Phonics

Phonics
Phonics seems to play an essential role in pronunciation skills in young learners. The recognition of phonic sounds helps with language acquisition,
pronunciation and development of other skills like reading, spelling and writing. Training the young learner's ear to recognize the phonic sounds is the
first step towards good pronunciation, comprehension, memory recall and fluency. "Therefore, there are really only two basic steps to learning a
language: Master the perception and production of the sounds and attach meanings to these sounds" (Ness, 2012). Keywords: Phonics, pronunciation,
language acquisition. The Importance of Phonics in Teaching English Pronunciation to Young Learners There is a common misunderstanding about
the importance of pronunciation and language. "Many people think of language as being all about words and the grammatical structures and rules that
contain them. But in fact, language is about sounds and the meanings attached to them" (Ness, 2012). Pronunciation is not just important for language
output, but also decoding and recognizing speech that is heard. While attention is given to the correct pronunciation of words, there also needs to be
attention on listening skills. Sounds and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phonics, teaches about the relationship between letters and combinations of letters and sounds. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, but, there
are at least 55 sounds. Most are written by combining letters in different ways. In schools throughout the English speaking world, it is used to help
students learn to read and spell quickly. By learning the relationship between the letters and their respective sounds, the children use these skills to
work out how to read and pronounce the words they see. "It also helps them to guess how to spell most words. This greatly increases the speed of
learning. The focus on identifying sounds also helps English learners with pronunciation and listening skills" (Jenkins,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Language Of The Future
Essay 2 Step 3 "What's The Language Of The Future"
Language is essential in human migration, all over the world for each and everyone to be the quest for power in anywhere you find yourself you
must learn how to speak that particular country language you find yourself and be able to relate to anybody. For an example, if you migrate to the
United States and your first language is not an English language, you have to learn how to speak so that you will be the quest for power.
In migrating from one region to another language is very important and it might be a big barrier for each and everyone to relate to each other and it
has a big relationship with migration, for anyone to be very useful for his/herself when you migrate to a country where ... Show more content on
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but with my research that I did, I find out that For many centuries, French was the official language of culture, and a knowledge acquired study,
research, and learning. It was the language of diplomacy and arts. The Aristocrats in Imperial Russia spoke French, even amongst themselves,
according to Tolstoy and many others documented research. In fact, if you wanted to be educated, you had to learn how to speak French. Things have
changed a lot since the decline of French and the rise of the English. English is now the world 's lingua franca. But French remains an official language
in many international institutions, from The United Nation to The European Union, to the Olympics Committee (founded by a Frenchman), and
learning French still retains some superior status. French may be a beautiful language, but few of people would argue it 's the most useful, and almost
nobody will argue it 's the language of the future. According to "John McWhorter" in his write–up "spoke for many when he wrote an immediately viral
piece titled", "Let 's Stop Pretending That French Is an Important Language," attacking New York City 's bilingual education programs. Here 's the
thing: the data suggests that the French language just might be the language of the future.
French isn 't even mostly spoken by French people and hasn 't been for a long time now. I found out the french language is growing fast, and growing
in the fastest growing areas of the world, particularly sub–Saharan

The Use Of English As A Lingua Franca
A lingua franca refers to the language that is used to facilitate common language between people who may be having different start languages. English
can be seen as a Lingua Franca of the modern society that has been extensively used in the areas such as the internet, Business and also other forms of
international interaction (Dearden, 2014). In the past decades or perhaps centuries, the use of Latin and Greek as a lingua franca was evident as it was
used by many scholars to facilitate their works. The use of the English as a lingua franca starts when Britain is colonizing most of their colonies such
as French, Spain, and Portuguese. Several factors facilitate the distribution of English, and finally, it becomes a Lingua Franca.
Two main factors led to English to become the Lingua Franca and become of the languages that are widely used currently. These are the internal and
external qualities that the language possesses.
1)Internal quality
a)Structure and lexicon
The structure, as well as the lexicon of the language, is very imperative to any language. The simplicity of the language is vital because, the simpler the
language, the more the other individuals from other languages finds it easy to study and learn English. In comparison to Latin, English is very simpler
to understand and learn. The language does not have much of the features that are found in the other languages such as the dative, feminine or
masculine features of the language; they make language to be

English Language Change
How Changes in the English Language Will Affect Teaching L2 Students
Language is always changing. The English we speak today is different from that used by Shakespeare, and vastly different from that used a thousand
years ago. Part of what it means to be a living language is that it will change over time. The reasons for these changes can be myriad. In recent years,
the factors most responsible for changing the English language, both in terms of its mechanics and in terms of who is speaking it have been technology
and globalism. The advent of the internet, with its attendant ability for real–time communication, has changed the language because people are now
writing more like they speak, and they are finding more efficient ways to do both. The global business community is also having an affect on the
English Language, because it is now the Lingua Franca of choice. English has become the language most people use both in business and online. This
is changing, though, as other languages become more widely spoken across the world and as the global village allows people from non–English
speaking nationalities to find their voices. It is becoming more important for people to be multilingual if they want to participate in a global
community. These changes are important for teachers of English Language students to understand because it is becoming less important to sound like
a native English speaker and more important to teach the language in the context of the local culture. Also,

Why Is English A Mandatory Language
English is a Western Germanic language and was first spoken in England and now known as the global lingua franca. If there were one language
that could have a chance of being considered as universal, it would be definitely English. This is because it has become the world's language for
technology, commerce, and also empowerment. The internet is also a proof of it because most parts of the internet were written in English. Internet
is also used in communicating with people overseas and some countries are forced to learn the said language. Anyone will be quite speechless if they
discovered a land without anyone who knows English. However, making English as a mandatory language can affect many people. It could break up
culture and will cause in the lack of variety. People often talk about English as a global language or lingua franca with more than three hundred fifty
million people around the world speaking English as a first language and more than four hundred thirty million speaking it as a second language. On
the other hand, two billion people is the expected number of who will study English, and will increase up to three billion in ... Show more content on
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English is the business and finance language, medium of social networking sites, the language of travel and speaking English denotes a certain social
status. It destroys the barriers of miscommunication between two or more people who has different mother tongues. It helps the development of
communication skills of every single person who knows the language even they have different culture. The different leaders in the world can
communicate to each other because of English. That is why it is known as the global lingua franca because this language was known to connect
people from different sides of the world. It is a catalyst for change because it affects the way people interacts with each other all over the world. It is
the tool for understanding, development and

English Language As A Language
Introduction
English has taken over the course of huge advancement that is the reason why it has been preferred over any particular linguistics and for the same
reason it has been taught and studied all around the world. These prospects led to the formation of English language as a lingua franca, whether it's
United Kingdom, United States or Canada people have devised their own extents for speaking the English(Wen, 2012). Not only in the European
countries but also in all over South Asia, English has been utilised as the lingua franca as the English language has been definitively utilised without
being necessarily the language of identification. English language has been utilised for the aspects of communication because it determined the stylistic
features of an enhanced community. Therefore people all around the world started to learn English to modernise their linguistics and to be diversified
because in most of the countries all around the world only English language has advocated its impression to lessen the communication
barriers(Mufwene, 2012). In this particular essay it would be realised that how English has transformed to become the lingua franca of the business
world and what could be the reasons, suggestions for business and for native and non–native speakers of English.
Critical discussion
The presence of a worldwide lingua franca gives a favourable position to numerous individuals. This incorporates both Anglophones and
non–Anglophones. People around the world

What Does It Mean You Be Bilingual Or Multilingual?
What does it mean to be bilingual or multilingual? Discuss the different ways in which multilingualism can be defined, and the educational implications
in a particular educational setting.
Introduction
We define multilingual speakers as having the capacity to identify and communicate using three or more languages. The term bilingualism is used to
label a person whom has the ability to interact using two languages; these languages are not always at an equal advancement, skill and communication
level between these languages can differ.
Researchers have identified that there is a far larger population of multilingual individuals in the world compared to the monolingual, persons only
capable of speaking one language, community. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multilingualism allows for those capable of it to understand and appreciate different cultures and life styles and encourages open–mindedness,
dismisses ignorance and boosts positive social relations. The argument regarding multilingualism's importance is rife; although there are many benefits
from language skills it seems there is a lack of drive to learn another language.
"Since the removal of compulsory language qualifications at Key Stage 4 in England, there has been a steady decline in numbers of students
taking a GCSE in a language; the Language Trends Survey (2011) recorded a decline from 78% take up in 2001 to 40% in 2011" (Dr Taylor, 2013,
p.4). This figure proves a topic of interest to researchers as it begs the question, if globally multilingualism is widespread and respected why is the law
dismissing it?
Despite the removal of compulsory languages, since this time, more government plans have been issued to assist in bringing back language learning
into an educational setting; the BBC declared that, from September 2014 in England, it was to be compulsory for primary school children aged seven
and above to learn another language. It is a fact that the younger you are when you learn a language the earlier you pick it up; making it an obligation
for 7+ year

The Mystery Of The Myth
The myth is the belief that some languages just aren't good enough because they do not fulfill certain criteria. Criteria such as not being able to act as
a medium of speech to express new ideas, to speak of science, to speak of high literature, and to be used internationally without having to borrow
vocabulary from other languages. English is probably the most infamous case of this myth being false. As we know it English is probably one of the
most widely spoken languages. English has the ability to clearly express ones ideas, converse scientific terms, and speak of high literature. However
many of English's vocabulary are borrowed from Latin, French, and many other languages. Under the criteria of those that believe that some languages
are not good enough, English is not good enough as a language since it borrows vocabulary from other languages. But this is not true since English
is a very prominent language and is very able to express new ideas of all kinds. Another famous example that can be used to debunking this myth
would be in the case of Latin. When Latin first arose the Greek's believed that Latin just wasn't good enough to be able to express complex thoughts.
However as we know today this is terribly false. Latin was one of the most wide spread languages that we know of today. Latin was also at one time a
lingua franca. It was used as a common language between speaks of different native languages to express ideas. Not only was Latin used in science,

Diffusion And Diffusion Of Diffusion
Cultural Diffusion Diffusion occurs when people, their ideas and things move from one location to another location. There are several types of
diffusion that can occur. According to The Human Mosaic there are five types of diffusion that can occur. The first type of diffusion that occurs is
called relocation diffusion. Relocation diffusion occurs when an individual or individuals migrate and bring along certain traits and ideas with them to
the new location. Examples of traits that some people bring with them are their languages, certain mannerisms, religions, their dress and even their
diet. One example of a trait that is highly diffused is Christianity. We can see from the map on page 28 and 29 that Christianity is a religion that is
highly diffused throughout many countries. From the map it shows that Christianity is found in locations such as Australia, Brazil, USA and Russia
(Smith 28,29). Another type of diffusion is expansion diffusion. During expansion diffusion, practices and ideas are spread over a population from
one area to the next having a snowball effect. Expansion diffusion has a total of three different subtypes. The first subtype of expansion diffusion is
hierarchical diffusion. With Hierarchical diffusion only select populations are affected by traits and ideas being diffused. Hierarchical diffusion is
thought to affect individuals who are of higher importance or from one urban area to another urban area, skipping the rural places in between. An

The Printing Press : Influence The Development And...
1. Who invented the printing press in the 15th century, and how did this invention influence the development and diffusion of European languages?
A: In the 15th century, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press. The Gutenberg press diffused quickly in the next century throughout Europe and
more places. Gutenberg printed the first Gutenberg Bible (the text for Christians), which brought the texts (scriptures) out of monasteries and
churches.The printing press caused an increase in production of written texts in most languages. Gutenberg's press allowed people to have the Bible
text in their language, such as French or German, rather than Latin, helping to standardize European languages.
2. How does globalization stimulate the development of languages and lead to the loss of languages?
A: Globalization, which includes trade and commerce, stimulates the creation of new, mixed (hybrid) languages to help interaction, but other, local
languages are destroyed under the assault of change. Although new languages are created through trade and interaction over time, local languages with
little native speakers are becoming extinct.
3. What is a lingua franca, and what are the origins of this term?
A: A lingua franca is a language used with speakers of different languages for the motives of commerce and trade. The term originated during the 1200s
when seaborne commerce in the Mediterranean Sea spread, and traders from the ports of southern France (the Franks)

Essay On Lingua Franca
This paper looks at the aspects of a lingua franca and its role in societies. Also, the adaptation of other languages' vocabulary and usage into the English
language, and how English has impacted vocabulary and grammar structures on other languages. Furthermore, it talks about the effects on minority
languages due to the continuous spread and dominance of English. Later, it touches upon some positive aspects that it has brought into modern day life
across the globe.
English as a Lingua Franca
Over centuries, the English language has evolved from the roots of other ancient languages including: Latin, the Germanic languages, French, even
Greek. Their influences are clear to see in its vocabulary and spoken dialects, which have also adopted words into its lexicon. Most of the
aforementioned have their complexities, causing difficulties for students and scholars to learn as second languages. However, English is a much
simpler language to comprehend due to its limited inflections and familiarity of spoken and written words. Thus, it has become the lingua franca for
people around the world and is taught in the classrooms of most non–native speaking countries. As we can see in most areas of international business
and education, the dominance of English is growing at a rapid pace that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continual spread and reach of the language brings cause for concern for those who feel that the impact it has on culture, history and traditions of
minorities due to its tendency to dominate all aspects of societies if allowed. However, the usage of the native English language has not gone
unaffected due to cross dialect influences and the need to accommodate others by using non–conventional structures. The positive aspects are too many
to mention, especially in the modern times of globalization and I believe that the case for English as a lingua franca may always be

The Development Of Globalization Has An Influence On Most...
English as a Lingua Franca
Ling309 TP draft#2
Lusha Jin
301179840
12 The development of globalization has an influence on most different aspects of our daily life in contemporary society. "In the information society
of the globalized world, there is a pressing need for a common language of communication, which would make it possible to overcome interlingual and
intercultural barriers standing in the way of integrating nations into a common economic and cultural area." (Crystal, 2003). Therefore, as it is widely
spread in the world, English get more and more popular so that it becomes a widely accepted contact language for international business, education and
political economy.
As the result of globalization, English as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alongside with this status, it has become a symbol of our times together with globalization, social networking, economic integration and Internet."
(Jenkins, 2009) TA said: all direct quotation needs to paraphrase]. Additionally, English as alingua franca has a strong effect in promoting the
development of international trade, political economy, education and sociolinguistics.
However, with the rapid development of other languages, such as Chinese, Spanish, French and German, there are some concerns that a dominant
global language could also have some built–in disadvantages. Hence, some linguists argue that English may not be an appropriate and rational lingual
franca today.
First, there exists a risk that increased adoption of English as a lingua franca may lead to the weakening and disappearance of other popular languages.
From researches, it is estimated that up to 80 percent of the world's living languages may die out within the next century, and some linguists believe that
a dominant lingua franca may be a major contributing factor in this trend. However, it seems likely that this is really a direct threat in areas where
English as lingua franca is also their natural first language, such as North America, Australia, Canada and England. Conversely, there is also some
evidence that the very threat of subjugation by a dominant lingua franca can actually stimulate and enhance movements to support

The Controversy Over The English Language Of The World
The English language began its climb to world dominance with the rise of the British Empire in the 16th century. During this time English began to
spread as the worlds lingua franca for business and trade. With the support of the United States, which at the time was one of the most successful
nations in history, english was able to overthrow all previous lingua francas. However, english should not be considered as the "gateway to the world".
Although the english language is widely– spoken around the world, making english language the official language of the world will lead to diminishing
cultural diversity.
"Intrinsic arguments describe the English language as providential, rich, noble and interesting. Such arguments tend to assert what English is and what
other languages are not". As mentioned previously, notwithstanding that the english language is widely–spoken around the world, diversity is
important and for many individuals language is the basis of their culture. Making english the global language is essentially ... Show more content on
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These arguments describe english as advantageous and dominant, however they do not describe the limitations of the english language. The truth is
that English is an incredibly difficult language to learn with its various grammar, punctuation and usage rules. I would assume that the majority of
people who agree that english should be the world's official tongue have never attempted to learn any other languages.
"Functional arguments emphasize the usefulness of English as a gateway to the world". I do agree that english useful language in that it is an
effective way to communicate thoughts and ideas, however I do not agree that it is the "gateway to the world". Instead I believe that english can
potentially be a co–language in that it can be the language of world trade and

Last Words By Walter Michaels
In the essay "Last Words," published on the first of October in 2006, the author Walter Michaels instills an idea of what to do when a language is loss.
Throughout the essay, he gives examples of how languages are (and how they could be) lost. He also points out, that even though many of those
reasons have been eliminated, that languages continue to go extinct. Thus, the author brings up the point, "Why would it be a tragedy if English
disappeared?" Although people mourn the loss of a language, Michaels argues that speakers of the dying language should exert effort to learn the
dominate one.
The reason for a language's death having little importance is that it is just a tool for communication. Any tool can be replaced. For example, "The
very thing that made it a mistake for the missionaries to try to stop people from speaking Native American languages...makes it a mistake to care
whether people continue to speak (it's not as if English is worse)." (Michaels, 2006) English became the tool for communication, replacing the Native
American languages. This happens to places where a new language is introduced, and begins to grow more popular compared to the native language,
for some type of need. This leads to the dominating language to become the lingua franca.
A lingua franca is a language that is the common grounds for communication. Major languages come and sweep the minor languages under the rug.
While the minor languages aren't completely forgotten, yet, the major language is

The Pros And Cons Of Standard English
English is the language of the modern world. It is undeniable that English has become a global lingua franca and has developed throughout history.
With the spread of English, it has evolved into different varieties known as 'World Englishes' and in turn emerged a number of attitudes to the issues of
deviation from what is considered to be 'standard'. Throughout the years there has been a great debate over the teaching of English in schools. One
particular aspect of this is the argument over whether or to what extent Standard English should be used in the education of children. In this essay I will
examine the understanding of Standard English and Non–standard Englishes and relate how Standard English is used in the domain education in Outer
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may be due to the distinctiveness of an individual's regional variety being reduced in speech and writing. Through learning Standard English,
people often believe that their individuality may be gone or reduced where Bex and Watts (1999) claim that learning Standard English can lead to
"devaluation of other dialects" (p. 14). Along with the negatives, there is also a wide range of beneficial aspects to be made for the inclusion of
Standard English into the education system amongst schools of Outer Circle. Standard English is described by Kerswill and Culpepper (2009) as
the "gold standard" in which they are referring to the other types of English that may be measured against (p. 224). Honey (1997) clarifies how
Standard English "reinforces cultural, economic and social privileges" (p. 37). Kerswill and Culpeper (2009) also mention that the inclusion of
Standard English allows people of "different walks of life to communicate more easily than if only regional dialects were available" (p. 224). By
learning Standard English, this in turn ensures that the people of Outer Circle countries become more competent and equipped with the universal
language to be flexible to function in the sphere of international

The Importance Of English As A Communication For Business...
Introduction
Last Night I was reading the newspaper while drinking some tea and eating a biscuit. The paper really gave me insight into the tragic realities of the
world. There are a plethora of countries that don't have the opportunity to read "Garfield" because they cannot understand English. Due to this, English
should be the global lingua franca. It is assumed that wherever anyone goes in the world, someone will speak some sort of English. It may be
extremely choppy and broken but it is English nonetheless. English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Many people speak it
as a primary or secondary language. In fact, an estimated 1 billion people speak English (PBS). There are two sides to having English as the lingua
franca of the world. On one side, there is easier communication for business as well as innovation. On the contrary, the influence of English can destroy
small languages and cultures.
Background History
The English language can be divided into three main periods which consists of Old, Middle and Modern English. Old English was mainly composed
of the Germanic languages of the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons all mixed together. In fact, Old English resembles modern German more than Modern
English. The Germanic people added words from Latin into the English language. People also put words into more regular order. During the Middle
age of English, French was prevalent because England was conquered by Normandy. In this time period,

Essay about The Jamaican Dialect
The History and Sociolinguistic development of the Jamaican Dialect
The topic of dialects is one which linguistic anthropologists have spent much time studying. Distinctions made between an actual language, a
sub–standard variety of that language and an actual dialect are often unclear and the topic of much debate. Recently in the United States there have
been many discussions about Ebonics, or Black English. It has been argued that Ebonics is simply a sub–standard form and degradation of English,
while others feel that it should be recognized as an African influenced English dialect. One of the most recognizable forms of African–influenced
English is that spoken by the people of Jamaica. Linguists and sociologists alike have studied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original inhabitants of Jamaica were the Arowak Indians, a group separate from any of those living there today. With the arrival of Columbus in
1494, the Arowaks were introduced to the Europeans, which soon proved to be fatal. By the time Britain conquered Jamaica in 1655, the
Arowaks were extinct. Under British rule the slave trade flourished. Plantations were set up, and people from all over Africa were taken from their
homelands and brought to Jamaica as slaves. Slavery was extremely profitable in Jamaica, where the climate allowed for mass plantation
agriculture. While some slaves, termed "Maroons" by the Spanish, escaped and found refuge in the mountains, those who were forced to work the
plantations were also being forced to adapt to their new environment. In 1834, slavery was abolished in Jamaica through a system where the slaves
would work for wages and eventually buy their freedom. While this idea was theoretically a good way to displace slavery and bolster the economy,
there was simply not enough means to carry it out. The end result was an enormous gap between the upper class and the newly freed slaves who made
up the lower class. It is this class struggle that has tormented Jamaicans for years.
In 1963, Jamaica gained independence from Britain. However, poverty was endemic, with over half the population earning only twenty–five dollars a
week. At this time all of the money in Jamaica is controlled by the upper

The Effects Of Globalisation On English Lingua Franca
In a globalizing world, where language governs our society extensively the dominance of English has effects on linguistic and communicative
inequality between native and non–native speakers (Tsuda, 1999). Research on globalisation argues strong evidence that English is the lingua franca or
international language and communication of today. But to what extent has globalisation progressed through language? And how has this discourse
been linked to provide social, economic, political and technological hegemony? The purpose of this essay is to critique the effects of globalisation on
English lingua franca, with reference to international communication. It will identify the western influence of the sprawl of the English language in
global markets and whether these enhance international processes. By comparing and contrasting the ideas from Martin Deway (2008) in 'English as a
Lingua Franca and Globalisation' and Yukio Tsuda (1997) 'The Hegemony of English and strategies for Linguistic Pluralism', the critique will provide
an analysis on the positive and negative implications that English has globalized through.
Language plays an important role in society; 'it provides an important tool for conveying social identities and contributes to the relationship building
process' (East, 2008). It defines us by ethnic appearance, age, gender and classifies societal status (East, 2008). Yet the one language that has spread
globally to more than 62 nations, reaching 2 billion people and is

The University Of Texas At El Paso
Keren Gaona
The University of Texas at El Paso
Global Business 3304
May 19, 2016
According to the speculations of linguistic expert, John McWhorter, who wrote the article, "What the World Will Speak in 2115," in one hundred years
English will become the most widely understood language. If current trends continue, in the future one can imagine a world in which humans all share
a single universal language. Having a common language would potentially open the doors to many opportunities for increased economic activity and
cultural interaction. Additionally, as we travel into the 22nd Century, lesser used and more complex languages that are spoken today will become
extinct. Subsequently, the few languages that survive will evolve into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to his work, "English is the fastest–spreading language in human history and is used by an estimated 1.27 billion people globally" (Neeley,
2012). The English language is already the most popular language in the world, accompanied by each person's native language. Also, compared to
other languages English is relatively easy to learn (McWhorter, 2015). This does not mean that the meshing of new versions of English are always
pristine. Ana Lucia Gonzalez, reporter for BBC, wrote the article, "Life in Spanglish for California's Young Latinos" to address this issue of blending
language.
However, it may come as a surprise that English would be the one to dominate, given that Mandarin Chinese is spoken by the largest population in the
world. It is very unlikely for Mandarin to replace English because English is the already the official language in commerce around the world and it is
also the language in which organizations such as Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) communicate (Martinez, 2014). A reason that
McWhorter provided to why Mandarin Chinese will not be used as a global language, is because it is very difficult to master the language if not
introduced to it at a young age. Furthermore, English is much more user friendly and functional

English As A Global Language
English as a Global Language English is a lingua franca (ELF) where the use of English language is a "common language between speakers whose
native languages are different" (Merriam–Webster Dictionary 2015). However, this does not mean that ELF interactions are speaking what is
considered proper English, but whether or not they effectively communicate. This does not exclude native speakers, but rather it places emphasis on the
interactions between persons of different mother tongues and cultural backgrounds. While other scholars argue that ELF neutrality is cultural free or
not (House 2003), HГјlmbauer (2007) views it as multicultural because "it seems likely that the ELF users develop their own markers of identity (be
they of a common 'European' or 'international' nature or more individual ones which are created online, depending on the community of practice they
are emerging in)." More often than not, ELF interactions stay between non–native speakers where native speakers make up the minority (Paradowski
2008). When discussing ELF interactions, there is this notion that that speakers of ELF feel as though they do not have to adhere to native speaker
norms, but only use it accommodate to their communicative needs (Firth 1996). Linguistic expert Braj Kachru (1985) integrates ELF into a model of
circles: the Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and the Expanding Circle. These circles represent "the types of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the
functional domains in which

How ELT Has Helped Make English the Global Language
How ELT has Helped Make English the Global Language
Standardization of English Controversies It is not difficult to determine why English began its rise as the predominant language in the world. Britain,
the progenitor of the language, once bragged that the "Sun never set on the British Empire." This is true in that the empire stretched to all areas of
the globe, and the nation of England had influence beyond just its possessions. Because the conquerors spoke English, many of the citizens learned to
at least use a few simple phrases that would allow them to take the better jobs offered by the English. This same scenario has happened since the
United States has become the world superpower. In areas such as commerce and science, it is almost non–negotiable that a person has to learn English
to survive. The global climate dictates that there must be a single language which everyone can turn to as that spoken in a particular discipline.
Because of the economic superiority of the United States over the past 50 years, and the fact that the US has also dominated many fields within
science, English is spoken by many people around the world. However, it is a second language. The fact is that English is not the preeminent first
language. Chinese Mandarin has far more native speakers than any other language in the world (Lovgren, 2004). Of course, just the sheer volume of
Chinese make this a certainty, but many of these people still speak English as a second language because

Advantage And Disadvantage Of English
With the rapidly development of English, English becomes a lingua franca in the world. English language is spoken by over1.5billion people around
the world ("Mufwene, S.", 2010). Non–native speakers are far outnumber of native–English speakers which means that many people who come from
different backgrounds and different native language are using English as a common language for communication("Mufwene, S.", 2010). In other
words, English have an important position today; it affects more and more people use it as a common channel for communication or in the aspect of
sharing academic information. However, although English has many advantages, it is threatening to the position of other languages in the world, for
example, some languages are facing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English become that language they need. This trend also affects people become a global citizen. Many basic words, such as "OK, "Hello", "Yes" and
so on, which is some very common words using in answer question or greet somebody who come from different culture and speaking different
languages. Therefore, English become a language for them as a kind of lingua franca to adapt the local live and communicate with people. English
infiltrate into society more widely and deeply, people are more likely to become a global citizen who can communicate to the global world because
of using English. People don't have to worry about the language barrier. One example is the global tourism. In the past, language barrier maybe
affected a person whether he or she was planning to travel other countries. If people want to travel that places, it will means that you have to learn the
local language. But now, English can solve this problem, not only useful for those countries which are used English, but also the others such as Japan,
Korea. It happens on all countries in the world ("N.P.", 2013). In addition, wherever you want to travel, study abroad, business trip and so on, airport
probably is a way station that bring you to the place where you want to go. Then, you can find the most language used in the airport is English.
Consequently, English is the most commonly used

The Literacy / Education Narrative
Rebecca Berger Megargee English 103 10.Feb.2016 The Literacy/Education Narrative Everybody has a moment that puts their life into
perspective; a moment where everything just clicks, but sometimes that moment can open up more questions than answers. A person's life can
depend a lot on their surroundings, but regardless of the circumstances they're in, it is up to them to decide how it will affect them. One event
could affect each person differently in such a way that there is an indeterminate amount of possibilities in one person's life, and they will have to
be the ones to take it upon themselves to decide. My moment made me decide to learn new languages, to learn about cultures, to communicate. I
wanted to live in a world where there would be no hassle in traveling, no language barriers, and no discrimination. It was my first day as a senior in
high school, I went to the guidance councilor to have my schedule fixed, I had no clue what "business intern" was. As I sat waiting I thought of other
classes I wanted to swap, or questions I could ask about college applications. The air was cold, stagnant, and smelled like a cinnamon holiday candle.
The smell burned my nose and I became the most impatient person in the room. There she was, walking down the hall shuffling through papers, the
sound alone made me more nervous than a presentation. "Mrs. Keeler" I said, probably surprising her – usually students aren't there to change
schedules until the end of the week – "Can I

English And English Linguistic Imperialism
In contemporary society, there is an increasing number of people speaking English and there has been much discussion on the issue of whether English
users are the victims of linguistic imperialism. Historically, English was regarded as a lingua franca and it has the same function nowadays (Kachru,
1985, cited in Jenkins, 2014). In addition, linguistic imperialism is related to English in this essay. Although English users could profit from the spread
of English and 'English linguistic imperialism' indeed brings some advantages, some others still hold the view that English users are victims of this
trend to some extent. This essay will demonstrate that in spite of the risks of speaking English cannot be ignored, there are also several benefits
brought out by 'English linguistic imperialism'. In other words, this essay will show that English users are not victims of English linguistic imperialism
to some extent. One of the main reasons which interprets globalisation of English is advantageous is English providing some opportunities for
international students. According to Bolton (2011), the significance of globalisation of English cannot be neglected. Meantime, the growth of English
medium instruction is rapid, which is possibly the main driving force behind ELF. That is to say, it seems that English is important in the teaching
process, especially in universities. For example, Jenkins (2014) suggests that a plenty of international students could communicate with each other

Lingua Franca Essay
Lingua franca is defined as a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different ('lingua franca'.
2016. Oxford Dictionaries.com. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/lingua_franca). In her book The Phonology of English as an International
Language (2000), Jenkins stated that the most universally used lingua franca is English, and there are more non–native English speakers compared to
native English speakers. The English language has been on the rise internationally ever since the British colonization which strategically placed native
English speakers all over the globe. However, there are talks that in a few years, Mandarin will be replacing English as the lingua franca of the world. ...
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Some say that Mandarin is the future lingua franca as being the most populous nation, China, has always been a force to be reckoned. However,
although there are a higher amount of native Mandarin speakers compared to native English speakers, there are 800 million people who speak English
as their second language compared to 500 million that speaks Mandarin as their second language (Mercer, 2015). In fact, for the majority users
worldwide English is not their first language and a vast proportion of verbal exchange in English does not involve any native speakers of the language
at all. (Seidlhofer, 2008) This is because English is chosen as the language of choice when communicating with the world while Mandarin is only used
to communicate around South East Asia. There might be languages that will take over the English language as the dominant lingua franca in the
distant future but as of this moment, especially 10 years from now, English is still defending its

Impact Of Globalization Of English Language
Globalization of the English language is the concept of using English as a global language for purpose of communication in numerous different
dialects that is the movement of English towards a standard language. From history we see that twenty first century is known as the period of
globalization of English language in which English has gained so much importance that it is now known as the language of the universe. It is known
by every class of people from rich to poor even though its usage in the lower class society is very little but still people want to learn it for better
opportunities. It has overtaken the world as the global language. Everyone irrespective of the fact where he belongs to speak English though not fluent
as well as understands it very well. Education in most of the countries is given in English as it is the language of researches and technology. It is the
major language of newspapers, academic conferences, diplomacy, sports and advertisement industry. Multinational companies requires their workers to
be fluent in English language because they deal with their foreign business partners and customers in English language as it's understood everywhere.
The standardized form of English language came into form after planning of creating... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was made the official medium of communication throughout the world by the Air and Sea control, and by 2020 there was hardly anyone in the
world who could not talk and understand it. (Wells, 1933, pp. 418, 419). This shows us what lead to the growing supremacy of English language. In
this essay I will be discussing about the globalization of the English language and how it has effected other languages and people's

Disadvantages Of Lingua Franca
A Lingua Franca; the Catalyst of International Debates
The term lingua franca is usually associated with languages; more precisely, any language that is commonly used by people whose native language
differentiates. In order to communicate, a common language arises – a lingua franca – that is understood by all ethnic groups.
English is unequivocally the most important lingua franca in the world. There are several reasons as to why it came to dominate world. The Brits;
British imperialism was at it highest point during the 17th and 20th century, spreading its culture like wildfire. The country oozed of power, taking over
country after country, maybe archipelagos, continents, spreading their ideologies, their parliament and even their language. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The internet is a wide spectrum of all kinds of languages, but English is the fundamental language used to communicate across borders. An advantage
of having a global language is precisely this; communication with multitudinous people that you could never communicate with if it wasn't for the
lingua franca.
The internet – through a lingua franca – uncovered cultures that you may not realise could be unknown if it wasn't for the lingua franca. American
movies, Hollywood, all the different TV–series; these gems could be hidden and unattainable. What about Indian culture, Bollywood or their fantastic
food? Maybe we wouldn't have Indian food in Norway or dance from the Spanish people. Or maybe scientific research couldn't be traded across
borders, resulting in today's technology not being as advanced and developed as it is.
A global language isn't all sunshine and roses. Increased globalisation could lead to weakening or eradication of other language. It is estimated that
copious minor languages will disappear in the future. However, it seems that countries with English as a native language is under greater threat of
losing their language – or accent – to the dominating party: American

The Vivacity of the English Language
The English language has always had vivacity. Before English was even a known language, its linguistic precursors were set in a perpetual forward
moving motion that led to the development of English as we know it. The English language has never been static in geographical location, vocabulary,
grammar, and certainly not in the people who speak it (Crystal).
However, it is important to note that a lingua franca is necessary for people to communicate on a global level. International relations are important
and have been important throughout history. The League of Nations was the first of many alliances to allocate a special place for English making it
lingua franca for its proceedings. Lingua franca is a shared language of communication used between people whose main languages are different. In
order for a language to become lingua franca, it must be widely used by those who wield power (Crystal).
There are two main factors that make English a lingua franca. The two factors are its internal and external qualities. The internal qualities of structure
and lexicon are important items in any language. English is much simpler in these structures than other languages. For example, Latin has accusative,
dative, genitive, feminine, masculine, or neuter, but English does not have these distinct features. Moreover, English has a vast vocabulary making it
more flexible and easier to pair with other languages. The external qualities of the number of users, geographical diffusion,

English: The Language Of Language In The World
English may not be the most spoken language in the world, but it is the official language in a large number of countries. It is estimated that the
number of people in the world that use in English to communicate on a regular basis is 2 billion! English is the dominant business language and it
has become almost a necessity for people to speak English if they are to enter a global workforce, research from all over the world shows that
cross–border business communication is most often conducted in English. Its importance in the global market place therefore cannot be understated,
learning English really can change your life. Throughout this essay I will discuss the importance of English, why English is associated with technical
and scientific communication, education and employment communications, last but not least, "Englishes".
Standard English as a subject is significant for children to learn. For more youthful kids, realizing this dialect when they can will help them with
creating relational abilities, fundamental math and essential perusing. For more seasoned children, having appropriate aptitudes in English empowers
them to compose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such international events usually bring together people from different linguistic and socio–cultural backgrounds with the result that a common
language of communication is frequently adopted. More often than not this lingua franca is English. While English for International Business (EIB) has
an essential function as a lingua franca in multilingual settings, it can also present challenges both linguistically and culturally, particularly as more and
more interactions are between speakers whose first language is not

English : The Importance Of English As A Global Language
In this paper, I argue if our modern–day society needs a global language such as English. English as a global language is necessary because it is more
efficient, globalization, and most people already have some knowledge of English. English is of great importance in many places around the world,
for this reason, it would be an excellent candidate to be the world's lingua franca, or a global language.
English is of importance to become our universal language, because with the globalized society we live in, communication among different groups of
people, has become increasingly important in the last 25 years. According to Statista.com, "1,500 million people worldwide speak English, of whom
only 375 million are native speakers" 1.5 billion people speak English, that's 20% of the world that can already communicate with each other. One of
the biggest reasons for English to be the world's lingua franca, is because of media, such as phones, tv, books, and the internet. Never in the history of
mankind have humans been more interconnected than they are right now due to the internet. With the rise of the internet in the past 20 years, English
quickly became the dominant language of the World Wide Web. Due to this, if everyone had the ability to have one common language, it would make it
possible for everyone online to interact, communicate, and learn more about each other's cultures. With this ability for everyone to understand on the
internet what each other is saying, it would allow

A Critical Analysis of Liguistic Imperialism Essay
Introduction English has become one of the major languages of the world, and it can be an agent of linguistic imperialism (Phillipson, 1992). This
review will offer a critique of the of the 1992 book, "Linguistic Imperialism," published by New York: Oxford University Press. The author, Robert
Phillipson, is a research professor at Copenhagen Business School's Department of English. Through the examination of this article, it can be confirmed
that Phillipson has accurately described the existing problems of the dying minority languages and the untenable idea of the combination of
globalization and English. However, I contest that English can promote social mobility in low–income countries in Africa and other countries. The
questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is strongly suggested that with this global diffusion of English, the equality for speakers of all languages is flawed.
However, in contrast to this, the article "The Triumph of English," published in The Economist argues that the language of globalization and of
economics and politics is necessary for international communications and further education on large variety of subjects. English will be spoken by
over a billion people within a decade, and that the English language has diffused everywhere and globally. The English language is a vital skill to
operate on the world stage, because many of the fruitful sources needed for education are published in the global language of English, and people can
understand the economics and politics of the world. The ability to understand and communicate in English is mandatory in various fields and
professions, and is therefore possibly the lingua franca of the modern–day society.
Discussion
English is essential to the globalization processes for economic and political restructuring. There are opposition of this idea that English can be
equally diffused on a global scale. This spread of the language is the imperialism of culture, where Americanization takes place, and American culture
is forced into various cultures through the power of the dominance of English as the lingua franca.

English As A Global Language
English as a Global Language
English serves as a global language and it is essential especially among different countries to have an effective communication. Learning English is a
great tool among other countries to promote development in the English language during the previous decades. English language not just improved the
educational level of a one's country but also it had been raised political and cultural aspects which are very significant for most countries. The changes
that the English language can conquer are that it would serve as a long–term change in a country because it supports growth technologically and
socially. The English language has been spoken nowadays with different continents and cities due to the colonization and globalization. Because of the
rapid growth of the native speakers in many countries, The English language also has been rapidly growing. Many other countries use the English
language as their general means of communication like for example is the Nigeria. The English language has different varieties and it is divided into
geographical areas.
English Language in support to businesses
Effective communication at work is essential to everyone in a company. This could make the task easier and finish their goals in the company. If there
is an effective communication, it is easier among the employees and staff, among the bosses and other departments, to accomplish their task and be
united if they have an effective communication.

English, the Dominant Language?
English, which is spoken by 1.9 billon of the world's population as their first language (Redman, 2004), has been spreading rapidly in the world since
the British Industrial Revolution and colonialism in many continents such as Asia, Africa and North America during the 18th century (Lavot, 2000). As
the influence of English is increasing, some linguists think that it is a natural process of successful international communication. However, many other
languages are also dying out at an accelerating rate because of the expansion of the English language. In discussing the issue of the growing influence
of English; arguments, both for and against, should be considered, particularly, in the economic, the information exchange, the linguistic... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it has been estimated that half of the world's remaining languages will become extinct over the next hundred years (ibid.). Another point
suggested by Crystal (1997) is that the presence of a global language may cause people to neglect the chance of learning other languages because they
may think that other languages are unnecessary. Thus, languages are dying out and this will lead to a 'communication fault–line' between generations.
As a result, many concepts and culture cannot be kept and passed to the younger generation since the younger generation becomes more proficient
in the new language and finds their first language irrelevant to their new needs. Moreover, English may alter the creation of words of some
languages. Linguistically, some words will be created by 'borrowings' (Crystal, 1971). It simply means using a word from one language to function
as the same thing in another language. English words such as 'taxi', 'bus' and 'file' are borrowed for the creation of words in Cantonese. It is
believed that this kind of 'borrowing words' will increase in a faster rate, leading to a certain word or phrase become disappeared or even replaced by
English if the promotion of English become more intensive. Finally, many inconveniences may occur due to the fact that English are not unified and
seems to be easily changed. First of all, there are British English and

The Language As A Lingua Franca Of The Business World
"English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented in every continent" (Crystal, 1997:106). It can therefore be
understood that the English language is a vital means of communication for millions of people around the world.
English has now become the Lingua Franca of the business world. In the business world, partners and companies belonging to different nations and
cultures conduct operations in either one of the languages of the involved or in a 'neutral' language, known as the Lingua Franca. Lingua Franca
signifies the common language or the common language for speakers of different first languages and can also be referred to as the; bridge, working,
vehicular or trade language.
The term 'linguistic imperialism' and 'linguistic relativism' are key in understanding a language as a Lingua Franca. Linguistic imperialism stands for a
dominant nation's practice of transferring it's cultural, social, political and, even, economic features and ideologies by transferring its language to other
nations and according to Phillipson (1992), the dominance of English needs to be asserted and maintained with continuous reconstruction of "cultural
inequalities between English and other languages". Phillipson claims that English achieved its dominant position as the principal world language
because it has been actively promoted "as an instrument of foreign policy of the major English–speaking states" (Phillipson 1992:1). Linguistic
relativism, on

Spanglish Language
Nowadays, with the globalization process, people are closer to get to know new languages and cultures because they can access more easily to a big
variety of information all around the world. Being close to information is crucial in the languages' world since people are already involved and
contextualized in it, for instance; English is the Lingua Franca; it is everywhere: The Internet, books, advertisement, films and the like. In this
understanding, English learning has become a necessity for some countries, especially those which are influenced politically, socially or even
ideologically by English–speaking countries. Nonetheless, regarding languages, identity and speaker's identity, a social, cognitive phenomenon is
becoming polemical in many Spanish–speaking countries such as Colombia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and also in North America, particularly in states
with large Hispanic communities settled down; it is known as Spanglish. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of this "new way to talk" may have diverse implications because, firstly, there is not a clear definition of Spanglish as Teck (1998) points
out: "Spanglish is a strange thing. Like art (and some other stuff), you may not be able to describe it, but you know it when you see it". Secondly,
every scholar has a different concept about what Spanglish stands for. Some people conceive Spanglish is an attack on the integrity of the Spanish
language because it depicts a way in which English is invading Spanish. Some Spanish native speakers also point out Spanglish is only used by poor
people or people who are not proficient in the language they are speaking, as Gonzales (1997)

Importance Of English In Kenya
Most people who think of English will agree that it is one of the most diverse forms of communication. A hybrid made of various words and phrases
from other cultures, it is commonly considered a lingua franca and is used to bring those various cultures together. But in some ~ cases, English is not
being used to bring the people together, but rather deliberately split them apart. Such a case has been occurring in Kenya, where the usage of English
has become an underhanded tool to partition the power between the elites and the commoners.
Kenya is an Outer Circle country, which means that the use of English is the result of colonization and has become ingrained in society and daily life
as an important function. In Kenya's case, English was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the year 1963, Kenya was fully declared independent from British rule. However, its influence still exists throughout the country today. Currently,
English is used in primary and secondary education, and based on British English and spelling. (Cite as before) Today, English is one of the official
languages in Kenya, alongside Swahili, the native language.
Though English has many uses, and plays important roles, it has also been used as ulterior means to promoting a (destructive) hegemony.
"Kenya opted for capitalism and English as the most practical medium for business communication" (English around the World)
Despite the widespread presence of English throughout the country, (much like other countries) the actual understanding and ~~ of English is low. In
fact, it is estimated only twenty percent to a quarter of the (common) population has a decent and ~~ understanding of the language. It is "sometimes a
second, third or even fourth language for large segments of the population.". Even those who know English may not be speaking it correctly.
This fact is the core of the governmental problem in Kenya– English is being manipulated as a means to ensure more power to the government and
take away from the common people. For example, daily media, magazines, and websites are widely biased towards using English and continue to
grow. This poses a big problem for government situations. The official language for documents and

The Impact Of English As A Lingua Franca
English has undergone some changes in relation to its status in the world. Some years ago, it only became the first or second language for several
countries. Nowadays, alongside with the development of information, communication, and technology the status of English becomes a lingua franca in
the world. That is, a language that is used as a means of communication between people with different language. This change, of course, brings some
impacts in the roles of English as a language. English is not seen as a language for identity anymore. Yet, it functions mainly as a means of
communication. Added to this, the change of the English status as a lingua franca will also impact to the educational sector especially in English
Language Teaching (ELT). With regard to this issue, this paper tries to present the notion of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and its implication to the
teaching learning process especially in Indonesian context.
Keywords: English as a Lingua Franca, English Language Teaching, Indonesian Context
A.Introduction
Nowadays, the roles of English around the world have changed rapidly. English only served as the first or the second language of certain countries
some years ago. Recently, English has a new role as a language which is used as a means of communication between people with different ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is used as a bridge for linking two or more different groups. In communication, especially in bilingual and multilingual society, people have to deal
with others in order to communicate successfully. Hence, Formkin, et.al (2003) argues that people make agreement to pick one language on deciding
lingua franca in order to satisfy the desire of social and economic interaction. Therefore, we can infer that lingua franca facilitates communication for
many purposes between people whose language is

Definition Of Lingual Bilingualism
A lingual genocide is brewing within a nation which prides itself on being free of oppression. Lingual activist have many different definitions for
bilingualism. MartГn Espada and Richard Rodriguez both abandon the conventional sense of the word bilingualism, the ability to converse in
multiple language. In Espada's essay, "The New Bathroom Policy at English High School", he extends bilingualism to include the merging of
cultures to sympathize and be immersed in a community. He believes that education's role is to help ease the mixing of identities. In Rodriguez's
book, Hunger of Memory, he elaborates upon definition of bilingualism and creates his own distinction from Espada's interpretation. He believes that
bilingualism is the coexistence of two identities, a public one which was English for him and a private one which was Spanish. He believes the iron
fist enforcement of a language is key to reaching the state of bilingualism. My definition of bilingualism is an extension upon both Rodriguez and
Espada. I believe bilingualism is the merging of multiple cultures but also the preservation of each culture, this allows one to be a multicultural being
able to be defined as themselves rather than a culture.
To survive in America's cultural war, Latinos must realize that they have a right to their identity and must refuse to be silenced. Espada emphasize that
the lingual discrimination faced by Spanish speakers in education and the judicial system is part of a larger scheme

Humanity's Lingua Franca
Humanity's Lingua Franca
My former choir director once stated that singing made one more vulnerable than even being nude. Because really the act of singing is like that of
cutting yourself open, and giving people a piece of you through a concoction of air and honed muscle coordination, oscillating to a degree that could
be physically felt by others. This human connection offered by the art form is primarily physical. Every song heard be it live or recorded is a
physical manifestation of someone's physical self. This is how music in literal terms can touch people. Through my training in music I have left a
physical mark on people singing everywhere from Carnegie Hall's Stern Auditorium to the Hochschule fГјr Musik Berlin. Meeting

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