1. Perspectives 11.19.09:Layout 1 2/7/10 10:57 PM Page 1
Languages die faster than flora and fauna
November 19, 2009 G
Mount Holyoke News PERSPECTIVES 11
BY LAURA TURYATEMBA â11 There are enough reasons to lament the âvillagizingâ of Extinct languages, however, are not quite the same
CONTRIBUTING WRITER our globe, but one that few have latched onto is the loss of as dead languages. Though scholarship and records provide evidence for dead lan-
cultures through the extinction of languages. guages, no active groups of people can speak it. Latin, Old Church Slavonic and Old Ti-
There are about 6,912 living languages known but research has shown that every betan fall in this category.
fortnight, a language dies. âThe pace of language extinction we are seeing, it is really An interesting group of languages is emerging too. In this group are languages that
unprecedented in human history,â said Dr. David Harrison for The Independent in 2007. were extinct but have been actively revived for use in liturgical literature (Hebrew), or
Author of When Languages Die, Harrison reported that the extinction of languages oc- for pre-school instruction (Sanskrit). It is difficult to project if they will ever become the
curs faster than that of the flora and fauna. âMore than 40 percent of the worldâs lan- native language of the communities in which they are being revived, but as far as noble
guages could be considered endangered compared to 8 percent of plants and 18 percent efforts go, their resuscitation has been critical for the preservation of history and culture.
of mammals,â he told The Independent. Linguists believe that half the languages in the So how does a language die? The main culprits are globalization and migration. The
world will be extinct by the end of the century. lingua franca in cities replaces local languages and dialects, widely used in villages. As
A language becomes extinct when it no longer has any living speakers, or when it more children are born in the city, they take on this lingua franca as their first language
evolves into a new language or a family of languages. It is also considered extinct when and their mother tongue takes a back seat, if at all. As most research and scholarship is
evidence shows that it was spoken in the past but modern scholarship cannot reconstruct conducted in the worldâs dominant languages, people feel pressured to perform all their
it for writing and translating purposes. Some extinct languages are Coptic, which intellectual work in say, English, rather than their native languages. Harrison reported
was replaced by Arabic, as well as several Native American languages under- that about 80 percent of the global population today speaks 80 of the worldâs dominant
mined by the more domi- languages, among which are English and Russian. Only 0.2 percent of the international
nant Spanish, English community uses the other 3,500 less popular languages.
and French. As ancient languages die out, succumbing to the spread of these bully linguistic
structures, they donât leave behind a vacuum of voiceless people, but create more speak-
ers of the dominant world languages.
Suffice it to say, then, that all languages are equal, but some are
more equal than others.
UNESCO reports that 538 of the worldâs 2,279 endan- Papua New Guinea is the worldâs most linguistically
gered languages are on the verge of extinction. diverse nation, with 823 living languages.
Out of 86 endangered indigenous languages in Mexico and Venezuela have 144 and 34 endangered in-
Canada only threeâCree, Inuktitut and Anish- digenous languages accordingly.
naabeâare
Since the 1950s, almost half of Californiaâs native In-
Adopting English abroad: restrictive or liberating?
expected to remain in Aboriginal communities.
dian languages have disappeared.
In Alaska, the Eyak language lost its last speaker,
BY XINYUN ZHU â13 My grandfather learned to recognize the English let- from Yemen. For instance, a city previously named Dawhi is now known as Tawahi. âNow
CONTRIBUTING WRITER ter âmâ thanks to our frequent visits to the local McDon- everyone calls cities by their English names,â she added. In Yemen, many young people
aldâs in my hometown Shenzhen, China. Though I never adopt the English language and prefer to use it in their everyday talk. âI feel worried
managed to convince him to try the food, he knew what this huge red letter stood for. It that they may become less capable of expressing themselves in Arabic, their native lan-
is thus that the English language slowly makes its way into the lives of the Chinese. guage,â Saqran said.
In China, English is a mandatory subject at school, and those who speak it fluently Not all English influences, however, are negative. In Japan, for instance, English
are respected intellectuals and professionals. The language is also popularly used and helped shape Japanese pop (J-pop), a mainstream musical genre that now extends its
sometimes cleverly paired up with Chinese characters to form newly molded words with influence to East and Southeast Asia. English in J-pop, James Stanlaw suggested in his
brand new meanings that only Chinese young generations understand. The boundaries book Japanese English, creates vivid images and allusions that are otherwise hard to ex-
are blurring between Chinese becoming more anglicized, and English increasingly in- press using only Japanese expressions. For example, âanata,â a Japanese pronoun that
fused in the Chinese culture. Do we need English to express new ideas, or do we simply means âyouâ in English, is an intimate word commonly used between lovers. When the
find it cool to use? songwriter wants to describe a break-up, she will adopt the English word âyou.â Thus,
Concerns arise in non-English speaking countries as the influence of the English lan- the artist can better express heartbreaking feelings.
guage extends to daily conversations and local pop culture. These are undestandable re- Aside from music, English is creatively adopted in gendered situations. English loan-
actions, since language is intimately connected to personal and cultural identities, which words, as Stanlaw noted, empower Japanese women to âcircumvent certain linguistic
people are afraid of losing. The transformation of language itself also proves worrisome and social constraints in Japanese language.â Thanks to this new communication tool,
as more and more people realize that their native language changes in syntax and many women are able to dip their feet into the water of taboos. Thus, English acts as a facili-
other linguistic aspects under English influences. tator in a social and cultural environment demanding revolutionary expressions.
âDuring the British colonization period, some cities in Yemen were renamed because So where do we draw the line between the restrictive and liberating powers of the
English people couldnât pronounce the original citiesâ names,â said Lubna Saqran â13 English language?
H AND GESTURE ACCOMPANYING THE A RABIC GREETING A S -S ALÄMU `A LAYKUM
Laura Turyatemba â11 and
Emily Chow â12 demonstrate
the hand gesture accompany-
ing the Arabic greeting As-
Salamu `Alaykum in the
Arabian Peninsula. Partici-
pants perform a two-hand
shake and draw their hands
toward their hearts.
The spoken greeting means
âPeace be upon youâ in Ara-
bic. The response to the greet-
ing is Wa- 'alaykum as-salam,
meaning âAnd upon you be
peace.â It is widespread in
Middle Eastern, South Asian,
African and Balkan countries.