Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator as Alternative Refrigerants to R134a Shrikant Dhavale 1, Dr. Manish
ABSTRACT : This study focuses on an experimental study of hydrocarbon blend of isobutene (R-600a) and propane (R-290) as an environment friendly refrigerators with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and very low global warming potential (GWP), to replace conventional refrigerators tetrafluoroethane R-134a in a domestic refrigerators. The performance is observed for a domestic refrigerator by using blend of hydrocarbon R-600a and R-290 and its performance is compared with R- 134a without change in original system. Due to the higher value of latent heat of hydrocarbons the amount of refrigerant charge required found to be reduced as compared with hydrofluorocarbon R-134a. Comparative performance study shows refrigerating effect is improved by using hydrocarbon blends, reduction of 35-40% in the refrigerant charge, the energy consumption per day reduced by 5-10%. Keywords: CFC, Hydrocarbon, isobutane R600a, propane R290, Refrigeration system
Experimental Evaluation of Refrigerant Mixtures as Substitutes for HFC134aIOSRJMCE
Refrigerant R134a base systems has higher GWP value that's why the conversion of same into ecofriendly system is the major concern for refrigeration industry. This investigation focuses on mixture ratio of pure hydrocarbon R290 and R600a used in 200 liter domestic refrigeration system by certain changes in mass ratio of refrigerants. In the present work, first of all the effect of mass ratio of HCM refrigerants on the performance of the system was investigated. HCM of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt. %) gave better performance than that of HCM R600a/R290 (70/30 by wt. %), R600a/R290 (50/50 by wt. %) and R134a. The mass ratio of HCM (R600a/ R290) refrigerants was optimized for the performance parameter with respect to evaporating temperature. The COP of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt. %) mixture was higher than that of R600a/R290 (50/50 by wt. %) by 21.9% and 17.6% at -5 0C and 5 0C evaporative temperature respectively. COP decreased as propane mass fraction in HCM increased above 40%.
Performance Comparison of VCRS using Different Refrigerantsdbpublications
The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of refrigerant on compressor work for same refrigeration capacity using R12, R134a & R600a Refrigerant in Domestic refrigerator at steady state condition. Two different refrigerant are R12 (Freon 12), R600a (Isobutene) and R134a (tetrafluoroethae). R134a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and high global warning potential. Whereas, R600a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion layer and negligible global warning potential as well. A domestic refrigerator was selected for the study and observation. The result indicated that the compressor work is minimum in case of R134a and highest in case of R12.
Improving and Comparing the Coefficient of Performance of Domestic Refgirator...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
CO2 As A Future Refrigerant - An Aranca ReportAranca
As CO2 based refrigeration technology grows in both viability and availability, it shows appreciable promise to reduce atmospheric pollution by Ammonia and other often potent greenhouse gases. Read this Aranca report to know how alternative energy sector is gearing for the challenge.
Experimental Evaluation of Refrigerant Mixtures as Substitutes for HFC134aIOSRJMCE
Refrigerant R134a base systems has higher GWP value that's why the conversion of same into ecofriendly system is the major concern for refrigeration industry. This investigation focuses on mixture ratio of pure hydrocarbon R290 and R600a used in 200 liter domestic refrigeration system by certain changes in mass ratio of refrigerants. In the present work, first of all the effect of mass ratio of HCM refrigerants on the performance of the system was investigated. HCM of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt. %) gave better performance than that of HCM R600a/R290 (70/30 by wt. %), R600a/R290 (50/50 by wt. %) and R134a. The mass ratio of HCM (R600a/ R290) refrigerants was optimized for the performance parameter with respect to evaporating temperature. The COP of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt. %) mixture was higher than that of R600a/R290 (50/50 by wt. %) by 21.9% and 17.6% at -5 0C and 5 0C evaporative temperature respectively. COP decreased as propane mass fraction in HCM increased above 40%.
Performance Comparison of VCRS using Different Refrigerantsdbpublications
The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of refrigerant on compressor work for same refrigeration capacity using R12, R134a & R600a Refrigerant in Domestic refrigerator at steady state condition. Two different refrigerant are R12 (Freon 12), R600a (Isobutene) and R134a (tetrafluoroethae). R134a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and high global warning potential. Whereas, R600a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion layer and negligible global warning potential as well. A domestic refrigerator was selected for the study and observation. The result indicated that the compressor work is minimum in case of R134a and highest in case of R12.
Improving and Comparing the Coefficient of Performance of Domestic Refgirator...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
CO2 As A Future Refrigerant - An Aranca ReportAranca
As CO2 based refrigeration technology grows in both viability and availability, it shows appreciable promise to reduce atmospheric pollution by Ammonia and other often potent greenhouse gases. Read this Aranca report to know how alternative energy sector is gearing for the challenge.
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
Experimental Investigation on Adsorption Capacity of a Variety of Activated C...IJERA Editor
This study aims to develop a device with minimum heat and mass transfer limitations between adsorbent and
adsorbate, and subsequently to obtain practically applicable adsorption capacity data. Also, 5 kW adsorption
chillers (evaporators, condensers and adsorbers) are designed based on the experimental output data of the whole
tested pairs. A finned-tube heat exchanger was employed and installed at the center adsorber, and each employed
adsorbent was immobilized on its surfaces by using an adhesive agent. A variety of pairs: are activated carbon
powder (ACP)/R-134a, ACP/R-407c, ACP/R-507A, activated carbon granules (ACG)/R-507A, ACG /R-407c
and ACG /R-134a, were examined at different adsorption temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 50°C. It was found that,
at the adsorption temperature of 25°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.8352 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-134a,
while at the adsorption temperature of 50°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3207 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-
134a. Therefore, the ACP/R-134a pair is highly recommended to be employed as adsorption refrigeration
working pair because of its higher maximum adsorption capacity higher than the other examined pairs.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator Using Hc-12a Refrigerant as a...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
Experimental Investigation on Adsorption Capacity of a Variety of Activated C...IJERA Editor
This study aims to develop a device with minimum heat and mass transfer limitations between adsorbent and
adsorbate, and subsequently to obtain practically applicable adsorption capacity data. Also, 5 kW adsorption
chillers (evaporators, condensers and adsorbers) are designed based on the experimental output data of the whole
tested pairs. A finned-tube heat exchanger was employed and installed at the center adsorber, and each employed
adsorbent was immobilized on its surfaces by using an adhesive agent. A variety of pairs: are activated carbon
powder (ACP)/R-134a, ACP/R-407c, ACP/R-507A, activated carbon granules (ACG)/R-507A, ACG /R-407c
and ACG /R-134a, were examined at different adsorption temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 50°C. It was found that,
at the adsorption temperature of 25°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.8352 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-134a,
while at the adsorption temperature of 50°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3207 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-
134a. Therefore, the ACP/R-134a pair is highly recommended to be employed as adsorption refrigeration
working pair because of its higher maximum adsorption capacity higher than the other examined pairs.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Joachim Gerstel - DuPont - NUOVI REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP ALTERNATIVI ALL’R-4...
Similar to Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator as Alternative Refrigerants to R134a Shrikant Dhavale 1, Dr. Manish
Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator Using Hc-12a Refrigerant as a...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING LPG AS A REFRIGARANTIAEME Publication
This project is devoted to feasibility study of substitution of LPG (60% Propane and 40 % commercial Butane) as refrigerant instead of R134a in a domestic refrigerator. An experimental performance study on a VCR system
with LPG as refrigerant was conducted and compared with R134a.The VCR system was initially designed to operate with R134a.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
Similar to Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator as Alternative Refrigerants to R134a Shrikant Dhavale 1, Dr. Manish (20)
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Development Issues and Problems of Selected Agency in Sorsogon, An investigat...journal ijrtem
: The study venture on the developing issues and problems of selected agency in the province of
Sorsogon with an end-view of identifying solution towards achieving effective delivery of services to the
public. The agencies covered by the study are the employers of the students enrolled in Public Administration
512 subject in the graduate school program of the Sorsogon State College 1st semester SY 2016. Guided by a
structured matrix questionnaire and checklist, the class spearheaded by the assigned focal person per
identified respondent-agency conducted a focus group discussion covering sequentially the issues and
problems besetting the organization. It likewise pursued how does it affects the management & performance of
the office and ultimately identifying possible solutions out of the issues and problems. Result revealed that
most pressing problems and issues of the selected agency in the province of Sorsogon covers; (a) understaffed,
(b) poor communication, (c) poor implementation of the policy, and (d) poor performance feedback
mechanism in the system
Positive and negative solutions of a boundary value problem for a fractional ...journal ijrtem
: In this work, we study a boundary value problem for a fractional
q, -difference equation. By
using the monotone iterative technique and lower-upper solution method, we get the existence of positive or
negative solutions under the nonlinear term is local continuity and local monotonicity. The results show that we
can construct two iterative sequences for approximating the solutions
Organic foods refer to products that are grown naturally or produced by methods that comply
with the standards of organic farming. They are not only environmentally friendly, they are also healthy. Many
people believe organic foods are healthier than conventional food. Today, organic foods have become very
popular and everyone wants to know about their benefits. This paper provides a brief introduction on organic
foods and their pros and cons.
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and deployment of Internet technologies
in manufacturing. This includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) deployments to help
manufacturers implement increased automation, improved communication and process monitoring. This trend
of Industry 4.0 (sometimes referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution) affects most processes and people
throughout society. This paper provides a brief introduction to Industry 4.0.
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Augmented Tourism: Definitions and Design Principlesjournal ijrtem
After designing and implementing several iterations of implantations of augmented reality(AR) in
tourism, this paper takes a deep look into design principles and implementation strategies of using AR at
destination tourism settings. The study looks to define augmented tourism from past implementations as well as
several cases uses designed and implemented for tourism. The discussion leads to formation of frameworks and
best practices for AR as well as virtual reality(VR) to be used in tourism settings. Some main affordances include
guest autonomy, customized experiences, visitor data collection and increased electronic word-of-mouth
generation for promotion purposes. Some challenges found include the need for high levels of technology
infrastructure, low adoption rates or ‘buy-in’ rates, high levels of calibration and customization, and the need for
maintenance and support services. Some suggestions are given as to how to leverage the affordances and meet
the challenges to implementing AR for tourism
A study on financial aspect of supply chain management journal ijrtem
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...journal ijrtem
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Technical expertise on the cause of engine failure of the Mitsubishi Pajero S...journal ijrtem
The article concerns the case of the damage to the Mitsubishi Pajero Sport engine and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The engine failure occurred while a
vehicle was being repaired to eliminate air conditioning malfunction and engine overheating. When repairing, it
was necessary to replace a cylinder head and the pistons were checked removing the pully from a crank shaft.
After the repair had been completed and after 16-day vehicle operation, engine timing belts got damaged. To
eliminate this malfunction, damaged belts were replaced. Thirty (30) days after the vehicle had been put into
operation, emergency engine failure occurred, and a technical expert was called upon to assess the quality of the
repairs having been performed. The article describes the procedures and methodology a technical expert applied.
In the conclusion, the findings are stated. To determine the cause, a vehicle was on the car service station
premises, where a technical expert was present and according to his instructions, diagnostic and subsequent
disassembly works have been done. The procedure of evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their
display, and the resulting evaluation are described.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Design and Implementation of Smart Bell Notification System using IoT journal ijrtem
Smart phones have become part of our daily life. People using smart phones have increased
rapidly. The proposed paper is to provide a security system that combines the functions of smart phone and home
network system. It enables the users to check the image of the visitor who is present at the door. It also saves all
the images in their drive. We send an alert message to the Owner whenever the doorbell is pressed. Furthermore,
the owner can call to the visitor with the help of our app. We are also providing a link in the SMS sent so that it
redirects the user to the app
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
The case of a cyclist and tractor traffic accident journal ijrtem
When assessing the cause of a traffic accident, it is also necessary for the technical expert to
take into account the real influences that affect individual participants. This is especially important for accidents
in which one of the participants is cyclist. Technical expert must consider all the circumstances necessary to
assess the cyclist´s behavior. Negligible is not even the age of a cyclist, since in the case of a child or an old man
the driver overtaking bicycle should take this into consideration. The article deals with case of traffic accident
between tractor with the trailer and a bicycle which was riding by cyclist at the age of 80. Apart from the described
procedure by expert in the calculations, the influences on participants' behavior are also discussed
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Water billing management system project report.pdf
Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator as Alternative Refrigerants to R134a Shrikant Dhavale 1, Dr. Manish
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 1 Issue 3 ǁ May. 2016 ǁ PP 20-23
| Volume 1| Issue 3 | www.ijrtem.com | May 2016| 20 |
Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a
and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator as Alternative Refrigerants to
R134a
Shrikant Dhavale 1
, Dr. Manish Deshmukh 2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SPPU, Pune
1
JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade, Pune
2
JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade, Pune
ABSTRACT : This study focuses on an experimental study of hydrocarbon blend of isobutene (R-600a) and propane (R-290) as an
environment friendly refrigerators with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and very low global warming potential (GWP), to
replace conventional refrigerators tetrafluoroethane R-134a in a domestic refrigerators. The performance is observed for a
domestic refrigerator by using blend of hydrocarbon R-600a and R-290 and its performance is compared with R- 134a without
change in original system. Due to the higher value of latent heat of hydrocarbons the amount of refrigerant charge required found
to be reduced as compared with hydrofluorocarbon R-134a. Comparative performance study shows refrigerating effect is improved
by using hydrocarbon blends, reduction of 35-40% in the refrigerant charge, the energy consumption per day reduced by 5-10%.
Keywords: CFC, Hydrocarbon, isobutane R600a, propane R290, Refrigeration system
1. Introduction
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the
aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature. One of the most important applications of refrigeration has
been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. Refrigeration systems are also used
extensively for providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning. The Hydrocarbon (HC) and Hydro Fluro
Carbon (HFC) mixtures (such as R404a, R407, and R410A) are not currently manufactured indigenously and hence have to be
imported at a higher cost. This is likely to affect the growth in refrigeration and air conditioning sector in India. Domestic
refrigerators manufactured in India range in capacities from 65 to 580lit. Most of the refrigerators uses R134a as refrigerant. The
choice of alternative to R134a is narrowed down to R152a and hydrocarbon refrigerants. Refrigerators manufactured before 2000
were still running on R12. To full fill the objectives of the Montreal Protocol, R12 has to be replaced by either hydrocarbon mixtures
or R134a/hydrocarbon mixtures without modification in the existing system. The most commonly used commercial refrigerant
R134a and the proven alternative mixture of zeot ropic propaneR290 and i sobutane R600a mixure wi th R290 and R600a and was
prepared and the corresponding performance was investigated.
R.S.Agarwal et. al. has discussed the salient features of R600a and mixtures of 50%R290/50%R600a for domestic and small
capacity commercial refrigerators working with R12. The performance of the refrigerator with the alternative refrigerants R600a and
mixtures of R290/R600a was compared with R12. Hydrocarbons have a zero ODP and negligible GWP, compatible with most of the
materials and commonly used lubricating oils. HC refrigerants in comparison with R12 have high latent heat of vaporization and
low value of density which makes the refrigerant attractive inspite of their flammability because of low charge and circulation rate.
The charge levels are approximately 40% that of R12. Compressor discharge temperature in case of HC refrigerants is lower than
R12.
R.S.Agarwal has conducted experiments to evaluate the substitute for R12 with the HC mixture of R290/R600a (50%/50%)
and R134a/R600a. Thermodynamic properties of these mixtures needed for the analysis have been computed using REFPROP. The
HC blend consumes 12% less energy than R134a/R600a. Pull down time for R134a/R600a (88%/12%) is 11 hours 50 minutes and it
is 13 hours 15 minutes for HC blend. COP of the R134a/R600a is 1.7938 and it is 1.9445 for the R12. Up to a certain extent energy
consumption decreases with the increase in capillary length.
Y.S.Lee et. al. has conducted performance tests of a domestic VCR system with R600a as the refrigerant. The tests were
carried out by varying the input power of the compressor between 230 and 300 W, while the amount of the charged refrigerant was
about 150g. The refrigeration temperatures were set at about 4 and −100C. The COP of the system lies between 0.8 and 3.5 in the
freezing application, which is comparable with those of the system with R12 and R22 as the refrigerant and the refrigeration
capacity increases with the refrigeration loads.
S.Joseph Sekhar et. al. has developed drop in substitutes for R12 with R134a and HC blends. HC refrigerants have inherent
problems in respect of flammability. R134a is neither flammable nor toxic. But HFCs are not compatible with mineral oil and the oil
change is a major issue while retrofitting. The experimental analysis has been carried out in a 165 liter R12 domestic refrigerator
2. Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator
| Volume 1| Issue 3 | www.ijrtem.com | May 2016| 21 |
retrofitted with the ternary mixture of 91%R134a/4.032%R290/4.968%R600a without changing the mineral oil. Its COP as well as
energy consumption is compared with the conventional one. It has been found that the new mixture could reduce the energy
consumption by 4 to 11% and improve the actual COP by 3 to 8% of R12.
Man-Hoe Kim has assessed the performance of a hydrocarbon refrigerant, R600a, as an alternative to R12 in a 215 liters
domestic refrigerator. A theoretical analysis was performed with REFPROP and tests were conducted with R600a. All the tests were
performed in a temperature controlled room at 30±1°C. The test results showed that the energy efficiencies and the cooling speeds
with R600a were improved by 1 to 11% and 3 to 10%, respectively, when compared to R12.
M.S.Kim et. al. has experimentally investigated the performance of a heat pump with two azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of
R290/R134a and R134a/R600a with the mass fractions of 45%/55% and 80%/20%. The performance parameters of the azeotropes
were compared with pure R12, R134a, R290 and R22 at the both heating and cooling conditions with suction-liquid heat exchanger.
The COP of R134a/R290 was lower than that of R22 and R290, and R600a/R134a shows higher COP than R12 and R134a. The
capacity for R134a/R290a was higher than that for R290 and R22, and R600a/R134a exhibits higher system capacity than R12 and
R134a. Experimental results show that the compressor discharge temperatures of the considered azeotropic mixtures are lesser than
those of the pure refrigerants i.e., R22 and R12.
M.A.Sattar et. al. Investigated and compared the performance of the refrigerator using R600a, R600 and a ternary mixture
of mixture of R290/R600a/R600 as refrigerants with the R134a. The effects of evaporator and condenser temperatures on COP,
refrigerating effect, compressor power and heat rejection ratio were investigated. The results show that the compressor consumed 3%
and 2% less energy than that of R134a at 28°C ambient temperature when R600a and R600 was used as refrigerants respectively.
The compressor power and COP of hydrocarbons and their blends shows that hydrocarbons can be used as refrigerants in the
domestic refrigerator. The COP and other results obtained from the experiments show a positive indication of using HC as
refrigerants in a domestic refrigerator.
Fig.1 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The isentropic work input to compressor-
Wc = m (h2-h1) kJ/s Eq. (1)
where h2 is the enthalpy of refrigerant at the outlet of compressor (kJ/kg)
The heat rejected by the condenser to the atmosphere -
Qcond = m (h2 - h3) kJ/s Eq. (2)
- h3 is the enthalpy of refrigerant at the outlet of condenser (kJ/kg)
COP = Qevap / Wc Eq. (3)
Table 1 Properties of Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Refrigerant ODP Boiling Point Latent heat kJ/kg
R134a 0 -26.10 216.87
R600a 0 -11.73 364.25
R290 0 -42.04 423.33
3. Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator
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2. Results
Fig. 2 COP Vs Evaporator Temperature
Fig. 3 Power input in Kw Vs Evaporator Temperature
Fig. 4 Pressure Ratio Vs Discharge Temperature
3. Conclusion
Based on the experimental work and literature review, it was observed that the R290/R600a (30/70), R290/R600 (40/60),
R290/R600a (50/50), R290/R600 (60/40) and R290/R600 (70/30) refrigerant blend could be a viable alternative HFC134.
From the experimental study it has been observed that the refrigerating capacity and COP of the selected refrigerant
mixtures increases with increasing evaporator temperature and decreases with constant condensing temperature.
The compressor power consumption was higher with the refrigerants R290/R600a (30/70), R290/R600 (40/60), R290/R600a (50/50),
R290/R600 (60/40) and R290/R600 (70/30) for the range of operating conditions.
The COP of the refrigerant R290/R600 (40/60), was higher at the lower Tev an d it was slightly higher at higher Tev than that of
R12 and R134a. All the alternative refrigerant mixtures showed a reduction in charge due to their low liquid densities.
REFERENCES
[1.] Moo-Yeon Lee, Dong-Yeon Lee, Yongchan Kim, “Performance characteristics of a small-capacity directly cooled
refrigerator using R290/R600a (55/45)” Elsevier, 2007.
[2.] Gaurav, Raj Kumar, “Performance Analysis of Household Refrigerator with Alternate Refrigerants” International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014.
4. Performance Comparison of Hydrocarbon Refrigerant as Isobutane R600a and Propane R290 in Domestic Refrigerator
| Volume 1| Issue 3 | www.ijrtem.com | May 2016| 23 |
[3.] Mohd. AasimNazeer, Ahmad Quraishi, U. S.Wankhede, “Use of Hydrocarbons and Other Blends as Refrigerant”,
International Journal of Modern Engineering ResearchVol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013.
[4.] Rajanikant Y. Mahajan, Sanjaykumar A. Borikar, “Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator Using Hc-12a
Refrigerant as an Alternative Refrigerant to R12 And R134a”, The International Journal Of Engineering And Science
(IJES) ,Volume 3, Issue 10, Pages 26-37, 2014.
[5.] Dr. A. G. Matani 1, Mukesh K. Agrawal, “Effect of capillary diameter on the performance of VCRS using R134a, HC
mixture and R401a as working medium”, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering &
Management (IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013.
[6.] M. G. Almeidaa, C. R. F. Barbosa,“THERMODYNAMIC AND THERMOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF
HYDROCARBONS APPLICATION IN HOUSEHOULDREFRIGERATOR”, Vol. 9, p. 19-2, December 2010.
[7.] P.Thangavel, Dr.P.Somasundaram, T.Sivakumar, C.Selva Kumar, G.Vetriselvan, “Simulation Analysis of Compression
Refrigeration Cycle with Different Refrigerants”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT), Volume 2, Issue 10, April 2013.
[8.] A.Senthilkumar, R.Praveen, “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING CUO –R600A
NANO – REFRIGERANT AS WORKING FLUID”, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT
ADVANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY, JCHPS Special Issue 9: April 2015.