This document introduces the phonemic symbols and signs used to represent sounds in English phonology. It lists the consonant and vowel phonemes along with their phonetic symbols. Consonants include stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, and glides. Vowels include short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs. Prosodic marks are also indicated for stress.

1. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology J. Strässler
ENGLISH PHONEMIC SYMBOLS AND SIGNS
The following consonant letters have their usual English sound values:
p, b, t, d, k, m, n, l, r, f, v, z, h, w
The remaining consonant letters and the vowel letters have no unique sound value:
Consonant-like phonemes:
Voiceless Voiced
stops: p as in 'pea' b as in 'bee'
t as in 'tea' d as in 'do'
k as in 'key' g as in 'go'
nasals: l as in 'map'
m as in 'nap'
M as in 'hang'
fricatives: f as in 'fat' v as in 'vat'
S as in 'thin' C as in 'that'
s as in 'sip' z as in 'zip'
R as in 'ship' Y as in 'measure'
g as in 'hat'
affricates: sR as in 'chin' cY as in 'gin'
approximants: liquids: k as in 'led'
q as in 'red'
glides: i as in 'yet'
v as in 'wet'
Note: w occurs as a variant for j in Scottish words (as in 'loch')
subscript <(as in k<+m<) indicates a syllabic consonant
Vowel-like phonemes:
short vowels: long vowels: diphthongs:
H as in 'pit' h9 as in 'key' dH as in 'bay'
d as in 'pet' (US: D) `H as in 'buy'
z as in 'pat' NH as in 'boy'
U as in 'cut' @9 as in 'car' ?T as in 'low' US: nT
P as in 'pot' (US: @9) N9 as in 'core' `T as in 'how'
T as in 'put' t9 as in 'coo' H? as in 'here' US: H_
? as in 'potato', 'upper' 29 as in 'cur' (US: 2_ ) d? as in 'there' US:D_
?9 T? as in 'moor' US:T_
Prosodic marks:
! the following syllable carries primary (tonic) stress;
$ the following syllable caries secondary stress.