensity through voluntary actions over the next decade as part of the Bush Administration's Energy Partners for Climate Action initiative. Specifically, EEI and its industry allies plan to sign a cooperative agreement by May 2003 pledging to reduce the power sector's carbon intensity by 3-5% through individual company actions, industry-wide initiatives, and with government support. The letter provides details on types of individual company actions and current industry-wide initiatives that could help achieve this goal.
The document provides guidelines for writing a newspaper editorial on whether the government should play a greater role in the American economy. It instructs the editor to choose a current issue, establish a clear thesis, support the position with facts and examples from research, and use persuasive language to engage readers while balancing emotional and factual appeals. A sample editorial is also provided on the topic of energy efficiency, arguing that improving efficiency in appliances, buildings, vehicles, and industrial processes through standards and incentives is an effective way to reduce emissions while saving consumers money.
This document provides a summary of the current and future energy scenario in the United States. It discusses:
1) The majority of current US energy comes from fossil fuels, with coal, natural gas, and petroleum making up 69% of electricity generation in 2014. Renewables such as hydropower, wind, and solar have grown and made up 32% in 2014.
2) Energy consumption has increased faster than domestic production over the last 50 years, with imports now making up the difference.
3) The report outlines projections that the US population will grow to 430 million by 2050, with a much older and more diverse population.
4) It discusses barriers to increasing renewable energy adoption such as
M6A1 Group Project - Alternative Energy Final - 20190616 ChristopherGibson31
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the top three energy sources are natural gas at 35.1%, coal at 27.4%, and nuclear at 19.3%. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by arguing that developing energy storage capabilities is key to transitioning to more renewable energy sources.
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the US currently generates the majority of its electricity from natural gas (35.1%), coal (27.4%), and nuclear (19.3%) sources. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by stating that developing better energy storage capabilities will help address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
This document discusses the contribution of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the solar energy business in Bangladesh. It first provides background on solar energy and its importance. It then discusses the current state of electricity in Bangladesh, including high demand that is not being met, leading to regular power cuts. SMEs have potential to help address this issue through businesses involved in solar energy, such as manufacturing and installing solar panels. The document examines the scope and advantages of solar energy business in Bangladesh, as well as government policies supporting solar energy development in the country.
Troy a. rule solar, wind and land conflicts in renewable energy development-...Ezequiel Soto
This document summarizes and analyzes land use issues that commonly arise in renewable energy development, with a focus on wind and solar energy projects. It describes conflicts between renewable energy projects and neighboring land uses, such as noise from wind turbines and shading of solar panels. The document also examines internal conflicts within renewable energy projects, such as wake interference between neighboring wind turbines. It analyzes different policy approaches to addressing these land use conflicts and argues that policies are needed to facilitate renewable energy growth while respecting property rights. The book provides guidance to renewable energy developers, landowners, and legal professionals on navigating the complex land use challenges of renewable energy projects.
1) The document discusses how access to affordable and reliable electricity has dramatically improved quality of life and public health over the past century. It provides examples of how electrification reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy.
2) Higher electricity prices can negatively impact economic growth and competitiveness by reducing productivity. The document argues for increasing, not decreasing, electricity consumption by making it more affordable and available.
3) Examples are given showing how rural electrification through the Tennessee Valley Authority transformed communities and greatly increased incomes and standards of living in previously impoverished regions of the southeastern United States.
The document discusses Florida Power & Light's plans to build large-scale solar energy plants in Florida, including the DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center. It notes that this solar facility will be the largest in North America when completed later in 2009. The document also mentions that Florida aims to become the second largest solar power producing state in the country through these solar plants. Additionally, it discusses small-scale residential solar energy systems and programs from utilities to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy.
New York City has aggressively installed solar panels to meet goals of producing 100 megawatts of solar energy on public buildings and 250 megawatts on private buildings by 2025. This helped New York State become a leader in solar energy usage, increasing its national solar power ranking from 12th to 9th. New York City overcame barriers to solar technology dating back to 1961 by updating zoning laws to allow large solar panels and establishing education programs. Projects like solar-paneled school roofs and a large solar energy system in Staten Island have already reduced citywide carbon emissions 19% and positioned New York as a model for energy efficiency.
Japan faces electricity generation challenges after shutting down most of its nuclear power plants following the Fukushima disaster. A new government is establishing a new energy policy that will likely continue renewable energy feed-in tariffs but at lower prices. Pilot projects are testing eco-cities, microgrids, renewable energy, and electricity optimization, providing opportunities for Japanese and foreign companies to demonstrate technologies.
This document provides an overview of investor owned utilities (IOUs) in the United States. It discusses how IOUs originated from Thomas Edison's inventions and grew through economies of scale pursued by Samuel Insull. Insull created vast transmission and distribution networks for utilities, allowing generation to reach more customers over greater distances. This enabled utilities to significantly reduce costs through economies of scale. However, the capital-intensive nature of utilities meant they needed high market share and revenue to fund infrastructure investments. The regulatory structure that emerged helped utilities maintain monopolies and secure steady returns to attract this capital.
1. The document discusses possible future energy sources as fossil fuels become depleted. It examines alternative energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear power.
2. While alternative energy sources have advantages over fossil fuels, scaling them up to meet global energy demand presents challenges like requiring large land areas or expensive infrastructure.
3. The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan renewed concerns about nuclear power and added enormous economic and human costs, showing the risks of energy sources like nuclear.
PLAN B NO BS - L. IV, III OBSOLETE CARBON Coal, and the Squandering of RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses strategies for reducing electricity usage through increased energy efficiency, with a focus on lighting and appliances. It states that shifting to CFLs and LEDs for lighting could cut worldwide electricity usage for lighting from 19% to 7%, saving enough electricity to avoid building 705 new coal-fired power plants. Similarly, it asserts that efficiency gains in lighting and appliances alone could replace the need for all new coal plants projected to be built by 2020. The document outlines additional efficiency strategies for buildings, transportation systems, and other sectors.
COULD THE SUN COMPETE WITH FOSSIL FUELS IN GREECE AND THE MIDDLE EAST?Fotini Maltezou
Greece and the Middle East - with their unrivalled regional climatic advantages - are experiencing a small-scale solar revolution demonstrating increasingly attractive economics that could prove to be a cost-competitive alternative to conventional fossil fuels.
by Fotini Maltezou, 2015
Iowa has seen explosive growth in wind and solar energy in recent years, ranking first nationwide for new wind projects starting construction in the first half of 2016. The state is also the top producer of ethanol and second largest producer of biodiesel. Visionary leadership in the past helped establish Iowa's foundation for renewable energy success today. The statewide energy plan being developed aims to maintain Iowa's leadership in renewable technology through initiatives like incentivizing wind and solar development and prioritizing renewable energy research at universities.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both solar energy and nuclear energy as power sources. Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not produce pollution but has variability issues and high upfront costs. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has challenges with waste disposal and potential safety issues from plant failures. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key factors to consider when determining whether solar power or nuclear power is a better option.
THE CHALLENGE FOR THE 21. CENTURY Day by day we hear more disturbing news about the “Climate Change” that is happening all over the world. More and more people are getting seriously impacted by increasingly strong and more frequent hurricanes. We hear about unprecedented droughts in one area while there is severe flooding in another. People are forced to leave entire regions due to desertification of the land.
China is dramatically shifting its electricity sources and will surpass the US as the world leader in electricity generation capacity by 2015. This is driven by large investments and rapid expansion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as continued reliance on coal. The implementation of smart grid technologies across China will be a major factor supporting this transition and is projected to become a $61 billion market by 2015. However, China may face challenges meeting electricity demand from economic pressures and needs to balance increasing clean energy while still relying on coal as a major source.
This letter from the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) to the Secretary of Energy discusses the electric power industry's plan to reduce greenhouse gas intensity through voluntary actions over the next decade as part of the Bush Administration's Energy Partners for Climate Action initiative. Specifically, EEI and its industry allies plan to sign a cooperative agreement by May 2003 pledging to reduce the power sector's carbon intensity by 3-5% through individual company actions, industry-wide initiatives, and with government support. The letter provides details on types of individual company actions and current industry-wide initiatives that could help achieve this goal.
The document provides guidelines for writing a newspaper editorial on whether the government should play a greater role in the American economy. It instructs the editor to choose a current issue, establish a clear thesis, support the position with facts and examples from research, and use persuasive language to engage readers while balancing emotional and factual appeals. A sample editorial is also provided on the topic of energy efficiency, arguing that improving efficiency in appliances, buildings, vehicles, and industrial processes through standards and incentives is an effective way to reduce emissions while saving consumers money.
This document provides a summary of the current and future energy scenario in the United States. It discusses:
1) The majority of current US energy comes from fossil fuels, with coal, natural gas, and petroleum making up 69% of electricity generation in 2014. Renewables such as hydropower, wind, and solar have grown and made up 32% in 2014.
2) Energy consumption has increased faster than domestic production over the last 50 years, with imports now making up the difference.
3) The report outlines projections that the US population will grow to 430 million by 2050, with a much older and more diverse population.
4) It discusses barriers to increasing renewable energy adoption such as
M6A1 Group Project - Alternative Energy Final - 20190616 ChristopherGibson31
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the top three energy sources are natural gas at 35.1%, coal at 27.4%, and nuclear at 19.3%. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by arguing that developing energy storage capabilities is key to transitioning to more renewable energy sources.
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the US currently generates the majority of its electricity from natural gas (35.1%), coal (27.4%), and nuclear (19.3%) sources. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by stating that developing better energy storage capabilities will help address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
This document discusses the contribution of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the solar energy business in Bangladesh. It first provides background on solar energy and its importance. It then discusses the current state of electricity in Bangladesh, including high demand that is not being met, leading to regular power cuts. SMEs have potential to help address this issue through businesses involved in solar energy, such as manufacturing and installing solar panels. The document examines the scope and advantages of solar energy business in Bangladesh, as well as government policies supporting solar energy development in the country.
Troy a. rule solar, wind and land conflicts in renewable energy development-...Ezequiel Soto
This document summarizes and analyzes land use issues that commonly arise in renewable energy development, with a focus on wind and solar energy projects. It describes conflicts between renewable energy projects and neighboring land uses, such as noise from wind turbines and shading of solar panels. The document also examines internal conflicts within renewable energy projects, such as wake interference between neighboring wind turbines. It analyzes different policy approaches to addressing these land use conflicts and argues that policies are needed to facilitate renewable energy growth while respecting property rights. The book provides guidance to renewable energy developers, landowners, and legal professionals on navigating the complex land use challenges of renewable energy projects.
1) The document discusses how access to affordable and reliable electricity has dramatically improved quality of life and public health over the past century. It provides examples of how electrification reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy.
2) Higher electricity prices can negatively impact economic growth and competitiveness by reducing productivity. The document argues for increasing, not decreasing, electricity consumption by making it more affordable and available.
3) Examples are given showing how rural electrification through the Tennessee Valley Authority transformed communities and greatly increased incomes and standards of living in previously impoverished regions of the southeastern United States.
The document discusses Florida Power & Light's plans to build large-scale solar energy plants in Florida, including the DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center. It notes that this solar facility will be the largest in North America when completed later in 2009. The document also mentions that Florida aims to become the second largest solar power producing state in the country through these solar plants. Additionally, it discusses small-scale residential solar energy systems and programs from utilities to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy.
New York City has aggressively installed solar panels to meet goals of producing 100 megawatts of solar energy on public buildings and 250 megawatts on private buildings by 2025. This helped New York State become a leader in solar energy usage, increasing its national solar power ranking from 12th to 9th. New York City overcame barriers to solar technology dating back to 1961 by updating zoning laws to allow large solar panels and establishing education programs. Projects like solar-paneled school roofs and a large solar energy system in Staten Island have already reduced citywide carbon emissions 19% and positioned New York as a model for energy efficiency.
Japan faces electricity generation challenges after shutting down most of its nuclear power plants following the Fukushima disaster. A new government is establishing a new energy policy that will likely continue renewable energy feed-in tariffs but at lower prices. Pilot projects are testing eco-cities, microgrids, renewable energy, and electricity optimization, providing opportunities for Japanese and foreign companies to demonstrate technologies.
This document provides an overview of investor owned utilities (IOUs) in the United States. It discusses how IOUs originated from Thomas Edison's inventions and grew through economies of scale pursued by Samuel Insull. Insull created vast transmission and distribution networks for utilities, allowing generation to reach more customers over greater distances. This enabled utilities to significantly reduce costs through economies of scale. However, the capital-intensive nature of utilities meant they needed high market share and revenue to fund infrastructure investments. The regulatory structure that emerged helped utilities maintain monopolies and secure steady returns to attract this capital.
1. The document discusses possible future energy sources as fossil fuels become depleted. It examines alternative energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear power.
2. While alternative energy sources have advantages over fossil fuels, scaling them up to meet global energy demand presents challenges like requiring large land areas or expensive infrastructure.
3. The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan renewed concerns about nuclear power and added enormous economic and human costs, showing the risks of energy sources like nuclear.
PLAN B NO BS - L. IV, III OBSOLETE CARBON Coal, and the Squandering of RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses strategies for reducing electricity usage through increased energy efficiency, with a focus on lighting and appliances. It states that shifting to CFLs and LEDs for lighting could cut worldwide electricity usage for lighting from 19% to 7%, saving enough electricity to avoid building 705 new coal-fired power plants. Similarly, it asserts that efficiency gains in lighting and appliances alone could replace the need for all new coal plants projected to be built by 2020. The document outlines additional efficiency strategies for buildings, transportation systems, and other sectors.
COULD THE SUN COMPETE WITH FOSSIL FUELS IN GREECE AND THE MIDDLE EAST?Fotini Maltezou
Greece and the Middle East - with their unrivalled regional climatic advantages - are experiencing a small-scale solar revolution demonstrating increasingly attractive economics that could prove to be a cost-competitive alternative to conventional fossil fuels.
by Fotini Maltezou, 2015
Iowa has seen explosive growth in wind and solar energy in recent years, ranking first nationwide for new wind projects starting construction in the first half of 2016. The state is also the top producer of ethanol and second largest producer of biodiesel. Visionary leadership in the past helped establish Iowa's foundation for renewable energy success today. The statewide energy plan being developed aims to maintain Iowa's leadership in renewable technology through initiatives like incentivizing wind and solar development and prioritizing renewable energy research at universities.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both solar energy and nuclear energy as power sources. Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not produce pollution but has variability issues and high upfront costs. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has challenges with waste disposal and potential safety issues from plant failures. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key factors to consider when determining whether solar power or nuclear power is a better option.
THE CHALLENGE FOR THE 21. CENTURY Day by day we hear more disturbing news about the “Climate Change” that is happening all over the world. More and more people are getting seriously impacted by increasingly strong and more frequent hurricanes. We hear about unprecedented droughts in one area while there is severe flooding in another. People are forced to leave entire regions due to desertification of the land.
Modern alternative energy sources like hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal each have limitations that prevent them from being the sole solution for energy needs. While hydroelectric currently generates the most renewable energy, it is not suitable in all locations due to environmental impacts. Wind generation, the second largest source, cannot match electricity demand fluctuations as wind speed varies. A diverse portfolio of alternative energy sources is needed to develop a reliable smart grid that can meet energy demands.
The document discusses electricity access challenges in developing nations, particularly in rural and remote areas with scattered populations and little economic activity. Extending electric grids to these areas is often the most feasible solution but is limited by high costs. Hybrid energy systems using renewable sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric power will play a key role in meeting future electricity demand in a sustainable way. However, power from intermittent renewable sources requires energy storage systems to balance energy generation with load demand.
Pilot Solar Thermal Power Plant Station in Southwest LouisianaIJAPEJOURNAL
Solar thermal plants are basically power plants that generate electricity from high-temperature heat. The difference between them and conventional power plants is that instead of deriving energy from gas, coal or oil, the sun provides the energy that drives the turbines. In this paper we will give a brief demonstration of solar thermal power and different system designs of solar thermal power plants. Then we will see the feasibility of implementing solar power plants in Louisiana which currently depends mostly on its conventional power plants which use traditional fuels such as gas, oil, and coal. This study was a part of a proposal that was funded by the US the Department of Energy to construct solar thermal plant near Lafayette, Louisiana. The power plant is currently under the construction and it will be completed by Summer of 2013
The document discusses opportunities for developing solar energy projects on abandoned mine lands (AMLs) in the United States. It provides an overview of solar energy technologies, including photovoltaics and solar thermal plants. Examples are given of large-scale solar energy projects installed at former mining and contaminated sites, such as a 14-MW project at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. AMLs are described as potentially excellent locations for solar facilities because they have abundant sunlight, large open areas, and existing infrastructure. Developing solar energy at AMLs can return contaminated lands to productive reuse while generating renewable energy and local economic benefits.
Overview of Renewable Energy Power Generation and Conversion (2015-2023).pdfssuser6f4a6d
This paper successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2015 to 2023 based on investment, power conversion and future prospect. From the review it was observed that solar energy is progressively taking the lead as the cleanest energy generator followed by the wind turbine since 2019-2023. It also detailed the overview of solar photovoltaic technologies, photovoltaic conversion Efficiency Enhancement and the solar photovoltaic generations
which showed that China is the most invested country in renewable energy followed by European union. From this paper it was clear that the renewable energy research trend has shifted to third generation solar photovoltaic (perovskites) and power conversion efficiency enhancement (Maximum Power Point Tracking). Perovskites as the third generational solar cell gives the best energy conversion due to its absorption coefficient, exceptional carrier mobility, high dielectric constant, tunable bandgap, materials abundance and as such recommended for solar installers and other PV designer.
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to rising and fluctuating oil prices, the author proposes greater utilization of solar and renewable energy systems in GCC countries. Specifically, the large investments in real estate could support infrastructure for roof-mounted solar panels, supplying some electricity demands and creating a circular power distribution network. New regulations would be needed to integrate these systems and provide incentives for homeowners, while also creating jobs and reducing environmental impacts. Overall, the rising costs of oil and falling prices of solar collection systems indicate renewable energy can increasingly compete with conventional sources in the GCC region.
The most vital way to take care of our lives is to take the responsibility of our own energy foot print.
Renewable energy plays an important role in the supply of energy. When renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels, non-biomass renewable sources of energy (photovoltaics, wind, hydropower, and geothermal) do not directly emit greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as : sunlight, wind, tides, and geothermal heat which are renewable (naturally replenished).
The use of renewable energy is not new. More than 150 years ago wood, which is one form of biomass, supplied up to 90 percent of the energy needs. e.
Now over half of renewable energy goes to producing electricity.
Solar energy is obtained from solar radiation and is a renewable source of energy. It is used to generate electricity through photovoltaic cells and for heating applications. Less than 1% of energy worldwide currently comes from solar, but its use is growing. The main types of solar technologies are photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. Solar energy has advantages of being clean and having low maintenance costs, but also has disadvantages such as high initial costs and reliance on weather conditions. Ethiopia has potential to generate over 60,000 MW from solar and other renewable sources.
The document discusses the history and benefits of solar power. It notes that solar power harnesses energy from the sun to power homes and can be collected via photovoltaic cells or thermal power. Solar power provides clean, renewable energy and helps address issues of pollution, global warming, and fossil fuel use. While initial costs may be high, government incentives can reduce costs and solar energy creates jobs.
The document provides an overview of solar energy, including its sources and applications. Some key points:
- Solar energy comes from the sun's radiation and more energy from the sun hits the Earth in one second than what humanity has used since the beginning of time.
- This energy can be harnessed through passive solar techniques like building orientation or active solar technologies like solar panels that directly convert sunlight to electricity.
- Solar energy has various applications from water heating to generating electricity and powering devices. It is a renewable source that produces no pollution.
- Technologies to capture solar energy effectively have advanced, making it more viable to harvest and use, though upfront costs remain high for some applications.
Solar energy harnesses the sun's energy and converts it to electricity through solar panels. It is an abundant, renewable resource that provides significant benefits by reducing energy costs and bills over time. The increasing use of solar energy in the United States has created a large solar industry that adds many jobs and has helped power over 12 million homes. However, further investment is still needed to support continued growth and overcome challenges like those presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The document argues that increased funding for nuclear energy development and waste management in the US would lead to a more sustainable energy future. Nuclear energy produces less greenhouse gas emissions than coal and can meet society's large energy needs. While nuclear waste and safety concerns have hindered nuclear energy, reprocessing nuclear waste, as done in France, could reduce hazardous waste from 3% to 97%. Increased investment could make nuclear energy economically competitive long-term and less dependent on subsidies compared to renewable energy. This would positively impact energy security but face opposition from groups like the coal industry. Changing public perceptions of nuclear energy is important to gain support.
Alternative energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, geothermal and wind energies can be used to conserve limited natural resources and avoid burning fossil fuels. Solar energy can power cars and buildings, hydroelectric energy can power small towns, and geothermal energy can heat buildings by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Wind energy can also generate electricity and pump water. These alternative energy sources provide cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels and help reduce pollution.
1. The document discusses using solar panels as an electricity boost for the Golden Gate Bridge's electricity needs as an environmentally friendly alternative to nuclear reactors and natural gas.
2. Nuclear reactors and natural gas produce harmful waste and pollution, while solar panels do not emit any emissions and could be installed on the bridge to harness sunlight.
3. Installing solar panels on the bridge would allow it to generate its own clean electricity from the sun and provide an unlimited renewable energy source without pollution or health risks.
The document discusses the design and testing of a holographic solar module system for powering rural homes in India. The system uses holographic planar concentrators to focus sunlight onto solar cells, increasing efficiency. It includes a PV module, battery, and inverter to convert DC to AC power for household appliances. The authors size system components based on a case study home's daily energy needs. Testing shows the prototype can provide up to 300W of power with over 94% efficiency. The document concludes the system is well-suited for rural electrification applications like home lighting and street lights in villages.
1. 1
THE FEASIBILTY OF SOLAR POWER
Thermal Design - MECE 4343
Prepared by:
SHAHMEER BAWEJA
ABSTRACT:
This document describes the way the solar power is being harnessed by various technologies for
several uses. The report also discusses on the political, economic, environmental and social
issues regarding the generation of solar power in the U.S. and their current/possible solutions.
Completed: December 28, 2014
UNIVERSITY Of HOUSTON
HOUSTON, TEXAS
2. 2
Problem Statement:
The U.S. is one of the largest consumers of energy as shown in Fig. 1
Figure 1: Energy per capita by country (World Bank)
The advent of solar power may decrease electricity prices, leading to decreases in tax revenues
for the government. Moreover, solar panels are relatively higher. There are other environmental,
political, and social issues as well.
Introduction:
All renewable energies, with the exception of tidal and geothermal, receive their energy from the
sun. Solar energy is one such example. It is radiant energy in the form of both light and heat
from the sun that is harnessed by various technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV)
panels/cells and solar thermal collectors. The harnessed solar energy is usually converted to other
forms of energy such as chemical energy in solar fuels, electrical energy in lamps and generators,
and heat energy in HVAC systems and pumps.
3. 3
The most common use of solar energy is in the generation of solar power i.e. the production of
electricity from the sun’s rays. The most common technology deployed for this use is the
photovoltaic (PV) cells (a type of solar panels) which contain a semiconducting material that
emits electrons upon absorbing solar radiation (the photovoltaic effect). The solar panels fitted
onto the roof of a house and their relevant labeled parts are shown in Fig. 2 below:
Figure 2: Solar panels on a house rooftop [1]
The semiconducting material on the PV is usually silicone-based and placed between two
electrical contacts. The panels need to capture the maximum amount of sunlight with the
maximum possible time of exposure to produce as much electricity as possible (Fig 2.1a). A
sheet of glass (Fig 2.1b) protects the semiconducting material from hail, the dirt being carried
over by wind, and from wildlife’s reach. The semiconductor is also coated with an anti-reflective
substance (Fig 2.1c) to prevent scattering of the sun’s ray instead of absorbing it. When sunlight
strikes a panel and is absorbed, it knocks off electrons from the top surface of the atoms that
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make up the semiconductor (Fig 2.1d). The semiconductor has opposite electric charges on its
opposite sides, permitting the electrons to flow in one direction. The electrical contacts (Fig2.1e
and Fig 2.1f) take in this flow of current (Fig 2.1g) into the circuits. Electricity produced via the
PV panels (2) is Direct Current (DC). Before the current can be used for powering homes and
businesses, it has to be changed to Alternating Current (AC) using an inverter (Fig2.3). The
inverted current is then made to pass though the building’s fuse box (Fig2.4) and then from there
to the appropriate electrical appliances. [1]
Another type of solar panels used is the solar thermal which harness the sun’s energy through
solar thermal collectors to heat water than can be used in washing and heating as well as
indirectly produce electricity. The collectors absorb heat energy from the sun which may be used
to heat the fluid that is pumped through them. The fluid is then made to pass through the heat
exchanger where the heat is transmitted to the water in the storage tank. [2]
Solar Power in the U.S.:
Solar power provides unlimited source of renewable and free energy for electricity for various
appliances within various localities such as homes and offices. Unlike fossil fuels, the widely
currently used source of energy for power in the U.S., solar energy is a clean source of energy
that will never deplete in future. However, since the U.S. has abundant reserves of coal and gas
yet to be burned, fossil fuels will remain widely used source of energy until they deplete as they
are more energy effective than solar and relatively cheaper per kilowatt of hour (kWh) energy
produced. Yet, solar power are increasing in demand as fossils fuel resources are diminishing,
and oil and gas prices are steadily going higher. As of 2014, the U.S. is the third largest solar
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market after China and Japan according to Craig Lawrence on Quora. [3] The Solar power is on
the steady rise, and there is an estimation that solar will account for 13% of the national
electricity generation in 2050 up from a predicted 4% in 2030; the amount of PV installed in the
U.S. grew by 485 percent from 2010 to 2013. [4] Fig. 3 below shows the increased usage of PV
panels from 2008 to 2013.
Figure 3: The Growing Scale of PV by U.S. Sector [4]
By early 2014, the U.S. had more than 480,000 solar systems installed, adding up to 13,400 MW
of electricity which is enough to power 2.4 million homes. Since, there is plenty of sunshine
across the nation in the summer such as in Texas and California, solar energy has the potential to
supply a rapidly growing amount of electricity that is both environmentally and economically
attractive nationwide. When asked, greater than three-quarters of American politicians chose
solar energy as the source of energy that the country need to emphasize on most. [4]
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Technological innovations and investments will continue to boost further developments of solar
technologies, improving component, generation, efficiency and installation costs. The
minimizing of undesirable environmental effects through solar power will be playing a part in
enhancing solar energy’s significance. The policies that recognize the importance of reducing
reliance on fossil fuels will boost solar generation in the upcoming years. [4]. However, as with
all technologies, there are several issues that need to be dealt with.
Economics:
Due to the reduction in technology prices, innovative financing and developing system of solar
installers and financial partners, the PV panels are becoming increasingly cost effective for home
owners as shown in Fig 4.
Figure 4: The Falling Price of Solar PV by U.S. Sector [4]
“Prices for the household systems fell by 29% from 2010 to 2013, from an average of $32,000
for a 5-kilowatt system to under $23,000, before tax credits or other incentives” [4]. The steep
decline in installation costs of PV cells and policies favoring renewable energy led to an increase
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in Global Solar panel production from 24,000 MW in 2010 to 40,000 MW in 2013. [4] The
falling prices meant that the PV panel are getting more widely available. This led to increase in
the number of consumers which led to an increased demand for PV panels. The demand created
more jobs for solar manufacturing and development as shown in Fig. 5 below:
Figure 5: U.S. Solar Job Growth 2010-2014 [4]
Despite these favorable conditions for the potential widespread use of solar power, solar energy
still contribute a very small share of total electricity generation. The relatively high cost of solar
panels is the major reason. Solar collectors, panels and cells are very expensive to manufacture.
They can be as high as $1000 [5]. Whilst solar panels are expensive per megawatt, they provide
free source of energy/fuel i.e. the sunlight is free. In contrast, fuel from fossil fuels have to be
generated through the use of turbines, generator etc.
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Political:
Before the first oil embargo in 1973, the U.S. Federal policy was designed to foster growth of oil
and gas exploration and production for power. However, due to arising needs for renewable
energy for power, several policies promoting solar energy has been developed over the decades.
The Energy crisis in the U.S. in 1973 and 1978 led the U.S. Congress to realize the importance of
promoting renewable energy production and funded research and development (R&D) for solar
power and others form of renewable energy. In 1974, The Solar Energy Act was passed which
recognized the importance of solar energy as an energy source with a potential to fulfill the
demand of the nation going forward to non-polluting forms of energy. The Congress continued
promotion of solar energy with the 1978 Energy Tax Act (ETA) which The Energy Policy Act of
2005 provided $250 to federal officials to purchase solar systems in buildings [6]. The 1970s
energy crisis led to the call for promotion and development in solar energy and renewable source
of energy. However, despite these investments, solar energy still rely on financial incentives
from state and federal government in order to be cost competitive with conventional sources of
energy. The USA need a serious federal energy reform that will put a price on carbon that should
reflect the negative consequences of these conventional sources of energy which are mostly non-
renewable and pollutes the air like fossil fuels. In order for solar energy to be cost competitive
with conventional fuels, continuous funding must be provided for R&D alongside the federal
policy that will put that price on the carbon. As of now, the federal tax code provide investment
tax credits for solar power. There are mainly two issues with current policies regarding solar
power. Firstly, the subsidies for solar power are not large enough for solar to be competitive with
fossil fuels. Secondly, these tax credits must be financed in some way, either through higher
taxes or decreased spending. The most favorable solution would be to impose tax on carbon
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dubbed the “carbon tax”. The amount of tax and the rate at which it would increase would
determine the competitiveness of solar power with fossil fuels. The price on carbon would make
renewable sources of energy competitive but in the case of solar power, unless significant costs
have been reduces, solar is unlikely to be “least-cost generation option”. [6]
Availability:
Solar power provide unlimited and free source of energy and that comes from the sunlight from
the sun which is estimated to continue to exist for billions of years. On the other hand, huge
amount of fossil fuels are burnt at a plant and the energy release drive large turbines to generate
electricity. This suggests a finite and non-free source of fuel for such a non-renewable source of
energy. Solar energy can even generate electricity in remote areas that are not connected to the
national electric grid such as those solar powered satellites in space. Installations in these areas
can be cost effective rather than laying down several high voltage wires. [5] However one major
challenge affecting the widespread usage of solar power is that solar energy can only be
harnessed when it is daytime and sunny; cloudy skies can reduce its effectiveness. The solar
resource is both “variable”, showing predictable pattern, and “intermittent”, showing
unpredictable pattern i.e. the output generated is from solar insolation which cannot be manually
changed and depends upon the climate and weather. [7] This “variability” poses a threat to the
system stability and reliability. The intermittency issue can only be resolved through advanced
technologies such as demand responsiveness and improved energy storage capabilities but these
come with an added cost. [6] Moreover, since the panels’ job is to absorb sunlight, they cannot
be sheltered and therefore, sudden, harsh weather conditions such as thunderstorms or gale may
damage the panels and/or reduce their efficiency. [5] The solar panel output is maximized when
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the panels are directly facing the sun. Thus, panels in a fixed location is a disadvantage. The
panel need to be of movable type, changing angles to absorb light wherever it sets upon nearest.
[8] The inefficiency of solar panels due to weather and intermittency can lead to greater space
requirements. Larger and stronger panels may need to be developed which is too costly for an
average consumer. The availability of land becomes an extra problem for solar power generation.
A large-scale solar project need to operate on a large piece of land. Several acres of land may be
required per megawatt of electricity that can be produced. For example, “Apple’s 40 MW Data
Center Solar Farm in Maiden, NC, covers 200 acres of land while 125 MW of Arlington Valley
solar project covers some 1,160 acres of land” [4]. The large areas of land are required to
capture the sun’s energy since the solar installations generate a relatively less amount of energy
per unit land. Increasing the efficiency of solar power can reduce land requirements. The
technologies for making the panels effective are already available and are expected to develop in
the coming future. [7]. Along with careful site planning, locating solar projects on degraded land
can help minimize the land required. For example, “47 acres of former new York Freshkills
landfill on Staten Island, NY – once the largest landfill in the world – is being turned into a 10
MW solar farm” [4]. As for household solar panels, these can be placed on rooftop which
minimizes the need for required space for installation. [5]
Social:
The solar panels require little maintenance, since after installation and optimization, they are
very reliable as they actively produce electricity without the aid of any mechanical parts that
could fail. The PV panels may not fail mechanically, however, debris and dirt can reduce their
efficiency. In case of unexpected failures, maintenance costs can be very high. Solar panels are
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silent producers of energy, which can minimize disturbances in neighborhoods where residents
have problems with repetitive noises [8].
Environmental:
Solar Energy is almost 100% non-polluting since gases or harmful products are not emitted
during generation of electricity from the sun compared to generating electricity through burning
fossil fuels. The manufacturing of solar panels may involve emission of such pollutants but the
PV panels itself never emit any carbon dioxide or other gases for that matter. Moreover, the
emissions from solar manufacturing plants do not matter to the people as these plants may be
located far from neighborhoods but solar panels located near heavily polluted areas such that
those fossil fuel plants can affect the panel’s efficiency. [5] The panels use water minimally
whereas almost all power plants that generate power trough steam such use large quantities of
water. The panels, however, contains material that need to be disposed of carefully These may be
hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrogen fluoride. The non-silicon solar cells
contain materials more toxic that traditional solar cells such as gallium arsenide, copper-indium-
gallium-diselenide. In order to keep these solar materials out of landfills, there have been several
developing recycling programs where End-of-life recycling approach is used. Many American
solar manufactures adopt this approach. Large solar project requires large areas of land which
means the developments of large solar manufacturing plants may pose a risk to plant and animal
habitats around. They can also pose risk to cultural and archaeological sites which need to be
preserved. The large plants also requires longer transmission lines which have their own
detrimental effect to the environment. [4]
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Discussion:
The solar energy advantages heavily outweighs its disadvantages. The solar panels employing
this energy are increasingly being used for residential purposes. This energy does not pollute,
neither emitting gases nor toxic substances in the process as in fossil fuels where carbon dioxide
is exhausted during burning of fossil fuels leading to the greenhouse effect resulting in increased
global warming. The greenhouse effect consequences are more serious than the toxic materials
that may be contained within the PV cells. The solar energy is available in infinite quantities for
an infinite time compared to the diminishing quantities of fossil fuels. Compared to this infinite
amount and time, the intermittency and variability of PV due to weather is negligible. The solar
energy is completely free to harness for electricity compared to the machinery needed to burn
fossil fuels to generate electricity. It may be expensive to purchase, install and maintain the PV
panels though but the prices are steadily going down due to favorable policies. The carbon tax is
soon going to make solar power competitive with fossil fuels as solar prices are going down. The
federal government began funding for the research and development of renewable energy that
included solar upon realizing the wrath unleashed by the oil spills and the adverse effects of
global warming
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Conclusion:
The future of Solar Energy usage seems bright in the U.S. Despite numerous issues with solar
power generation for electricity, the country possesses a key to a successful and prosperous solar
industry. There have been great increase in solar technology over the years that are bringing the
prices lower and making panels more efficient. Currently the solar cells can only convert 20
percent of sun’s energy to electricity. [4] This number is likely to increase with the increasingly
technological progress. Solar energy will the prime option once world’s oil reserves finish in an
estimated 30 to 40 years.
Figure 6: Solar Panels [4]
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References:
[1] "How Electricity Is Generated through Solar Power." EDF Energy. EDF Energy, n.d. Web.
27 Nov. 2014. <http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/solar-generation>.
[2] "Solar Thermal Heating & Water Heating | How It Works." Solar Panels Plus. Solar Panels
Plus, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/all-about-solar/how-
solar-heating-works/>.
[3] Lawrence, Craig. "Why Is Solar Power in the US Less Common than Europe? -." Quora.
Quora, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://www.quora.com/Why-is-solar-power-in-the-
US-less-common-than-Europe>.
[4] Rogers, John, and Laura Wisland. "Solar Power on the Rise." Solar Power on the Rise
(2014): n. pag. Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, Aug.
2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <www.ucsusa.org/solarpowerontherise>.
[5] Bratley, James. "Pros & Cons of Solar Energy." Clean Energy Ideas. Clean Energy Ideas, 29
Oct. 2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. <http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/solar/solar-
energy/pros-and-cons-of-solar-energy>.
[6] Skarboe, Bjorne, Chris Azeredo, and Nate Ehsani. "The Future of Residential Solar PV." The
Future of Residential Solar PV (2010): n. pag. Texas A&M University, 10 Dec. 2010.
Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://energy.ece.tamu.edu/solarprimer/reports/G10.pdf>.
[7] Baker, Erin, Meredith Fowlie, Derek Lemoine, and Stanley S. Reynolds. "The Economics of
Solar Electricity." Annual Review of Resource Economics 5.1 (2013): 387-426. Apr.
2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://energy.ece.tamu.edu/solarprimer/reports/G10.pdf>.
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[8] "Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power, Facts about Solar Power." Alternative
Energy. University of Minnesota, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.tc.umn.edu/~dama0023/solar.html>.