This document discusses several perceptual biases that can influence how people perceive and make judgments about others and situations. It describes the fundamental attribution error, where people underestimate external influences and overestimate internal influences in judging others. It also discusses biases like the halo effect, horn effect, similar-to-me effect, selective perception, perceptual vigilance, first impressions error, self-fulfilling prophecy, and stereotypes. These perceptual biases can negatively impact organizations through effects on job appraisals, promotions, team dynamics, and employee motivation levels.

2. Perceptual Biases
• result from the preconceived ideas that
perceivers hold about people and situations.
• It is misinterpretation of presented
information

3. 1. Fundamental attribution
error
• underestimating the influence of external
factors and overestimating the influence
of internal factors when making
judgments about others

5. Halo and Horn effect
Halo effect
Tendency of forming
a positive overall
impressions based on
one specific positive
trait
Horn effect
Tendency of forming
a negative overall
impressions based on
one specific negative
trait

6. Horn effect
Halo effect
Horn effect

7. The similar-to-me effect
• tend to favor/like or give favorable
judgment to those who are similar to us.
• Result of the ability to be able to empathies
and relate better to similar others.

8. Selective perception
• paying attention to information that
supports your ideas and ignoring the rest.
Perceptual vigilance
people noticing stimuli
that are significant to
oneself
perceptual defense the
tendency for people to
protect themselves from
ideas, objects, or
situations that are
threatening.

9. First impressions error
• Tendency to base judgements of others on
pour earliest impressions of them
• More seen in job interviews and
assessments

10. Self fulfilling prophecy
• when a person unknowingly causes a
prediction to come true, due to the simple
fact that he or she expects it to come true
• TYPES
• Pygmalion – positive expectaions
• Golem – negative expectations

11. Process

12. Stereotypes
• oversimplified mental picture that is
associated with a particular group
• A belief that all members of specific group
share a similar traits and prone to behave
same way
• Associated with gender, race, commuinty
,work descriptions etc.

13. Effects of perceptual biases and
stereotypes
• Job appraisals
• promotions
• incentive distribution
• team dynamics
In
organisations
• De-motivated employees
• more counterproductive
behaviours
In individual
levels