Abstract—The Performance of Energy Detection (ED) spectrum sensing technique depends on threshold selected for deciding the presence or absence of Primary User. In practice, noise density is uncertain and can affect the performance of ED in that sometimes presence of signals is confused for their absence (noise) and vice versa. The traditional energy detection algorithm was based on fixed threshold and has been observed to be inefficient under noise uncertainty. The technique requires optimizing the threshold to be more flexible to check the noise uncertainty effects. The paper therefore proposed an algorithm relative to a unique environment which in effect considered the dynamism relatively and dependent on the environment. The results obtained demonstrated significant improvement compared to the traditional energy detection system
An Optimized Energy Detection Scheme For Spectrum Sensing In Cognitive RadioIJERD Editor
With rapid growth of wireless devices, the Scarcity of Spectrum resources arises ,due to the improper and inefficient usage of available spectrum band. This problem can be alleviated by Cognitive radio . The major function of the cognitive radio rely on efficient sensing of available spectrum and Spectrum sensing techniques have been used to enhance the detection performance. Among these techniques, Energy detection is considered to be the implemented in practice because of less complexity. In this paper we propose an Adaptive threshold scheme which improves the detection performance under low SNR region. In this paper, noise uncertainty factor is considered wherein the Probability of error is minimized in various SNR regions.
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused
spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful
interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of
detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing
effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes
Heterogeneous Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Traditional E...IJEACS
The accurate spectrum sensing is a predominant
aspect of any competent CR system. Efficient spectrum sensing
enables a CR terminal to detect the spectrum holes (underutilized
spectral bands) by providing high spectral resolution, thereby
accrediting opportunistic transmission in the licensed band to the
CR. In order to facilitate a good spectrum management and its
efficient use a hybrid method for the detection of the spectrum
with the purpose of detecting the presence of bands of
unoccupied frequencies is proposed. The method used are
traditional energy detection and matched filter with changing
number of secondary users using each technique and finally a
centralized cooperative spectrum sensing network which employs
hard combination at the fusion centre.
Performance Evaluation of Energy Detector Based Spectrum Sensing for Cognitiv...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the performance evaluation of the Energy Detector technique, which is one of the most popular Spectrum Sensing (SS) technique for Cognitive Radio (CR). SS is the ability to detect the presence of a Primary User (PU) (i.e. licensed user) in order to allow a Secondary User (SU) (i.e unlicensed user) to access PU’s frequency band using CR, so that the available frequency bands can be used efficiently. We used for implementation an Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), which is the most used Software Defined Radio (SDR) device for research in wireless communications. Experimental measurements show that the Energy Detector can obtain good performances in low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. Furthermore, computer simulations using MATLAB are closer to those of USRP measurements.
An Optimized Energy Detection Scheme For Spectrum Sensing In Cognitive RadioIJERD Editor
With rapid growth of wireless devices, the Scarcity of Spectrum resources arises ,due to the improper and inefficient usage of available spectrum band. This problem can be alleviated by Cognitive radio . The major function of the cognitive radio rely on efficient sensing of available spectrum and Spectrum sensing techniques have been used to enhance the detection performance. Among these techniques, Energy detection is considered to be the implemented in practice because of less complexity. In this paper we propose an Adaptive threshold scheme which improves the detection performance under low SNR region. In this paper, noise uncertainty factor is considered wherein the Probability of error is minimized in various SNR regions.
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused
spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful
interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of
detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing
effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes
Heterogeneous Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Traditional E...IJEACS
The accurate spectrum sensing is a predominant
aspect of any competent CR system. Efficient spectrum sensing
enables a CR terminal to detect the spectrum holes (underutilized
spectral bands) by providing high spectral resolution, thereby
accrediting opportunistic transmission in the licensed band to the
CR. In order to facilitate a good spectrum management and its
efficient use a hybrid method for the detection of the spectrum
with the purpose of detecting the presence of bands of
unoccupied frequencies is proposed. The method used are
traditional energy detection and matched filter with changing
number of secondary users using each technique and finally a
centralized cooperative spectrum sensing network which employs
hard combination at the fusion centre.
Performance Evaluation of Energy Detector Based Spectrum Sensing for Cognitiv...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the performance evaluation of the Energy Detector technique, which is one of the most popular Spectrum Sensing (SS) technique for Cognitive Radio (CR). SS is the ability to detect the presence of a Primary User (PU) (i.e. licensed user) in order to allow a Secondary User (SU) (i.e unlicensed user) to access PU’s frequency band using CR, so that the available frequency bands can be used efficiently. We used for implementation an Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), which is the most used Software Defined Radio (SDR) device for research in wireless communications. Experimental measurements show that the Energy Detector can obtain good performances in low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. Furthermore, computer simulations using MATLAB are closer to those of USRP measurements.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate.
This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLANijtsrd
This Paper explores basic two systems of spectrum sensing Cooperative System and Non Cooperative System. Non Cooperative System includes Energy detector, Match Filter and cyclostationary with a performance analysis of transmitter based detection. It also includes analysis of Match Filter and Cyclostationary under low and high SNR, validating the result and applied the technique for Wireless local Area Network WLAN . To identify the no. of detected signal, chi square equation has been solved and finds the threshold. It has been observed during analysis that energy rises at high SNR under AWGN and under high SNR no. of detected signal decreases gradually when the no. of sample increases. When no. of sample increases then the no. of detected signal increases. The results of the detection techniques are reliable in comparison. Energy detection provides good result under high SNR values. All of the simulation work is done in MATLAB software and finalized the best detection technique for spectrum sensing. Abrar Ahmed | Rashmi Raj "Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLAN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29174.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29174/analysis-and-comparison-of-different-spectrum-sensing-technique-for-wlan/abrar-ahmed
Enhanced signal detection slgorithm using trained neural network for cognitiv...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, Cognitive Radio has become an important research area in the field of wireless communications. It can play an important role in dynamic spectrum management and interference identification. There are many spectrum sensing techniques proposed in literature for cognitive radio, but all those techniques detect only presence or absence of the primary user in the designated band and do not give any information about the used modulation scheme. In certain applications, in cognitive radio receiver, it is necessary to identify the modulation type of the signal so that the receiver parameters can be adjusted accordingly. Most of the modulated signals exhibit the property of Cyclostationarity that can be used for the purpose of correct detection of primary user and the modulation type. In this paper, we have proposed an enhanced signal detection algorithm for cognitive radio receiver which makes use of cyclostationarity property of the modulated signal to exactly detect, the modulation type of the received signal using a trained neural network. The algorithm gives better accuracy of signal detection even in low SNR conditions. The use of a trained neural network makes it more flexible and extendible for future applications
Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in C...ijtsrd
Cognitive radio is an exciting wireless technology that has been introduced for the efficient used of spectrum. Using cognitive radios (CRs), the secondary users (unlicensed users) are allowed to use the spectrum which is originally allocated to primary users (PUs) as far as the active primary users are not using it temporarily. In order to prevent harmful interference to primary users, the SUs need to perform spectrum sensing before transmitting signal over the spectrum. In this paper we use an optimal Bayesian detector for digitally modulated primary user to improve the spectrum utilization, without prior knowledge of transmitted sequence of the primary signals. And further suboptimal detectors in low and high SNR regime. We provide the performance analysis in terms of Detection probability and False alarm probability. Abdul Hameed Ansari | Narode Sweety S."Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in Cognitive Radio" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2385.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2385/performance-analysis-of-bayesian-methods-to-for-the-spectrum-utilization-in-cognitive-radio/abdul-hameed-ansari
A SURVEY ON DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COGNITIVE RADIOijngnjournal
Cognitive radio (CR) is a new paradigm that utilizes the available spectrum band. The key characteristic of CR system is to sense the electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. The technique of dynamically accessing the unused spectrum band is known as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The dynamic spectrum access technology helps to minimize unused spectrum bands. In this paper, main functions of Cognitive Radio (CR) i.e. spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are discussed. Then DSA models are discussed along with different methods of DSA such as Command and Control, Exclusive-Use, Shared Use of Primary Licensed User and Commons method. Game-theoretic approach using Bertrand game model, Markovian Queuing Model for spectrum allocation in centralized architecture and Fuzzy logic based method are also discussed and result are shown.
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio IOSR Journals
Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized
efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient
utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or
not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information
of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is
room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major
categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference
temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for
spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques.
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Sp...IJRST Journal
The rapid growth of bandwidth demanding wireless technologies has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity. However, studies show that licensed spectrum is underutilized. Cognitive radio technology promises a solution to the problem by allowing unlicensed users, access to the licensed bands opportunistically. A prime component of the cognitive radio technology is spectrum sensing. Many spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or not of a licensed user. This paper evaluates the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy, fading, jamming, interference environments. Both single user detection and cooperative detection situations were investigated. Closed form solutions for the probabilities of detection and false alarm were derived. The analytical results were varied by numerical computations using Monte Carlo method with MATLAB. The performance of the computationally efficient energy detection (CE-ED) techniques were evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading (Rayleigh & Nakagami-m) channels. Results show that for single user detection, the energy detection technique performs better in AWGN channel than in the fading channel models. The performance of cooperative detection is better than single user detection in fading environments.
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
Design and Implementation of Polyphase based Subband Adaptive Structure for N...Pratik Ghotkar
With the tremendous growth in the Digital Signal processing technology, there are many techniques available to remove noise from the speech signals which is used in the speech processing. Widely used LMS algorithm is modified with much advancement but still there are many limitations are introducing. This paper consist of a new approach i.e. subband adaptive processing for noise cancelation in the speech signals. Subband processing employs the multirate signal processing. The polyphase based subband adaptive implementation finds better results in term of MMSE , PSNR and processing time; also the synthesis filter bank is works on the lower data rate which reduces the computational Burdon as compare to the direct implementation of Subband adaptive filter. The normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm is a class of adaptive filter used.
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes. Keywords - Cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, energy detector, spectrum sensing, hard combination
Spectrum Sensing Detection Techniques for Overlay UsersIJMTST Journal
Spectrum allocated Agency (FCC) is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization, i.e known as dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CRN systems can utilize dispersed spectrum, and thus such approach is known as dispersed spectrum cognitive radio systems. This project provides a tradeoff between a false alarm probability (Pf) and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) value of any spectrum detector to have a certain performance. Moreover, the performance of the cyclostationary detector (CD) and the matched filter detector (MF) is better than the energy detector(ED) especially at low signal to noise ratio values. Unfortunately, the cyclostationary spectrum sensing method, performance is not satisfying when the wireless fading channels are employed. In this project we provide the best trade off for spectrum usage for over lay users.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate.
This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLANijtsrd
This Paper explores basic two systems of spectrum sensing Cooperative System and Non Cooperative System. Non Cooperative System includes Energy detector, Match Filter and cyclostationary with a performance analysis of transmitter based detection. It also includes analysis of Match Filter and Cyclostationary under low and high SNR, validating the result and applied the technique for Wireless local Area Network WLAN . To identify the no. of detected signal, chi square equation has been solved and finds the threshold. It has been observed during analysis that energy rises at high SNR under AWGN and under high SNR no. of detected signal decreases gradually when the no. of sample increases. When no. of sample increases then the no. of detected signal increases. The results of the detection techniques are reliable in comparison. Energy detection provides good result under high SNR values. All of the simulation work is done in MATLAB software and finalized the best detection technique for spectrum sensing. Abrar Ahmed | Rashmi Raj "Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLAN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29174.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29174/analysis-and-comparison-of-different-spectrum-sensing-technique-for-wlan/abrar-ahmed
Enhanced signal detection slgorithm using trained neural network for cognitiv...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, Cognitive Radio has become an important research area in the field of wireless communications. It can play an important role in dynamic spectrum management and interference identification. There are many spectrum sensing techniques proposed in literature for cognitive radio, but all those techniques detect only presence or absence of the primary user in the designated band and do not give any information about the used modulation scheme. In certain applications, in cognitive radio receiver, it is necessary to identify the modulation type of the signal so that the receiver parameters can be adjusted accordingly. Most of the modulated signals exhibit the property of Cyclostationarity that can be used for the purpose of correct detection of primary user and the modulation type. In this paper, we have proposed an enhanced signal detection algorithm for cognitive radio receiver which makes use of cyclostationarity property of the modulated signal to exactly detect, the modulation type of the received signal using a trained neural network. The algorithm gives better accuracy of signal detection even in low SNR conditions. The use of a trained neural network makes it more flexible and extendible for future applications
Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in C...ijtsrd
Cognitive radio is an exciting wireless technology that has been introduced for the efficient used of spectrum. Using cognitive radios (CRs), the secondary users (unlicensed users) are allowed to use the spectrum which is originally allocated to primary users (PUs) as far as the active primary users are not using it temporarily. In order to prevent harmful interference to primary users, the SUs need to perform spectrum sensing before transmitting signal over the spectrum. In this paper we use an optimal Bayesian detector for digitally modulated primary user to improve the spectrum utilization, without prior knowledge of transmitted sequence of the primary signals. And further suboptimal detectors in low and high SNR regime. We provide the performance analysis in terms of Detection probability and False alarm probability. Abdul Hameed Ansari | Narode Sweety S."Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in Cognitive Radio" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2385.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2385/performance-analysis-of-bayesian-methods-to-for-the-spectrum-utilization-in-cognitive-radio/abdul-hameed-ansari
A SURVEY ON DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COGNITIVE RADIOijngnjournal
Cognitive radio (CR) is a new paradigm that utilizes the available spectrum band. The key characteristic of CR system is to sense the electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. The technique of dynamically accessing the unused spectrum band is known as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The dynamic spectrum access technology helps to minimize unused spectrum bands. In this paper, main functions of Cognitive Radio (CR) i.e. spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are discussed. Then DSA models are discussed along with different methods of DSA such as Command and Control, Exclusive-Use, Shared Use of Primary Licensed User and Commons method. Game-theoretic approach using Bertrand game model, Markovian Queuing Model for spectrum allocation in centralized architecture and Fuzzy logic based method are also discussed and result are shown.
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio IOSR Journals
Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized
efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient
utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or
not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information
of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is
room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major
categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference
temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for
spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques.
Performance Evaluation of Computationally Efficient Energy Detection Based Sp...IJRST Journal
The rapid growth of bandwidth demanding wireless technologies has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity. However, studies show that licensed spectrum is underutilized. Cognitive radio technology promises a solution to the problem by allowing unlicensed users, access to the licensed bands opportunistically. A prime component of the cognitive radio technology is spectrum sensing. Many spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or not of a licensed user. This paper evaluates the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy, fading, jamming, interference environments. Both single user detection and cooperative detection situations were investigated. Closed form solutions for the probabilities of detection and false alarm were derived. The analytical results were varied by numerical computations using Monte Carlo method with MATLAB. The performance of the computationally efficient energy detection (CE-ED) techniques were evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading (Rayleigh & Nakagami-m) channels. Results show that for single user detection, the energy detection technique performs better in AWGN channel than in the fading channel models. The performance of cooperative detection is better than single user detection in fading environments.
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
Design and Implementation of Polyphase based Subband Adaptive Structure for N...Pratik Ghotkar
With the tremendous growth in the Digital Signal processing technology, there are many techniques available to remove noise from the speech signals which is used in the speech processing. Widely used LMS algorithm is modified with much advancement but still there are many limitations are introducing. This paper consist of a new approach i.e. subband adaptive processing for noise cancelation in the speech signals. Subband processing employs the multirate signal processing. The polyphase based subband adaptive implementation finds better results in term of MMSE , PSNR and processing time; also the synthesis filter bank is works on the lower data rate which reduces the computational Burdon as compare to the direct implementation of Subband adaptive filter. The normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm is a class of adaptive filter used.
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes. Keywords - Cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, energy detector, spectrum sensing, hard combination
Spectrum Sensing Detection Techniques for Overlay UsersIJMTST Journal
Spectrum allocated Agency (FCC) is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization, i.e known as dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CRN systems can utilize dispersed spectrum, and thus such approach is known as dispersed spectrum cognitive radio systems. This project provides a tradeoff between a false alarm probability (Pf) and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) value of any spectrum detector to have a certain performance. Moreover, the performance of the cyclostationary detector (CD) and the matched filter detector (MF) is better than the energy detector(ED) especially at low signal to noise ratio values. Unfortunately, the cyclostationary spectrum sensing method, performance is not satisfying when the wireless fading channels are employed. In this project we provide the best trade off for spectrum usage for over lay users.
Spectrum Sensing Detection with Sequential Forward Search in Comparison to Kn...IJMTST Journal
FCC is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license
holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization.
This project provides a relation between a Pf and the SNR value of any spectrum detector to have a
certain performance. Previous spectrum sensing detection techniques are only suitable for Low SNR and
are based on signal information values. But these methods are purely narrow band spectrum applications
In order to overcome the above said drawbacks we propose a novel method of spectrum sensing method
and is suitable for low and high SNR values, the sensed spectrum applicable for wide band applications.
Our proposed method does not require signal information at the receiver and channel information, because
this flexibility sensing rate is very high compared to previous techniques.
Performance evaluation of different spectrum sensing techniques for realistic...ijwmn
In this paper, the performance assessment of five different detection techniques from spectrum sensing
perspective in cognitive radio networks is proposed and implemented using the realistic implementation
oriented model (R-model) with signal processing operations. The performance assessment of the different
sensing techniques in the existence of unknown or imprecisely known impulsive noise levels is done by
considering the signal detection in cognitive radio networks under a non-parametric multisensory detection
scenario. The examination focuses on performance comparison of basic spectrum sensing mechanisms as,
energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD) along with the eigenvalue-based
detection methods namely, Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), Roy’s largest Root Test
(RLRT) which requires knowledge of the noise variance and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT)
which can be implemented as a test of the largest eigenvalues vs. Maximum-likelihood estimates a noise
variance. From simulation results it is observed that the detection performance of the GLRT method is
better than the other techniques in realistic implementation oriented model.
cognitive radio network in which energy detection technique is widely used.Here described different spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio network
Performance analysis of cooperative spectrum sensing using double dynamic thr...IAESIJAI
Increased use of wireless technologies and in turn more utilization of available spectrum is subsequently leading to the increasing demand for wireless spectrum. This research work incorporates spectrum sensing detection consisting of a double dynamic threshold followed by cooperative type spectrum sensing. The performance has been analyzed using two modulation schemes, quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM) and binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK). Improved probability of detection has been witnessed using the double dynamic threshold where a comparison of average values of local decision (LD) and the observed value of energy (EO) has been considered instead of using direct values of local decisions and
energy. Further, the probability-of-detection (𝑃𝑑) is found to be better with QAM as compared to the BPSK. From the results, it has been observed that the detection of primary users is also affected by the number of samples. The simulation environment considered for this work is MATLAB and the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing for 500 and 1000 samples with -9db and -12 SNR by considering different false alarm values i. e 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 has been analyzed. The further scope shall be to enhance the primary user detection by considering different QAM schemes and different signal to noise ratio (SNRs).
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive RadioIOSR Journals
Abstract: Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques. Keywords— Include at least 5 keywords or phrases
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate. This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexingsignals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22
standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
A novel scheme to improve the spectrum sensing performanceIJCNCJournal
Due to limited availability of spectrum for license
d users only, the need for secondary access by unli
censed
users is increasing. Cognitive radio turns out to b
e helping this situation because all that is needed
is a
technique that could efficiently detect the empty s
paces and provide them to the secondary devices wit
hout
causing any interference to the primary (licensed)
users. Spectrum sensing is the foremost function of
the
cognitive radio which senses the environment for wh
ite spaces. Energy detection is one of the various
spectrum sensing techniques that are under research
. Earlier it was shown that energy detection works
better under AWGN channel as compared to Rayleigh c
hannel, however the conventional spectrum sensing
techniques have a high probability of false alarm a
nd also show a better probability of detection for
higher
values of SNR. There is a need for a new technique
that shows a reduced probability of false alarm as
well
as an increase in the probability of detection for
lower values of SNR. In the present work the conven
tional
energy detection technique has been enhanced to get
better results.
Similar to Performance Analysis of Noise Uncertainty in Energy Detection Spectrum Sensing Technique using an Optimized Algorithm (20)
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Abstract—The article emphasized the importance and the necessity for mobile network operators to visualize infrastructure sharing as an essential phase of development in the life cycle of mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria. With the unprecedented network infrastructure challenges characterized by unfavourable business environment and the need for quick network deployment, prompted the need for harmonizing, collaboration and consolidation by the key service providers to reduce the OPEX and CAPEX while at the same time provide quality service delivery. The idea of telecom operators to pursue the policy of doing it alone on the ground to be the first network to reach a certain subscribers base should never be entertained in the Nigerian telecom industry. Numerous benefits ranging from network availability, reliability, innovation, expansion, customer satisfaction and economic sustainability are harnessed from telecom infrastructure sharing and therefore should be enforceable by the regulatory agency to ensure collaboration by the Nigerian network providers.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Nigeria 330KV Interconnected Grid Syst...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: Voltage stability investigation of the Nigeria 330kV grid Power Network was carried out using Eigenvalues method. The power system Jacobian matrix was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution iterative method to determine the eigenvalues for the voltage stability evaluation of both the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. Positive and negative eigenvalues quantifying the power system voltage stability were identified. For a steady state power system, positive and negative eigenvalues showed stable and unstable systems respectively. The eigenvalues voltage stability method was developed, formulated and implemented on the existing 28-bus and proposed improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. The various eigenvalues, eigenvectors, participation factors and weak buses contributing to system voltage instability were determined using Matlab/SIMULINK Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for these power networks.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Abstract This paper presents the design and implementation of a quadcopter capable of payload delivery. A quadcopter is a unique unmanned aerial vehicle which has the capability of vertical take-off and landing. In this design, the quadcopter was controlled wirelessly from a ground control station using radio frequency. It was modeled mathematically considering its attitude and altitude, and a simulation carried out in MATLAB by designing a proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller was applied to a mathematical model. The PID controller parameters were then applied to the real system. Finally, the output of the simulation and the prototype were compared both in the presence and absence of disturbances. The results showed that the quadcopter was stable and able to compensate for the external disturbances.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Evaluation of Percentage Capacity Loss on LTE Network Caused by Intermodulati...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract- The paper evaluates the effects of third order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) receiver due to coexistence between LTE and GSM networks. Amongst the various existing IMD orders which include first order, second order, third order, fifth order and seventh order. Third order is known to have the greatest distortion effects on a receiver due to its strength and its proximity to the frequency band of interest. It occurs as a result of the non-linear behavior of components or circuit at both the transmitter and receiver ends of wireless communication networks. IMD has potential negative effects on a victim receiver which majorly leads to increase in noise floor level and system capacity degradation. Deterministic approach was implemented in the work assuming worst case scenario. MATLAB software simulation was deployed to evaluate the capacity loss at the receiver end relative to a range of distances apart. Results obtained showed severe uplink capacity degradation when VISAFONE LTE network was interfered by INTERCELLULAR LTE downlink and ETISALAT GSM uplink. Various distances ranging from 500m to 3000m were varied between the ETISALAT GSM network and the VISAFONE LTE network. The results obtained showed that at 500 meters, the percentage capacity degradation was as high as 80. The least percentage capacity loss was obtained as 5.97 at 3000 meters.
Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of a Low-Noise Block Converter (LNBC) Used...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— Modelling, Simulation and analysis of Low Noise Block Converter(LNBC) used for Communication Satellite reception using MATLAB is a work that tends to use some aspect of Computer Engineering tools to realise LNBC fundamentals where Channels programming sources provided programming for Broadcasting , the method involves using MATLAB to illustrate how microwave frequencies receives from Satellite are documented to lower block and range of frequencies, analysis of various LNBC was carried out with a view to drawing comparison between various signals, a test of faulty LNBC was carried out with LNBC schematics, simulation result were provided to show various responses with regards Modelling input waveguide signal, corrupted signal, filtered signal, modulated signal and recovered signals.
Design and Implementation of a Simple HMC6352 2-Axis-MR Digital Compass Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— This paper deals with the design and implementation of a simple HMC6352 2-axis digital compass. Most compasses have been of the analogue type with magnetic needles as pointers. Replacing the “old” magnetic needle compass or the gyrocompass by an electronic solution offers advantages like having a solid-state component without moving parts and the ease of interfacing with other electronic systems. In this work, the aim is to design and implement a digital compass. To realize this, we made use of HMC6352 which is a 2-axis MR (magneto-resistive) sensor from Honeywell, Arduino Uno board with an onboard ATmega328 microcontroller chip, and a 16x2 character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).We adopted the magneto-resistive (MR) technology as compared to flux-gate sensors common in most electronic compasses which has the disadvantage of making the device bulky. The trial test carried out with the completed HMC6352 digital compass showed a reading of 232.8 degrees West indicating its effectiveness in direction finding.
An Embedded Voice Activated Automobile Speed Limiter: A Design Approach for C...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract : The paper presents an improved design feature for conventional automobile speed limiters installed on cars used in Nigerian. The feature introduces an embedded voice activated prompt command system. The system was primarily designed to alert the Driver through a voice activated command when the speed of the car accelerates from 80km/hr to 95km/hr at an interval of 5km/hr. This became necessary to avoid abrupt jerking of the car at the maximum speed limit of 100km/hr and also functions as informative to the driver when attempts are made on unsafe movements such as inadequate/wrong calculated overtaking. Components such as resistors, diodes, transistors and relays were implemented in the design. Arduino UNO was used as the main controller of the system. Softwares such as Multisim and Proteus 8.5 professional were incorporated in the design with the use of C programming language for codes development. Algorithm was developed to enhance adequate system control. The simulated system demonstrated satisfactory performance based on the design specifications. Keywords
OPTIMIZATION OF COST 231 MODEL FOR 3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SIGNAL IN SUBURB...Onyebuchi nosiri
Radio propagation models are important tools adopted for the characterization and optimization of wireless communication signals in a propagation environment. In this paper, the Cost 231 model was optimized for 3G wireless communication signal in Aggrey Road (04˚ 45̀ .06˝N, 07˚ 02̀ .24˝E), a suburban area in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Phone-Based Drive Test was adopted for field measurement using TEMS 11 network simulator. The optimization process was implemented through the use of Least Square Algorithm taking into account the initial offset parameters and the slope of the model curve in Cost 231 model for the process. The performance of the optimized model using the statistical tools in Minitab-14 software was evaluated for the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and the Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated the following parametric values: 1.196, 2.01 and 1.179, 1.94 for Cost 231 and Optimized models respectively. The optimized model is recommended for deployment for a better and accurate path loss prediction on the environment of study
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.