2. Reasons for the development of
resistance:
• Use of only one class of insecticide
• Inadequate planning or a poorly conceived control operation
• Overextension of product features (target dose reduction)
• Neglect of resistance management procedures
3. Rotation of Chemicals
Shift from one chemical grouping to another
CHEMICAL GROUPINGS:
Organochlorine very persistent
Organophosphate
Carbamate
Synthetic Pyrethroid very low toxicity
Insect Growth Regulators
Phenylpyrazoles
Chloronicotinyl
4. Sanitation
• Sanitation – promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by the
maintenance of sanitary conditions
- should be under the supervision of Quality Assurance
Manager
- in coordination with plant managers and full support of
all top management
5. Factors Making Pest Management
Difficult
√ Raw food items and packaging materials entering a plant may serve
as a source of pests
√ Various food odors attract insects to food plants
√ Exterior lighting attracts insects to food plants
√ Warm buildings and moist processing areas favor pests
√ Machinery, wall voids, conduits, and conveyors provide ample pest
harborages
13. Cockroach Management
German Cockroach
(Blattella germanica)
Adult: 0.5 inch or 1.3 cm; light
brown, two dark stripes on
pronotum
Preferred location: kitchens,
bathrooms, food preparation and
storage areas
Note: each ootheca may contain
about 48 nymphs
14. TYPES OF COCKROACHESTYPES OF COCKROACHES
American Oriental German
Size 1.5" or more 1"-1.25" 0.5-.75"
Color Reddish brown
Dark brown or
black Medium brown
# of eggs/capsule 14-16 16 30-48
# of capsules/lifetime 15-90 8 4-8
Lifespan up to 1.5 years up to 1.5 years 4 – 7 months
17. Baits will also be placed in rat harborage
such as burrows and ground voids.
To inspect the bait placements on a regular
basis and replenish when it runs out.
The period between inspections would
depend on rodent population, bait
acceptance and environmental conditions
that may accelerate bait spoilage.
Baits are placed to ensure that the
rodent is intercepted between its
harborage and food sources.
Rodent Management
Baiting
18. Rats are nocturnal, with their peak activity half an
hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise.
When the population is large or they are disturbed or
hungry, you can see activity during the day.
Rats are suspicious of changes in the environment or
new foods, for this reason it may take a couple of
days for traps and poison baits to be taken.
Rodent Management
19. The Biggest DiseaseThe Biggest Disease
Carriers in ExistenceCarriers in Existence
(with over 1,000,000 species)
21. FACTS ABOUT FLIES
• Flies transmit deadly diseases such as:
• Typhoid fever - Diarrhea - Cholera
• Leprosy - Dysentery - Tuberculosis
• Each fly may carry as many
as 6 million bacteria on it’s feet
• When feeding, flies expels saliva
and feces
• A female fly will lay anywhere
up to 3,000 eggs in their lifetime
28. The average lifespan of an Aedes mosquito in Nature is 2 weeks
The mosquito can lay eggs about 3 times in its lifetime, and about
100 eggs are produced each time. The eggs can lie dormant in dry
conditions for up to about 9 months, after which they can hatch if
exposed to favourable conditions, i.e. water and food
Mosquito Management
1-2 days
4-5 days 2-3 days
29. AEDES – Breeding Sites
Artificial (man-made) Containers Natural Containers
Flower vases/pot plates Tree holes/bamboo stumps
Pails/water storage jars Leaf axils/fallen leaves
Discarded receptacles (tin cans/tanks/
plastic cups/rubber tyres/drums)
Choked/sunken roof gutters
Unused toilet bowls and cisterns
Canvas/plastic sheets
Concrete drains
Have adapted to breeding in water contaminated by
repellents!
Mosquito Management
In general, mosquitoes that bite humans prefer to fly at heights of less than 8 meters.
Aedes have been found breeding in tree holes over 12 meters above ground.
They have been found in apartments 21 storeys (60 meters) above ground.
Peaks biting times are early morning and late afternoon – generally up to 2 hours after sunrise and 2 hours before sunset.
But given the opportunity and if no hosts are found during the peak biting times, they will bite at any other time - at night under artificial light.
Radius of activity is 50 to 100 meters but can fly as far as 740 meters.
There are about 3,000 species of mosquitoes
Most of these mosquitoes belong to one of three: Aedes, Culex or Anopheles
Only female takes blood meal for egg production
For nourishment, Males & Females feed on nectar
The female mosquito tracks her human targets by following the carbon dioxide we exhale – up to 50 m
Once in the general vicinity of a potential host, they are attracted by body heat and odours
