this presentation is about the petroleum system and geology of lower indus basin. moreover there are some operational fields discussed in this presentation.
This document describes the Baluchistan basin of Pakistan.
stratigraphy, source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, trapping mechanism of Baluchistan basin.
thanks to my class fellow for help.
This document describes the Baluchistan basin of Pakistan.
stratigraphy, source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, trapping mechanism of Baluchistan basin.
thanks to my class fellow for help.
Its all about the summary of what geological episodes happened in the past that results in existence of Pakistan. And then discussion about main segments and main features of Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
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Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
Its all about the summary of what geological episodes happened in the past that results in existence of Pakistan. And then discussion about main segments and main features of Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
Metallogenic Epoch and Province
Metallogenetic Epochs
Metallogenetic epochs, as defined above, are specific periods characterised by formation of large number of mineral deposits. It does not mean that all the mineral deposits formed during a definite metallogenetic epochs. In India the chief metallogenetic epochs were:
1. Precambrian
2. Late Palaeozoic
3. Late Mesozoic to Early Tertiary
It is one of my finest works . A detailed packet of information of minerals with their types, how they are formed, mining processes and protection from mining hazards.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. • Introduction
• Geology of lower Indus basin
• Stratigraphy of lower Indus basin
• Petroleum system of lower indus basin
• Source rocks of lower indus basin
• Reservoir rocks of lower Indus basin
Table of Contents
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4. Continue...
• Seal rocks of lower indus basin
• Traps of lower indus basin
• Operational fields in Lower indus basin
1. Sui Field
2. Tandoo Alam Field
3. Kadanwari Field
4. Pasakhi Field
5. Khaskeli Field
4
5. Introduction
• The great Indus basin extends over most of eastern Pakistan and the
westernmost parts of India.
• Total area is 873,000 square kilometers (km2).
• The Lower Indus Platform basin is one of the Pakistan’s tectonostratigraphic
provinces
• Geographically located in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
• It is an extensional basin formed by a fossil-rift crustal feature overlain by a
thick sedimentary sequence.
5
6. Geology of Lower Indus Basin
• It is bounded to the north by the Central Indus Basin.
• Northwest by the Suleiman Fold belt Basin.
• In the south west by the Kirthar Fold Belt Basin.
• The main tectonic events which have controlled the structures and
sedimentology of the Lower Indus Basin are rifting of the Indian Plate from
Gondwanaland which probably created NE-SW to N-S rift systems and east
ward tilting at the start of cretaceous.
6
7. Continue..
• Separation of the Madagascan and Indian plates in the Mid to Late Cretaceous
which may have caused some sinistral strike-slip faulting in the region, hotspot
activity and thermal doming at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
• This in turn caused uplift, erosion, extrusion of the Deccan flood basalts and
probably the NNW-striking normal faults.
• Paleocene-Eocene emplacement of the Bela ophiolites may have caused gentle
folding, Eocene passive margin conditions caused structural quiescence and
carbonate deposition.
7
8. Stratigraphy of Lower Indus Basin
8
• This tectonic province is underlain by infra-Cambrian to Recent clastics and
carbonates.
• The stratigraphic succession changes from east to west.
• Precambrian basement is exposed in the south-eastern corner of the basin.
• The thickness of the sediments increases westward.
• Here is the table of stratigraphic sequence of lower Indus basin:
10. Petroleum System of Lower Indus Basin
• Basin-wise success rate has been the highest for the Lower Indus Basin.
• Six proven and viable plays are identified in the Lower Indus Platform Basin,
where perfect petroleum system exists.
10
11. Source Rock of Lower Indus Basin
• Sember (Cretaceous) and Ranikot (Paleocene) are main source rock.
• The Sembar has been identified as the primary source rock for much of the
Greater Indus Basin
• Environment of deposition of Sember and ranikot is marine environment
• Lower Goru, Ranikot and Ghazij Formation also known to be source rock as
well.
11
12. Reservoir rocks of lower Indus basin
• Cretaceous to Eocene clastics and carbonates are the proven reservoirs in the
basin.
• Reservoirs of lower Indus basins are:
• Limestone of the Habib Rahi and Pirkoh members of the Kirthar
Formation.
• In Kirthar Range mostly Pab sandstone is the reservoir.
• Lower Goru Sands (Lower Cretaceous) are the main reservoir for oil and gas
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13. Seal Rocks of Lower Indus Basin
• Sealing intervals are present for all potential reservoirs in the area.
• The known seals in the system are composed of shales that are interbedded
with and overlying the reservoirs.
13
14. Traps of Lower Indus Basin
• All production in the Indus Basin is from structural traps.
• Trapping mechanism in the southern Lower Indus Basin is mostly structural
traps.
• Some stratigraphic traps are also present.
14
15. Operational Fields in lower Indus Basin
• Sui Field
• Tandoo Alam Field
• Bari oil Field
• Kadanwari Field
• Pasakhi Field
• Khaskeli Field
15
16. Sui Field
• Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan.
• Discovered in 1952
• Located in Mari Bugtti transverse Uplift in Sibbi District of Baluchistan.
• Field operated by PPL (Pakistan Petroleum Limited).
• The gas reserves discovered in Sui were total of 11.69 trillion cubic feet.
• Producing formation: Sui Main Limestone, Sui Upper Limestone, Pab
Sandstone, Habibrahi limestone
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17. Continue...
• Total depth 3,066 m.
• Found Sui Main limestone 600 m thick with a 226 m gas column.
• Porosity is 6.7-28.4%, permeability 35 md.
• Gas is 90% methane, 1.2% ethane, 4.5% carbon dioxide and 3.5%nitrogen.
• Current production rate: the daily production is around 448 million cubic feet.
• Remaining reserves are estimated to be at about 2 trillion cubic feet.
• Producing wells 85.
17
19. Tandoo Alam Field
• Tandoo Alam field, opened in May 1984
• Located in the Badin trough of the Thar platform in Hyderabad district,
Sind.
• Field operated by OGDCL.
• Producing formation Goru formation
• It is a north-south trending anticline bounded by two faults, with four way
closure at Middle and Lower Goru level.
19
20. Continue..
• Original oil reserves were 20.16 million bbl.
• In 1994 oil production was 919 barrels per day.
20
21. Pasakhi Oil field
• Pasakhi oilfield, discovered in 1989.
• Located in the Badin trough in Hyderabad district, Sind.
• Operational field : OGDCL
• Producing formation: GORU formation
• It is a horst block bounded by two normal faults dipping to the west and east,
respectively.
• Original reserves were 9.37 million bbl..
• In 1994 production was 2,320 barrels per dayd
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22. Khaskheli Field
• Khaskeli field, discovered in June 1981.
• Located in the Badin trough in Hyderabad district of Sind.
• The structure is a tilted fault block dipping to the west and bounded by a down-to-
the-east fault that divides in three branches in the center and two in the south of
30.5 to 61 m throw.
• The structure is separated into five blocks, and the oil field covers more than 17.8 sq
km.
• Producing reservoirs are Lower Goru Upper Sand unit
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23. Continue…
• Average porosity is 25%. Permeability exceeds 1 darcy.
• Original reserves were 8.196 million bbl..
• 1994 production was 684 b/d of oil and 331 Mcfd of gas.
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24. Kadanwari Field
• Kadanwari gas field was discovered in August 1989.
• Located on the Thar platform in Khairpur district of Sind.
• Operating company: Lasmo Group.
• Reservoir formation: Sembar Formation
• Original Gas reserves: 728 bcf
• The Kadanwari discovery well, TD 3,994 m in Sembar, flowed gas on drillstem tests
at rates of 11.2-28.6 MMcfd on various size chokes with 133-174 b/d of water.
• The well is temporarily suspended
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. The Sembar has been identified as the primary source rock for much of the Greater Indus Basin, there are other known and potential source rocks. Sembar is the most likely source for the largest portion of the produced oil and gas in the Indus foreland.
The Pab Sandstone is well proven reservoir throughout Kirthar Range lower Indus Basin respectively.
To restrict the leakage, seepage and migration of hydrocarbons, impermeable horizon or regional top seal is essential.
Trapping mechanism in the southern Lower Indus Basin and in the Jacobabad-Mari-Kandhkot High areas, consists of the tilted fault blocks, faulted gentle role-overs. The tilted fault traps in the Lower Indus Basin are a product of extension related to rifting and the formation of horst and graben structures.
Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in Baluchistan. The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. Since then, the Sui field has been meeting a significant amount of the Pakistan's energy requirement. The gas reserves discovered in Sui were to the tune of 11.69 trillion cubic feet. The biggest gas reserve in Pakistan is a real asset for the economic development of the country. The Sui Gas Field is still the single largest gas field in Pakistan.
