The document provides information about the Pgi Memory Scale (PGIMS), a memory assessment instrument developed in India. It describes the scale's development and validation, the dimensions it measures, administration and scoring procedures, and psychometric properties. The PGIMS measures various aspects of memory including remote memory, recent memory, attention, recall, and recognition. It was standardized on Indian subjects and has good reliability and validity. The document reviews the scale's advantages in being developed locally but also notes some initial limitations in its development.

1. Pgi Memory Scale
Module II : Cognitive Functions And
Their Assessment

2. memory
✗ Memory is the process of maintaining information over
time.
✗ Memory is the means by which we draw on our past
experiences in order to use this information in the
present
✗ Therefore, memory is the process by which we
Encode, Store and Retrieve.
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3. Atkinson and shriffon
Model of memory
✗ Sensory Memory stores information that has just been perceived.
This particularly refers to information that has not yet been
attended to or has not yet reached the consciousness of the person,
and has not yet been stored in short-term memory. These images
last only milliseconds.
There are two types of sensory Memory:
✗ Iconic – memory reflects information from the visual system.
✗ Echoic – stores auditory information coming from the ears.
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4. SHORT TERM MEMORY
✗ Also called working memory.
✗ Contains new information and
also information that has been
retrieved from Long-term
memory.
✗ Lasts seconds or at the most
minutes.
types of memory
LONG TERM MEMORY
✗ Long Term Memory is much more stable
than short-term memory, probably
because a permanent structural change
takes place in the brain, namely changes
in synaptic strength.
✗ It generates rather than reproduces i.e., it
is affected by perception and
interpretation of the individual who is
remembering.
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5. TULVING’S : Modules Of Memory
✗ One of the earliest and most influential
distinctions of long term memory was
proposed by Tulving (1972). He proposed a
distinction between
 episodic
 semantic
 procedural memory.
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6. HISTORY OF TESTING MEMORY
• Associationism - John Locke, David
Hume, David Hartley, James Mill, John
Stuart Mill, Alexander Bain, and Ivan
Pavlov, asserted that the principle applied
to all or most mental processes.
• Revival of association from memory was
hypothesized.
• Ebbinghaus and the Rote learning theory
(1885) – he introduced many important
ideas of novel associations in the Journal
of Experimental Psychology : Learning,
Memory and Cognition (1985). He then
formulated the Forgetting Curve 6

7. Instruments Assessing Memory
-Wechsler Memory Scale –3rd Edition
(WMS-III) = Designed to assess learning,
memory, and working memory. For
individuals in the age range of 16-89 years.
-Benton Visual Retention Test= Designed to
assess visual perception, visual memory, and
visuoconstructive abilities. For ages 8 and
over.
-Cambridge Prospective Memory Test
(CAMPROMPT) = assessment and
rehabilitation of prospective memory
problems
-Memory Assessment Scales (MAS) = This
comprehensive battery assesses short-term,
verbal and visual memory functioning.
-Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test =
Detects impairment of everyday memory
functioning: remembering a name, a hidden
belonging, an appointment, picture and face
recognition, etc.
-Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) =
comprehensive instrument designed to
evaluate general and specific memory
functions of individuals aged 5 to 59 years
old.
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8. POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE
MEMORY SCALE
(PGI-MS)
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9. PGI-MS
The PGI Memory Scale has become a popular memory
scale throughout India and replaced the Boston Memory
Scale and Wechsler Memory Scale at both the premier
institutes of psychiatry i.e., National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore and Central
Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi.
Therefore PGI memory scale (PGIMS) was constructed
and standardized in 1977.
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10. THE SCALE WAS VALIDATED AGAINST 4 HYPOTHESES –
i) The subject suffering from neurological disorders will
obtain poorer scores than the subjects suffering from
functional psychiatric illness
ii) The older subjects should obtain lower scores than
younger normal adults
iii) The scores on memory scale should have positive
relationship with education
iv) It should not have high correlation with intelligence test
scores
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11. Dimensions measured in the Instrument
It contains 10 sub tests –
✗ 1. Remote memory
✗ 2. Recent memory
✗ 3. Mental balance
✗ 4. Attention concentration
✗ 5. Delayed recall
✗ 6. Immediate recall (sequential reproduction of sentences)
✗ 7. Retention for similar pairs
✗ 8. Retention for dissimilar pairs
✗ 9. Visual retention
✗ 10. Recognition
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12. Psychometric Properties
Quintile norms
were developed for
the subjects in the
age range of 20-45
years for the 3
education levels (i.e.
0-5 6-9 and 10+
above years of
schooling)
separately for each
of the ten sub-tests.
Validity – PGI Memory
scale was found to
have a correlation of
.71 with Boton
Memory Sclare and .85
with the Wechsler
memory scale. It also
confirmed the 4
hypotheses set to
demonstrate its
validity.
Reliability – for this, the
test was re-administered
on 40 subjects after an
interval of one week. The
test re-test reliability
ranged between .70 and
.84 for organic psychotic
groups, .48 to .84 for
neurotic-normal’ group.
Split half reliability was
found to be .91 and .83
respectively.
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instructions
INSTRUCTIONS -
Remote Memory - '' I am going to ask
you some questions and I would like
you to reply to them honestly and
promptly."
Recent Memory - " I will ask some
questions about your recent
activities, please answer them
honestly."
Mental Balance - "I will ask you
some common memory and problem
solving questions, please answer
them. There is no time limit."
Problem & plan
PROBLEM - To assess the
subject's memory span
with the help of the PGI -
Memory Scale, developed
by Dwarka Prasad and N.
N. Wig.
PLAN - The given 10
subtests are administered
and the memory span of
the subject is determined
with the help of the norms.
Materials required & precautions
MATERIALS REQUIRED -
PGIMS Consumable
Booklet (Answer Sheet),
PGIMS Manual,
Stationery.
PRECAUTIONS -
Instructions were made
clear. Calm and peaceful
environment was
maintained. Intervals were
timed appropriately.
Methodology

14. ANALYSIS AND SCORING
✗ Subtest 1 - 1 score for each correct answer. (Maximum possible score - 7)
✗ Subtest 2 - 1 score for each correct answer. (Maximum possible score - 5)
✗ Subtest 3 - For the first 2 questions, 3 score if all correct within 15 sec., 2 score
if takes more than 15 secs. and 1 score if 1 mistake or omission. 0 score for 2 or
more mistakes.
✗ Subtest 4 - For first question, 3-4 digits = 1 score, 5-6 digits = 2 score, (1 score
for mistake), 7-8 digits = 3 score (2 score for 1 mistake and 0 score for more
than 2 mistakes). (Maximum possible score = 12)
✗ Subtest 5 - 1 score for each correct. (Total possible score = 10)
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15. ✗ Subtest 6 - 1 score for each clause correctly reproduced. (Total possible
score = 12)
✗ Subtest 7 - 1 score for each correct pair. (Total possible score = 5)
✗ Subtest 8 - 1 score for each correct reproduction. Maximum of 3 trials.
(Total Possible score = 15)
✗ Subtest 9 - 2 scores for each card 1-3 (Total possible score = 6), 3 scores for
card 4 = 3, 4 scores for card 5 = 4. (Total possible score = 13)
✗ Subtest 10 - 1 score for each correct. deduct 1 score for each wrong
identification. (Total possible socre = 10)
✗ Max score = 115
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16. interpretation

17. ADVANTAGES -
✗ Made without the
influence of foreign
methods of
assessment.
✗ Based of Indian
samples and can be
generalized for the
same.
.
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18. ✗ DISADVANTAGES –
✗ Too small a sample size for the purpose of
reliability and validity.
✗ Initially made for those suffering with mental
disorders and criticised for general
application
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References -
Bower, Gordon H. "A Brief History of Memory Research (1991)
PGIMS (English Version), National Psychological Corporation, Agra. (1977)
https://prezi.com/6uwtu_ejphol/pgi-memory-scale/?fallback=1

20. Thanks!
Any questions?
By:
Madhavi Tiwari
MA Clinical Psychology
SEM 2
AIBAS
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