Nanocomposites assembled with TiO2 and graphene were synthesised under solvent free conditions. The calcinated nanocomposites have been characterized by PXRD, SEM-EDAX, HRTEM and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. Nanotitania was found to be formed in anatase phase with larger surface area (268.2 m2g-1) and with increase in graphene content, the absorbance increased towards visible region. Their biological applicability has been evaluated by examining their anti-bacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC29181), S. aurues (ATCC6538) and their anti-fungal activity against C. albicans, C. rugosa (ATCC10231) organisms. It has been observed that the biological activity has increased with increase in % graphene from 0.1 to 0.5 and showed a steady decrease with 1.0 % graphene. Compared, to the anti-fungal activity, anti-bacterial activity was identified to be major in the present studies.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Lanthanum Doped Strontium Titanate as photoanode by Pechini method for...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on synthesizing lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST) powder via the Pechini method for use as a photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Key points:
1) LST was synthesized via a Pechini sol-gel process using titanium isopropoxide, lanthanum nitrate, and strontium nitrate precursors.
2) Characterization showed the material had a crystalline perovskite structure, spherical nanoparticle morphology, and bandgap of 3.5eV suitable for DSSC photoanodes.
3) BET analysis found the LST had a high surface area
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes research on the preparation of a titania intercalated graphite oxide hybrid material and its photocatalytic activity. Specifically, it discusses how vein graphite from Sri Lanka was oxidized to produce graphite oxide using Hummers' method. The graphite oxide was then exfoliated and used to intercalate with nano titanium dioxide synthesized from titanium oxysulfate. Characterization techniques showed the successful intercalation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the graphite oxide layers. Testing found the hybrid material demonstrated greater photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange under UV light compared to nano TiO2 alone, indicating its potential for applications in photocatalysis.
SERS of insecticides and fungicides assisted by Au and Ag nanostructures prod...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the use of laser techniques for preparation of advanced Au and Ag nanostructures on SiO2 (001) substrates to be applied to high-resolution analyses, namely, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analyses. The optical and morphological properties of the nanostructures are compared with those of the PLD thin films. The activity is tested of the structures fabricated as substrates for SERS covered by small quantities (usually applied in agricultural medicine) of the Aktara 25 BG (thiamethoxam) insecticide and the Dithane DG (mancozeb) fungicide. To the best of our knowledge, Raman spectra of Aktara 25 BG are presented for the first time. The study has a direct bearing on the human health and food quality by way of assisting the detection of small amounts or residue of harmful pollutants.
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on natural dye sensitized solar cells using TiO2 incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Hibiscus flowers were used as the natural dye. TiO2 nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles were added to TiO2 to create photoelectrodes for dye sensitized solar cells. The cell with 20μl of silver nanoparticles showed the highest power output compared to other cells due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles.
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Experimental Study of Electrospun TiO2 NanofibersIRJET Journal
This document describes the experimental study of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers. TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated using a sol-gel method and electrospinning technique. SEM images showed the average diameter of the nanofibers was 167 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both anatase and rutile phases of TiO2. FTIR spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to Ti-O bonding, indicating the formation of TiO2 nanofibers. The electrospun TiO2 nanofibers have potential applications in areas such as sensors, solar cells, and biomedical uses.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
This document presents a study comparing the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B azo dye using calcium oxide (CaO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. CaO nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution combustion method, and characterized using XRD and SEM techniques. TiO2 nanoparticles less than 25 nm in size were purchased commercially. Experiments investigated the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B dye under visible light irradiation using CaO and TiO2 nanoparticles. Results showed that the synthesized CaO nanoparticles achieved 97% degradation of the dye, significantly higher than the 7.95% degradation achieved using TiO2 nanoparticles under the same conditions. Further experiments optimized the degradation by varying catalyst concentration, pH, and dye concentration.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles for Antibacterial ActivityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles through both chemical and green (leaf extract-based) methods, and characterized the nanoparticles. Key findings:
- MgO nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and using betel leaf extract without any stabilizing agents.
- X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the nanoparticles were pure MgO with the cubic phase structure. Particle size was 18-25 nm.
- Optical properties analysis found the green synthesis MgO had a lower bandgap than chemically synthesized.
- Antibacterial testing against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria found the green synthesis MgO nanoparticles exhibited larger inhibition zones, demonstrating better antib
The document describes a study on the structural and optical properties of TiO2 nanocomposites doped with Si and Cu at high temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that adding dopants affected the crystallinity and particle size of TiO2. Si4+ doping inhibited the formation of the rutile phase, while Cu2+ doping promoted it. Photocatalytic testing found that 20% Si-doped TiO2 had higher degradation efficiency of methyl orange under visible light than 5% Cu-doped TiO2. The results indicate that doping and calcination temperature can influence the phase structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanocomposites.
Photo Physical Investigation on Mg / Sn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Gas Sensi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on Mg and Sn doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by microwave irradiation for gas sensing applications. Key points:
- Mg and Sn doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized through various techniques to study their structural, chemical, optical and morphological properties.
- XRD analysis showed the nanoparticles had good crystallinity and the dopants were well dispersed in the ZnO lattice. FTIR showed peaks corresponding to Zn-O, Mg-O and Sn-O bonds.
- UV-Vis analysis indicated the band gap was increased with doping due to excess oxygen vacancies. PL studies examined the emission behavior.
- SEM images showed the nanoparticles had
final final accepted-High temperature stability and photocatalytic activity ofnasrollah najibi ilkhchy
This document discusses a study on the effects of silicon and zirconium co-doping on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders. TiO2 nanopowders doped with varying amounts of silicon and zirconium were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized using various techniques. X-ray diffraction results showed that silicon and zirconium co-doping inhibited the phase transformation of anatase TiO2 to the rutile phase at high temperatures up to 1000°C. The co-doped samples also exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene orange dye under visible light irradiation compared to pure TiO2.
Zinc Oxide–Titania Heterojunction-based Solid Nanospheres as Photoanodes for ...Devika Laishram
Agile nanostructure architectures and smart combinations of
semiconducting metal oxide materials are key features of
high-performing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein,
we synthesize mesoporous solid nanospheres of ZnO–TiO2
with type-II heterojunction and use these as an efficient photoanode material for excellent photoconversion. These polydisperse aggregates doped with 1%, 5%, and 10% of ZnO
exhibit improved solar cell performance with respect to pristine TiO2 under AM 1.5 G. The 1% ZnO doped TiO2 nanosphere possess high specific surface area (84.23 m2
g
@1
) as
a photoanode and shows high photoconversion efficiency of
about 8.07% with ca. 18% improvement in the photocurrent
density (Jsc) compare to TiO2 nanosphere. The improved
solar cell performance (Dh=40%) of ZnO decorated TiO2
nanospheres is ascribed to type-II heterojunction of ZnO–
TiO2
, that reduces the electron recombination and synergistically enhances the electron mobility and charge collection
capability
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Lanthanum Doped Strontium Titanate as photoanode by Pechini method for...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on synthesizing lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST) powder via the Pechini method for use as a photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Key points:
1) LST was synthesized via a Pechini sol-gel process using titanium isopropoxide, lanthanum nitrate, and strontium nitrate precursors.
2) Characterization showed the material had a crystalline perovskite structure, spherical nanoparticle morphology, and bandgap of 3.5eV suitable for DSSC photoanodes.
3) BET analysis found the LST had a high surface area
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes research on the preparation of a titania intercalated graphite oxide hybrid material and its photocatalytic activity. Specifically, it discusses how vein graphite from Sri Lanka was oxidized to produce graphite oxide using Hummers' method. The graphite oxide was then exfoliated and used to intercalate with nano titanium dioxide synthesized from titanium oxysulfate. Characterization techniques showed the successful intercalation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the graphite oxide layers. Testing found the hybrid material demonstrated greater photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange under UV light compared to nano TiO2 alone, indicating its potential for applications in photocatalysis.
SERS of insecticides and fungicides assisted by Au and Ag nanostructures prod...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the use of laser techniques for preparation of advanced Au and Ag nanostructures on SiO2 (001) substrates to be applied to high-resolution analyses, namely, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analyses. The optical and morphological properties of the nanostructures are compared with those of the PLD thin films. The activity is tested of the structures fabricated as substrates for SERS covered by small quantities (usually applied in agricultural medicine) of the Aktara 25 BG (thiamethoxam) insecticide and the Dithane DG (mancozeb) fungicide. To the best of our knowledge, Raman spectra of Aktara 25 BG are presented for the first time. The study has a direct bearing on the human health and food quality by way of assisting the detection of small amounts or residue of harmful pollutants.
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on natural dye sensitized solar cells using TiO2 incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Hibiscus flowers were used as the natural dye. TiO2 nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles were added to TiO2 to create photoelectrodes for dye sensitized solar cells. The cell with 20μl of silver nanoparticles showed the highest power output compared to other cells due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles.
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Experimental Study of Electrospun TiO2 NanofibersIRJET Journal
This document describes the experimental study of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers. TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated using a sol-gel method and electrospinning technique. SEM images showed the average diameter of the nanofibers was 167 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both anatase and rutile phases of TiO2. FTIR spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to Ti-O bonding, indicating the formation of TiO2 nanofibers. The electrospun TiO2 nanofibers have potential applications in areas such as sensors, solar cells, and biomedical uses.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
This document presents a study comparing the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B azo dye using calcium oxide (CaO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. CaO nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution combustion method, and characterized using XRD and SEM techniques. TiO2 nanoparticles less than 25 nm in size were purchased commercially. Experiments investigated the photocatalytic degradation of Violet GL2B dye under visible light irradiation using CaO and TiO2 nanoparticles. Results showed that the synthesized CaO nanoparticles achieved 97% degradation of the dye, significantly higher than the 7.95% degradation achieved using TiO2 nanoparticles under the same conditions. Further experiments optimized the degradation by varying catalyst concentration, pH, and dye concentration.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles for Antibacterial ActivityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles through both chemical and green (leaf extract-based) methods, and characterized the nanoparticles. Key findings:
- MgO nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and using betel leaf extract without any stabilizing agents.
- X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the nanoparticles were pure MgO with the cubic phase structure. Particle size was 18-25 nm.
- Optical properties analysis found the green synthesis MgO had a lower bandgap than chemically synthesized.
- Antibacterial testing against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria found the green synthesis MgO nanoparticles exhibited larger inhibition zones, demonstrating better antib
The document describes a study on the structural and optical properties of TiO2 nanocomposites doped with Si and Cu at high temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that adding dopants affected the crystallinity and particle size of TiO2. Si4+ doping inhibited the formation of the rutile phase, while Cu2+ doping promoted it. Photocatalytic testing found that 20% Si-doped TiO2 had higher degradation efficiency of methyl orange under visible light than 5% Cu-doped TiO2. The results indicate that doping and calcination temperature can influence the phase structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanocomposites.
Photo Physical Investigation on Mg / Sn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Gas Sensi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on Mg and Sn doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by microwave irradiation for gas sensing applications. Key points:
- Mg and Sn doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized through various techniques to study their structural, chemical, optical and morphological properties.
- XRD analysis showed the nanoparticles had good crystallinity and the dopants were well dispersed in the ZnO lattice. FTIR showed peaks corresponding to Zn-O, Mg-O and Sn-O bonds.
- UV-Vis analysis indicated the band gap was increased with doping due to excess oxygen vacancies. PL studies examined the emission behavior.
- SEM images showed the nanoparticles had
final final accepted-High temperature stability and photocatalytic activity ofnasrollah najibi ilkhchy
This document discusses a study on the effects of silicon and zirconium co-doping on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders. TiO2 nanopowders doped with varying amounts of silicon and zirconium were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized using various techniques. X-ray diffraction results showed that silicon and zirconium co-doping inhibited the phase transformation of anatase TiO2 to the rutile phase at high temperatures up to 1000°C. The co-doped samples also exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene orange dye under visible light irradiation compared to pure TiO2.
Zinc Oxide–Titania Heterojunction-based Solid Nanospheres as Photoanodes for ...Devika Laishram
Agile nanostructure architectures and smart combinations of
semiconducting metal oxide materials are key features of
high-performing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein,
we synthesize mesoporous solid nanospheres of ZnO–TiO2
with type-II heterojunction and use these as an efficient photoanode material for excellent photoconversion. These polydisperse aggregates doped with 1%, 5%, and 10% of ZnO
exhibit improved solar cell performance with respect to pristine TiO2 under AM 1.5 G. The 1% ZnO doped TiO2 nanosphere possess high specific surface area (84.23 m2
g
@1
) as
a photoanode and shows high photoconversion efficiency of
about 8.07% with ca. 18% improvement in the photocurrent
density (Jsc) compare to TiO2 nanosphere. The improved
solar cell performance (Dh=40%) of ZnO decorated TiO2
nanospheres is ascribed to type-II heterojunction of ZnO–
TiO2
, that reduces the electron recombination and synergistically enhances the electron mobility and charge collection
capability
Similar to Evaluation of Anti-microbial and Anti-fungal Activities of Nano-TiO2 Assembled with Graphene Composites (20)
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
Agriculture in Indian Economy and Contribution of Science and Technology IIJSRJournal
One of the oldest occupations in history, agriculture has benefited much from innovation throughout the years. Since then, science has played a significant role in agricultural innovation and quality assurance. We have listed a few of the factors that were mentioned in the introduction section if you'd want to understand more about the significance of science and technology in agriculture. Encouraging the use of science and technology is the cornerstone for improving agriculture's productivity, quality, efficiency, and competitiveness, which also contributes to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, ensures food security, social security, and increases the income of agricultural producers and traders.
The Effect of Kronecker Tensor Product Values on ECG Rates: A Study on Savitz...IIJSRJournal
This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.
Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan IIJSRJournal
On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.
Assessment of Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species of African Horned Mel...IIJSRJournal
This document summarizes a research article that assesses the economic and nutritional value of the neglected and underutilized crop species African horned melon in Zambia. Through a literature review and analysis of secondary data sources, the study finds that African horned melon has numerous health benefits as it contains many vitamins and antioxidants. It can help address issues of food insecurity, malnutrition, and support climate-resilient agriculture in Zambia. However, more needs to be done to promote the domestication, production, processing and marketing of this crop to help boost its utilization.
Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in...IIJSRJournal
A cross-sectional survey of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been conducted among married pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, for the first time in pregnancy, the direct microscopy technique was adopted. Of the 120 pregnant women studied, 4(3.3%) were infected with T. vaginalis. Individuals age 20-25 years were most infected (3.7%). Women in their third trimester of pregnancy were significantly more infected (1.1%), than those in their second trimester (1.6%) and first trimester (2.3%). Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this does not imply completely ruling out the presence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women due to the diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence among pregnant women in the hospitals cannot totally explain general occurrence. T. vaginalis infection can be dangerous and poses serious threat to the health. Hence, the need for prevention of T. vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
Factors Influencing Professional Project Management Ethical Practices in Buil...IIJSRJournal
This document discusses factors that influence ethical practices in project management for building construction. It identifies several factors at different levels - organizational, project, and individual professional.
At the organizational level, factors include project environment/culture, stakeholder impacts, and organizational culture. At the project level, key factors are project scope/complexity, financing, risks, and stakeholders. Individual professional factors center on technical skills, qualifications, and personal values of project managers.
Upholding ethical standards is important for quality and avoiding building failures. However, many Nigerian building projects have faced issues due to non-adherence to standards. The document examines this problem by identifying specific influencing factors at different levels to help advance sustainable project management
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
This document analyzes the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Turkey between 2010-2021. It finds that the annual average water occupancy rate was 69.55% during this period, indicating the lake was approximately 70% full on average. The highest rate was 95.6% in 2021 and the lowest was 55% in 2015 and 2019. This shows that the lake's water levels have remained generally stable with no serious decreases in occupancy rates over the past decade. The lake provides important benefits like energy production and fishing.
Sustainability of Pod Yields of Groundnut through Crop Seasonal Rainfall, Len...IIJSRJournal
A study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effect of crop seasonal rainfall and length of growing period on the sustainability of pod yields of groundnut attained in 31 mandals under arid Alfisols of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. We have considered the variability of mandals with regard to (i) crop seasonal rainfall (mm) and (ii) pod yield of groundnut (kg/ha) during 2001 to 2020; (iii) extent of crop area (ha) during 2009 to 2020; and (iv) length of growing period (days). Based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter, the mandals were classified into 5 groups viz., (i) G1: Less than (Mean–2SD); (ii) G2: (Mean–2SD) to (Mean–SD); (iii) G3: (Mean–SD) to (Mean+SD); (iv) G4: (Mean+SD) to (Mean+2SD); and (v) G5: More than (Mean+2SD). Out of 31 mandals, 22 mandals for area and crop seasonal rainfall, 20 mandals for LGP and 18 mandals for yield have fallen in G3. Estimates of correlation were derived between groundnut area, crop seasonal rainfall and yield for each mandal over years and tested for significance to assess the superiority of mandals. Significant correlation of yield and crop seasonal rainfall was observed which ranged from 0.433 at Kalyandurg to 0.765 at Putlur. Similarly, significant correlation between yield and area of groundnut was observed in Kalyandurg (-0.764), Brahmasamudram (-0.674) and Rapthadu (-0.584) mandals. The predictability of yield and prediction error were derived based on a regression model of yield calibrated through the crop seasonal rainfall, LGP and crop area in different mandals. The model gave significant predictability (R2) value of 0.46 with prediction error of 90.9 kg/ha and indicated negative effect of area, positive effect of crop seasonal rainfall and LGP on yield. The sustainability yield index ranged from 26.6% (Kambadur) to 87.5% (Peddavadagur) with mean of 53.9% (CV of 30.1%) over years. Ranks were assigned to the mean and variation of area, crop seasonal rainfall, yield, LGP and SYI of each mandal and rank sums were derived. Guntakal, Gooty and Vidapanakal were superior with rank sums of 30, 38 and 70 respectively. Guntakal was superior with an area of 16570 ha (CV of 17.3%), crop seasonal rainfall of 436.1 mm (CV of 33.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 644 kg/ha (CV of 70.9%) and SYI of 76.5%, while Gooty was superior with area of 14146 ha (CV of 14.6%), crop seasonal rainfall of 429.6 mm (CV of 42.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 663 kg/ha (CV of 69.1%) and SYI of 79.1%. Similarly, Vidapanakal was superior with area of 5077 ha (CV of 31.1%), crop seasonal rainfall of 403.2 mm (CV of 47.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 654 kg/ha (CV of 49.5%) and SYI of 77.9%. Due to maximum LGP and crop seasonal rainfall, we recommend that the farmers of these mandals could enhance the area of groundnut and attain maximum sustainable yields under arid Alfisols.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Machine Learning Based House Price Prediction Using Modified Extreme Boosting IIJSRJournal
In recent years, machine learning has become increasingly important in everyday voice commands and predictions. Instead, it provides a safer auto system and better customer assistance. As a result of all that has been demonstrated, ML is a technology that is becoming more and more popular in a range of industries. To gauge changes in house values, the House Price Index is frequently employed (HPI). Due to the substantial correlation that exists between property prices and other variables, such as location, region, and population, the HPI on its own is not sufficient to accurately forecast a person's house price. Some studies have successfully predicted house prices using conventional machine learning techniques, but they seldom evaluate the efficacy of different models and ignore the more complicated but less well-known models. We proposed Modified Extreme Gradient Boosting as our model in this study due to its adaptive and probabilistic model selection process. Feature engineering, hyperparameter training and optimization, model interpretation, and model selection and evaluation are all steps in the process. Home price indices, which are frequently used to support real estate policy initiatives and estimate housing costs. In this project, models for forecasting changes in home prices are developed using machine learning methods.
Preliminary Evaluation on Vegetative of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in San...IIJSRJournal
The study was initiated to evaluate the early performance of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) vegetative planted on marginal sandy tin-tailing soil. The experiment was carried out for one year in a plot of 4-year-old rambutan cultivar at MARDI Kundang, Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. Varieties of Mutiara Merah and Mutiara Wangi were used. Data from the plants as a measurement of vegetative growth was recorded. Mutiara Merah proved that it can be well-grown and cultivated on sandy tin-tailing soil. The plant height of Mutiara Merah indicated the highest significant reading. The parameter of canopy width showed the same variety contributed to the highest record. Nevertheless, Mutiara Merah contributed to the highest significant reading on stem diameter and perimeter respectively. Chlorophyll content in leaves of the plant of the same variety recorded the highest SPAD reading. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of fertilizer level with the different varieties in inducing the growth and yield of rambutan planted in marginal soil.
Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Wine Produced f...IIJSRJournal
Wine is a fermented drink made by the controlled culture of yeasts on fruit juices. This study was undertaken to produce acceptable wines from blends of banana and pineapple by the fermentative action of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The fermentation process lasted for a period of 28 days and, the aging process was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two set ups- one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other was fermented by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and controlled by carrying out physicochemical analysis (pH, temperature, specific gravity, total titratable acidity, and alcohol content) and yeast count using standard methods. There was a decrease in the pH for both wines and an increase in the total titratable acidity. The temperature was between 17 and 27 0C for both wines. The specific gravity of the wines decreased during the fermentation leading to an increase in alcohol production. There was an increase in yeast count from 6.7×107 sfu/ml to 1.8×108 sfu/ml between days 1 and 17 and a decrease from 1.8×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between days 17 to 85 for Meyerozyma guilliermondii; also an increase from 5.1×107 sfu/ml to 1.7×108 sfu/ml from day 1 to 17, and a decrease from 1.7×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between day 17 to 85 for Pichia guilliermondii. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the yeast counts, temperature, pH, total titratable acidity, and specific gravity but there was signa ificant difference between the alcohol production for both wines. This study shows that wines can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Discussion on Analysis of Effects of Short-Form Video Advertising on the Purc...IIJSRJournal
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives, and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. The methodology is conducting a survey by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The main findings are advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention; advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment, and credibility; user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives, and irritation. Finally, the research team proposes some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Comparison of Glucose in Urine with Likening of Pigeons as Pets IIJSRJournal
If someone is liking pigeons as pets, this may be due to their intelligent, effortless, and loving nature. The chief objectives of this study were to relate pigeon lovers as a pet with the level of glucose in their urine. Around 100 students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan were participants of this study. Pee has glucose that is measured for measuring the glucose in urine. If glucose is not present in the urine it shows the kidney is working well. There is no major effect of glucose in urine with the love of a pigeon as a pet.
Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces IIJSRJournal
In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Research on the Impact of Short-Form Video Advertising on Social Media on the...IIJSRJournal
In recent years, short-form video has become a popular form of advertising on social media. The way consumers make decisions to purchase has changed owing to this new marketing method. This study aims to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. A survey was conducted by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The findings revealed that advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention. In addition, advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment and credibility. Meanwhile, user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives and irritation. Finally, the research team propose some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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grade of 99 % purity. The micro-organisms C.albicans, C.rugosa (ATCC10231), E.coli (ATCC29181) and
S.aurues (ATCC6538) have been selected for the anti-microbial studies.
2.2. Synthesis of Nano-TiO2-Graphene Composites
Graphene particles have been synthesized from its precursor, graphite [R]. In order to synthesize the
nanocomposites, 1.25 mL of TiCl4 was slowly released into a beaker containing 500 mL of D.I and simultaneously,
the as-synthesized graphene particles of composition equal to 0.1 % has been added under ultrasonication. The
contents were kept under sonication for 30-50 minutes for complete hydrolysis of TiCl4 and also for uniform
distribution of the as formed Ti(OH)2 and graphene particles. A white turbid coloured precipitate was obtained and
it was then kept under a hot plate at 90-100o
C for another 40 minutes to allow the HCl vapours to escape. The
finally obtained powder was calcinated at 400o
C and the sample was designated as 0.1 % graphene nano-TiO2
composite.
Similar procedure was adopted to synthesize 0.5 % and 1.0 % graphene nano-TiO2 composites.
2.3. Characterization
The resulting composite materials were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (PANanalytical-X’ Pert PRO,
Japan) at room temperature using Nickel Filter Cu-Kα radiation (λ= 1.54059 A°
) over wide range of 10°
≤ 2θ ≤ 80°
with a scanning speed of 2°
min-1
. The morphology of the as-synthesized samples was investigated by Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM, LEO1550) and high-resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (HRTEM, Joel/JEM 2100 model, source -LaB6). Quantachrome Nova 2000e surface area analyzer
has been employed for the surface area measurements of the composites by nitrogen adsorption-desorption under
liquid nitrogen atmosphere (77 K).
░ 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. PXRD Analysis
The X-Ray Diffraction patterns of the synthesized composites were recorded in the 2θ range of 10° to 80° at a step
interval of 0.02° with the counting time of 5s at each point.
Figure 1a. XRD plot of synthesized graphene particles
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Figure 1b. XRD plot of 0.5 % Graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite
The XRD pattern of the synthesized graphene particles were shown in Figure 1a. It clearly represents a high
intense peak at 2θ= 25.3o
, which is a characteristic of graphene particles.
In Figure 1b, the XRD pattern of the 0.5 % Graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite was presented. It shows the diffraction
patterns (1 0 1), (0 0 4), (2 1 1) and (1 0 5) corresponding to 2θ = 25.25°, 37.8°, 54.5°, 48.0° respectively indexing
the dominant anatase phase (JCPDS 21-1272) [15]. All the diffraction peaks were in close agreement with the
characteristic peaks of composites.
3.2. SEM-EDAX Analysis
The Morphology and surface properties of the composites (0.5 % graphene – TiO2) were studied. The FE-SEM
images and EDAX spectra of the bare TiO2 nanoparticles and 0.5 graphene – TiO2 nanocomposites were
represented in Figures 2a and 2b respectively.
The FE-SEM image reveals the formation of spherical shaped particles with less agglomeration (Figure 2a) which
tends to agglomerate as larger aggregates on exfoliation of graphene in the composites [16]. The EDAX spectra
reveal the presence of titanium and oxygen atoms in nanotitania and the exfoliation of graphene on nanotitania in
the composites have been confirmed from the presence of corresponding carbon atom peak (Figure 2b).
Figure 2a. SEM and EDAX of TiO2 particles
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Figure 2b. SEM and EDAX images of 0.5 % Graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite
The presence of chloride ions may hinder the photocatalytic activity but the elemental analysis data reveals the
absence of chlorine, which shows that the nanocomposites are efficient photocatalysts as well [17].
3.3. HRTEM Analysis
The HRTEM image (20 nm scale) of 0.5 % graphene – TiO2 nanocomposite (Figure 3) indicates the formation of
perfect crystalline particles with a dominant anatase phase (1 0 1) along with the presence of exfoliated graphene
particles [17].
Figure 3. HRTEM image of 0.5 % Graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite
3.4. BET Surface Area Analysis
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption studies of Nano-TiO2 and its nanocomposites assembled with x % graphene were
recorded at 77 K at relative pressure below 0.2 and typical type-IV curve with a capillary condensation between 0.3
- 0.5. The specific surface area of the nanocomposites was calculated from adsorption isotherms by applying the
Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) method [18], and it can be seen that there was a significant changes in the
surface area of the nano-TiO2 particles on assembling with x wt. % graphene. In this analysis (Table 1), specific
surface area of nano-TiO2 was found to be 268.2 m2
g-1
. The precursor to solvent ratio (1:50 mL of TiCl4:H2O)
brings out a larger surface area in the synthesized nano-TiO2 particles [19]. Hence, the similar combination was
used in the synthesis of remaining composites and the surface area has gradually decreased minimally. Almost
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nearer surface area was obtained the composites with 0.5 % and 1.0 % graphene, which might be due to
agglomeration of the graphene particles on the surface of nano-TiO2.
Table 1. Surface properties of the composites
Composites
SBET
(m2
g-1
)
Nano-TiO2 268.2
0.1 % graphene-TiO2 260.7
0.5 % graphene-TiO2 251.4
1.0 % graphene-TiO2 250.9
3.5. Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity
The biological applicability of the synthesized composites was determined by testing their anti-bacterial and
anti-fungal activities towards the selected micro-organisms. The anti-bacterial activity was examined against E.
coli (gram –negative) and S. aurues (gram – positive) bacterial strains at a concentration of 0.125 µg/mL by agar
cup plate method against the standard penicillin [20]. Methanol system was used as control in the method. Under
similar conditions, tetracycline was used as a standard control for comparison. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC, g/mL) was measured and the results were displayed in Table 2.
It can be observed from the results that the MIC values have decreased with increase in the composition of
graphene in the composites and major activity was exhibited by the TiO2 nanocomposite with 0.5 wt % of
graphene. Its activity was almost nearer to the composite with 1.0 wt % graphene.
Table 2. Anti-bacterial activity of the composites
Composite
Minimum Inhibitory concentration
(MIC, g/mL)
E. coli (ATCC29181) S. aurues
(ATCC6538)
Nano-TiO2 35.4 15.9
0.1 % graphene-TiO2 28.3 9.8
0.5 % graphene-TiO2 19.5 5.2
1.0 % graphene-TiO2 20.3 6.1
Penicillin 12.5 1.56
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3.6. Evaluation of anti-fungal activity
The anti-fungicidal activity of all the composites was studied at 100 ppm concentration in vitro against selected
organisms Candida albicans and Candida rugosa with Clotrimazole as the standard. The antifungal activities were
measured on each of these strains on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium [21]. Such a PDA medium contained
potato 200g, dextrose 20g, agar 20g and water 1c. Five days old cultures were employed. The composites to be
tested were suspended (100 ppm) in a PDA medium and autoclaved at 120 °C for 15 min. at 10 atm. pressure. These
media were poured into sterile Petri plates and the organisms were inoculated after cooling the Petri plates. The
percentage inhibition for fungi was calculated after five days using the formula given below:
Percentage of inhibition = 100 (X-Y) / X
where, X = Area of colony in control plate; Y = Area of colony in test plate
The results of the anti-fungicidal activity displayed by the composites was shown in Table 3 and it can be observed
that the activity was very less with the synthesized TiO2 particles. With assembling the particles with various
compositions of graphene, the activity has gradually increased. The nanocomposite with 0.5 wt. % graphene have
deactivated both the selected fungal organisms through the adopted experimental conditions. With further increase
in the composition of graphene in the nanocomposite (1 %), there was no significant change in the activity, which
might be due to the less availability of the active sites on the composite surface for the deactivation of the
organisms.
It was observed from the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal studies that the activity of both 0.5 % and 1.0 %
graphene-TiO2 composites have performed almost equally. This might be due to their nearer surface areas as
analyzed in the N2 adsorption-desorption studies.
Table 3. Anti-fungal activity of the composites
Composites
Zone of Inhibition at 100 ppm (%)
Candida albicans Candida rugosa
Nano-TiO2 37 31
0.1 % graphene-TiO2 33 29
0.5 % graphene-TiO2 19 17
1.0 % graphene-TiO2 19 17
Clotrimazole 25 20
░ 4. CONCLUSIONS
TiO2 particles have been synthesized in nanoscale from the hydrolysis of TiCl4 and it was successfully assembled
with different compositions of graphene (0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %) under ultrasonication. The composite were
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characterized using XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, and BET surface analytical techniques. Their biological applicability
was investigated by evaluating their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities against the selected micro-organisms.
It was observed that the activity has improved on assembling the TiO2 particles with the graphene particles and the
composite with 0.5 wt. % graphene has shown better performance in deactivating the micro-organisms.
Acknowledgments
The corresponding author (MNR) is thankful to the Management of Aditya College of Engineering & Technology,
Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh (INDIA) for providing the facilities to carry out the research.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research work did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this research work.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors equally contributed to research and paper drafting.
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