Phospholipids 2003
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Phospholipids are a type of lipid that form cell membranes. They are made up of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. The head contains a glycerol molecule bonded to a phosphate group and another group, while the tails contain fatty acid chains. Phospholipids join together to form a bilayer that forms cell membranes, acting as a barrier while also transferring signals and molecules across the membrane. As the major component of cell membranes, phospholipids play a key role in cellular structure and function.
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This document discusses proteins, including their definition, composition, sources, storage, requirements, functions, structure, and classification. Some key points:
- Proteins are polypeptides composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They are essential to life and perform many catalytic, structural, transport, and other functions.
- Sources of proteins include animal sources like meat and dairy as well as plant sources like legumes. Storage capacity in organisms is limited compared to carbohydrates and fats.
- Proteins are classified based on their nutritional value, function, structure, and physicochemical properties. Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids while incomplete proteins lack some.
- Structure depends on shape - globular
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Fatty acid synthesis
This document summarizes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. It discusses that fatty acid synthesis primarily occurs in the liver and lactating mammary glands using acetyl CoA, ATP, NADPH, Mn2+, and biotin. The first step is the production of cytosolic acetyl CoA from mitochondrial acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is then carboxylated to form malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase. Fatty acid synthase is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the remaining reactions. The major sources of NADPH required are the pentose phosphate pathway and conversion of malate to pyruvate in the cytosol. Palmitate, a 16 carbon
Biosynthesis of fatty acids --Sir Khalid (Biochem)
Fatty acid synthesis involves a two-step reaction where acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by biotin to form malonyl-CoA using ATP as an energy source. Malonyl-CoA then condenses with acetyl-CoA through a decarboxylation reaction to elongate the fatty acid chain. This cycle of condensation and decarboxylation is repeated until a 16-carbon fatty acid is produced, at which point a thioesterase domain catalyzes its release as palmitate. NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway provides electrons to reduce substrates during chain elongation. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids must be obtained through diet as mammals cannot introduce double bonds at specific
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Fibrous proteins
Fibrous proteins are a group of proteins associated with rod or wire shapes. They are usually inert structural or storage proteins that are generally water insoluble. Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin. In the early 1950s, the basic structures of fibrous proteins were determined to be long protein chains composed of amino acid strings that fold into limited structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Fibrous proteins often have biological roles as structural components and are found in tissues like bone, cartilage, hair and skin.
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Fatty acid synthesis involves a two-step reaction where acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by biotin to form malonyl-CoA using ATP as an energy source. Malonyl-CoA then condenses with acetyl-CoA through a decarboxylation reaction to elongate the fatty acid chain. This cycle of condensation and decarboxylation is repeated until a 16-carbon fatty acid is produced, at which point a thioesterase domain catalyzes its release as palmitate. NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway provides electrons to reduce substrates during chain elongation. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids must be obtained through diet as mammals cannot introduce double bonds at specific
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Fatty acids
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PRESENTED BY: AYESHA KABEER
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- Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. They form bilayer structures in cell membranes.
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Cholesterol Biosynthesis
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol in 5 steps:
1) Mevalonate is formed from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. 2) Isoprenoid units are formed from mevalonate. 3) Six isoprenoid units condense to form squalene. 4) Squalene is cyclized to form lanosterol. 5) Lanosterol is modified through a series of changes to ultimately form cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cholesterol biosynthesis is a major regulatory point for cholesterol levels and is the target of statin drugs.
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Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in a multi-step process located in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the rate-limiting step and is regulated by transcription, covalent modification, and competitive inhibitors like statins. Cholesterol is transported by LDL and HDL and is used for cell membrane structure, steroid hormone synthesis, or storage.
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2. Key steps in protein purification include assaying fractions to determine total protein and specific activity in order to calculate purification fold. Purity can be evaluated using electrophoresis.
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This document discusses the structure and function of complex lipids called phospholipids. Phospholipids are abundant membrane lipids that contain a phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains. They serve primarily as structural components of cell membranes. The main types of phospholipids are phosphoglycerides like lecithins and cephalins, phosphoinositides, and phosphosphingosides like sphingomyelins. Phospholipids play important roles as structural components of membranes, in energy storage, and as carriers for fat-soluble vitamins.
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1. The basic chemical components that make up protoplasm, the substance of life, are water, inorganic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. Water is the most abundant component, making up 60-90% of living organisms. It is crucial for transport and as a universal solvent.
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic compounds that contain carbon and provide structure and energy through molecules like glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
4. These organic molecules form complex macromolecules through condensation reactions, and carry out essential functions like energy storage, structure, catalysis, and heredity
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS.ppt
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the large, complex organic molecules that make up living things. These molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins provide energy and structure, while nucleic acids carry genetic instructions and code for proteins.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins provide energy storage and structural roles, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through DNA and protein synthesis via RNA.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
The document summarizes the key organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides) that combine to form these important macromolecules, and explains their functions in energy storage, structure, and genetic inheritance. Specifically, it outlines the roles of carbohydrates in energy storage and structure, lipids in energy storage and cell membranes, proteins in structure, catalysis and transport, and nucleic acids in coding genetic information.
The membrane lipids
This document summarizes the three main types of membrane lipids: phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Phosphoglycerides are also called phospholipids and contain a phosphate group, glycerol backbone, and two fatty acid chains. Sphingolipids are derived from sphingosine and contain ceramide, sphingomyelin, or glycolipids. Cholesterol is abundant in animal cells and orients with its hydrophilic OH group toward the membrane surface. The lipid composition determines the physical properties of the membrane and influences membrane protein activity.
Ap Bio Ch3 PowerPoint
The document discusses the importance of carbon in biological molecules. Carbon atoms can form up to four bonds and bonds between carbon atoms are very strong. This versatility allows carbon to form the core structures of organic molecules. The document then provides examples of important functional groups containing carbon that confer properties like reactivity and polarity to molecules. These include hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, methyl and phosphate groups.
Similar to Phospholipids 2003 (20)
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.ppt
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