Shutter speed determines how fast the camera shutter opens and closes when taking a photo. ISO controls the sensitivity of the image to light. Aperture adds depth of field by blurring the background or foreground, and can bring the entire photo into focus. In manual exposure mode, the user can adjust aperture and shutter speed, while automatic exposure determines exposure without user input. Color balance and white balance are settings that ensure colors are accurately rendered by adjusting intensities and removing color casts.