Pharo Hands-on: 05 object model
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Pharo uses a pure object-oriented model where everything is an object, including classes. There is single inheritance and only message passing between objects. Classes are objects themselves that are instances of metaclass objects. Method lookup involves searching the receiver's class and its superclass. Packages can contain methods defined on classes in other packages, providing flexibility.
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Pharo Hands-on: 05 object model
- 1. Pharo Object Model Stéphane Ducasse http://www.pharo.org
- 2. No constructors, no static methods, no operators No type declaration, no primitive types, No interfaces, no need for factory No packages/private/protected modifiers No parametrized types No boxing/unboxing Still powerful
- 3. A Pure OO World Only objects mouse, booleans, arrays, numbers, strings, windows, scrollbars, canvas, files, trees, compilers, sound, url, socket, fonts, text, collections, stack, shortcut, streams, … & messages
- 4. Simple and Uniform Everything in an object instance of a class Classes are objects Only message passing (method invocation) Only one method lookup (virtual) Packages contain classes and methods
- 5. Object Model Instance variables are private to the object (instance- based) ClassVariables are shared between subclasses Instance variables are protected Methods are public, virtual Single Inheritance
- 6. Object subclass: #Point instanceVariableNames: 'x y' classVariableNames: '' category: 'Graphics-Primitives' Single Inheritance
- 8. Object Node accept: name sendt: node1 msg The key to everything
- 9. Look for the message selector in the class of the receiver if found return it if not look in the superclass Execute the message on the receiver Sending a message
- 11. ! Point selectors ! > an IdentitySet(#eightNeighbors #+ #isZero #sortsBefore: #degrees #printOn: #sideOf: #fourNeighbors #hash #roundUpTo: #min: #min:max: #max #adaptToCollection:andSend: #quadrantOf: #crossProduct: #= #nearestPointOnLineFrom:to: #bitShiftPoint: #* #guarded #insideTriangle:with:with: #grid: #truncateTo: #y #setR:degrees: #normal Classes are objects too
- 12. ! Point instVarNames Classes are objects too
- 13. ! Point instVarNames >#('x' 'y') Classes are objects too
- 14. Instance creation Just messages send to special objects that are classes Morph new Character cr Rectangle origin: 0@0 corner: 100@200 Tomagashi withHunger: 10
- 15. Class methods are plain late bound methods as any methods!
- 17. Cheap factories :) Parser>>parse: line self sortedParsers detect: [ :sub | (sub canParse: aLine) ifTrue: [ ^ sub newFromLine: line ] ] ! Parser>>sortedParsers ^ DocumentItem allSubclasses sorted: [ :c1 :c2 | c1 priority < c2 priority ]
- 18. ! ! Classes are objects too
- 19. ! Point class Classes are objects too
- 20. ! Point class >Point class ! Classes are objects too
- 21. ! Point class >Point class ! “Point class” is an anonymous class (called a metaclass) with only one instance: the class Point Classes are objects too
- 22. Class Parallel Inheritance Node class new withName: aString instance of Node name accept: aPacket send: aPacket Workstation originate: aPacket accept: aPacket aWorkstation (BigMac) Workstation class instance of
- 23. Lookup and Class Methods
- 25. Package extensions A method can be defined in a class that is packaged in another package! Powerful to build layers
- 26. Defined in the Dice package Integer>>D20 ^ self D: 20 ! Integer>>D: anInteger | h | h := DiceHandle new self timesRepeat: [h addDice: (Dice faces: anInteger)]. ^ h 2 D20: two dice of 20 faces
- 27. Summary Everything is an object Single inheritance, public methods, protected attributes One single model Classes are simply objects too A class is instance of another class One unique method lookup, look in the class of the receiver A package can contain methods defined on classes defined in other packages.