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Perumal scientific dairy farming
- 1. Scientific Dairy Farming Dr. P. Perumal Scientist (Animal Reproduction) ICAR-Central Island agricultural Research Institute Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- 3. Reproductive Cycle AI Birth AI Birth Pregnancy (300 days) 12 m Pregnancy (300 days) 60 days
- 4. Housing Management Housing is the most important factor in dairy farming Good housing: good mgt practices & optimum production Housing of dairy animals depends upon Number of animals Type of breed of animals Local environmental conditions Finances available Facilities to be provided It should be less expensive
- 5. Requirements of housing It should be well ventilated. It should protect from extreme environ conditions. It should have maximum sun exposure. Its axis of length should be east to west. It should remain dry. Its environment should be hygienic. There should be availability of feed & water for 24 h 1.2m x 2.4m cubicle resting space per cow Diff pens with different size stalls reduces flexibility Too small: increased injuries, reduce laying time Too large: dirty stalls, cows, increased stall maintenance, small cows lay backward in stall
- 6. 6 Good Herd Management: Access to good feed & Clean Water Besides Light, Air, Rest & Space
- 7. 7 Type of Animal Floor Space (m2) Max. of animal per pen Height of shed for eves Covered area Open area Bull 12 120 1 175cm (medium & heavy rainfall areas) 220 cm (semiarid & arid regions) Buffalo 4 8 50 Cow 3.5 7 50 Down calves 12 12 1 Young calves 1 2 30 Older calves 2 4 30
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- 9. Reproductive Management Estrus detection Unobserved estrus: managerial deficiencies and short period of estrus Heat signs at least three times a day Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual cow records Teaser bulls: in large number of animals, buffalo cows Provision of adequate lighting to improve estrus detection Silent / weak / Sub estrus: common in buffalo & in pp Animals should be checked for PD within 45-60 days
- 10. Cows showing estrus Should be inseminated In morning Same day evening In afternoon Morning of next day or early afternoon
- 11. Breeding Management Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance Mineral mixture supplementation Do AI twice at 12 or 24 h intervals Intrauterine infusions: for uterine pathology Diseased bulls should not be allowed for breeding Diseased breeding bulls: abortion
- 12. Artificial insemination Vaginal speculum method Recto vaginal method
- 13. Management of pregnant cow Pregnancy is result of successful mating Gestation period about 280-290 days(9 M +15 days ) Diagnosis of pregnancy Cessation of estrous Chang in temperament from vicious to docile Marked improve of body condition Enlarged mammary gland specially at the end Quickening : give the cow cold water at morning and examine the movement of life foetus in right flunk Increase size of abdomen and udder Waxy secretion(bead like) in udder at last days swelling of vulva –relaxation of pelvic ligament
- 14. Management of pregnant cow 1) Mild exercise or work 2) Good quality ration and plentiful clean water 3) Avoid –narrow doors -crowding during movement -slopping 4) Take care to prevent injuries by mounting cows or bulls 5) Calculate the expected day of calving and isolate the cow in calving box 3-5 days before parturition.
- 15. Management of pregnant cow 6)Steaming up 6 M of pregnancy onwards:1/2-1kg extra con mix Function of steam up 1.Development of foetus 2.Build up body reserve for coming lactation 3.Increase milk yield and fat % of milk 4.Lengthen of lactation period Low plane of nutrition -reduce total lactation -weak and thin new born -increase calve death rate High plane of nutrition -fattening of cow -narrow pelvic -Dystocia
- 16. Management of pregnant cow 7) Drying off udder The cow dried off 40-60 days before calving Function of drying off 1. Rest of milk secretory organ 2. Allow use of nutrient in foetus development 3. Permit built up of reserve of body flesh before calving Methods of drying off 1.Incomplet milking 2.Intermittent milking 3.Complete cessation of milking
- 17. Management of pregnant cow 8) Cow approach parturition Isolate in calving box: clean, ventilated & bedded Avoid noise and disturbance Manipulation of udder and teat to open teat orifice before suckling
- 18. Parturition Preparatory stage Begin by active contraction of ut muscle & dilatation of cx Last for 1-4 hr and end ends with rupture of fetal membrane Stand up and lie down frequently and signs of straining Expulsive stage Expulsion of foetus Begin with rupture of FM & end with expulsion of foetus Last for ½ -4 h, most cows are lying for final delivery Expulsion of placenta Placenta normally leave female uterus within 2-4 h If not expelled after 8-12 h manual interfere Manual interference should be done by veterinarian
- 19. Management of cow after parturition Give the clean warm water to compensate the fluids losses Give the cow easily digested food and laxative (bran mash) Increase amt of con gradually till full dosage after 3 days Wash the ext genitalia, buttocks & udder with warm water +antiseptic (KMno4) Under observation for 24 h after birth to avoid milk fever Squeezing first milk from the udder before suckling Keep the cow with the calf in calving pen for few days to enhance maternal filial bond Post partum oestrus: few cows come in oestrus after 30-50 days but conception rat is <50%
- 20. Management of calf Dry the calf with dry cloth or straw Remove the mucous & fluids from mouth & nostrils If the calf not breathes, make artificial respiration Normally calf stand after 15-45 min if not, should be helped to stand Cut the umbilical cord 6-8 cm, & touch with tincture iodine Feed 1st colostrum 48-72 h after birth (18% p: IgG) Void muconium within 4-6 h after first colostrum Light bedding for the calf (straw bedding)
- 21. Management of calf Identification: early by tagging or tattooing Dehorning/disbudding at 3 weeks of life Castration at 8-10 weeks old Amputation of extra mammary teat 1-2 month old Vaccination: FMD, Black leg, HS Warm water: 275 ml Raw egg (55g): one Castor oil: 3 ml Vit A: 10000 IU Warm whole milk: 525 ml Antibiotics: ~80 mg Artificial colostrum
- 22. Health Management Due to milk borne diseases: cows must be healthy One cannot feel safe: unless milk from disease free animals or it has been pasteurized. Good herd management : animals free from diseases Such diseases are T.B., brucellosis, mastitis etc. Herd must be tested for milk borne diseases regularly
- 23. Udder Health Management Udder & flanks of the cow: thoroughly brushed At milking time: wiped with a cloth or paper towel moistened in water Washing the udder and wiping dry is ideal. After milking, dip in any disinfectant for 30 seconds Vaccination Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis FMD vaccine HS vaccine Tetanus Rabies Leptospirosis
- 24. Herd Health Management Proper feeding of the herd Good facilities with ventilation Using dry, clean bedding Proper cleaning and sanitation Controlling disease carriers-flies, birds, rodents Raising replacements needed for the herd Maintenance of health records Isolating sick animals Using a vet Controlling access to dairy herds Require visitors to wear protective footwear Do not allow visitors where cattle are kept Bulk milk and feed delivery points as far away
- 25. General care Fly control Cleaning of utensils Methods of milking Exercise Regularity in care Hoof trimming Deworming Kindness in handling
- 26. Fly Control Two major reasons for fly control Flies annoy cows: milk production is decreased Flies: source of undesirable bacteria Flies breed rapidly: fly control by sanitation Keep: free from manure and Milk houses should be screened. Extended use of certain sprays
- 27. Cleaning Utensils Unclean & unsterile utensils: source of the bacteria A utensil must be properly clean and should be: Rinse in lukewarm water to remove milk sticking to it Wash with a brush, but never with a rag The utensils should be rinsed in scalding water Real sterile: should be steamed or chemical sterile The drying: important process Various Chlorine sol: strengths for chemical sterilization
- 28. Regularity in care Any sudden change in feeding, watering, milking, exercise of animals would have adverse effects specially on sensitive type of animals Therefore all operations of feeding, watering, exercise, milking etc. must be carried out in the same manner and at the same time daily
- 29. Exercise Dairy animals need limited exercise Confining Animals too long without exercise cause stiffness in their limbs and overgrow hoofs leading to possibly lameness Any strenuous exercise is likely to reduce milk solids especially fat content in milk . Deworming Worm causes high mortality and morbidity Deworm in every 6 months interval Deworming is important where more worm problem
- 30. Grooming and Trimming Hooves Grooming stimulates circulation, helps in clean milk production and makes them docile Hooves if neglected weaken the legs causing lameness and lower milk production Kindness in handling Cruelty to animals spoils the temperament of animal resulting in reduced milk yield and may even alter the composition of milk .
- 31. General management Loose housing within the shelter: get exercise Grooming : before and after milking- clean milk production Daily brushing: remove the loose hair and dirt from the coat Wallowing of buffaloes or water spraying: comfortable in summer Common ailments: properly detect and treated Common vices: kicking, licking, suckling- detect and treat
- 32. General management Dry period: 60- 90 days Vaccination: diseases, insects & pests Numbered: all the animal Check Mastitis regularly Extra con mix: 1.25 – 1.75 Kg-pregnant animals, good quality leguminous fodder- should not be fat condition Clean drinking water and protect from thermal stress Aborted animal should be separate- carrier disease like brucellosis
- 33. General management Allow moderate exercise- calve normally Do not tire them – long distance walking Do not allow them fighting- not chase them dog & other animals Avoid slippery condition: fracture, dislocation Proper recoding: exact date calving, proper weighting Pens: thoroughly cleaned and fresh bedding
- 34. General management Feed one kg extra concentrate: last 8 week of gestation Laxative feed: 3-5 days before and after calving wheat bran 3kg+ 0.5 g GNC + 100 gm of mineral mixture of salt) Symptoms of delivery: swelling of external genitalia and udder After parturition: external genitalia, flank-cleaned, protect the animal from chill, give warm water Treatment RFM, milk fever, abortion, ketosis
- 35. Cow management
- 40. Fetal mummification Fetal Maceration Brucellosis Listeriosis Leptospirosis Trichomoniasis Neospora IBR -IPV Infectious Cause of Infertility
- 41. Dystocia Uterine Prolapse C-V Prolapse Uterine Torsion Downer Cow Syndrome Metritis, Pyometra Parturition Complications
- 44. Normal Position