Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret sensory input to make sense of their environment. It involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli, influenced by factors in the perceiver like attitudes and experience, and factors in the target like novelty and size. Person perception involves making judgments about others through attribution theory, considering the distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency of internal versus external causes of behavior. Shortcuts in judging others include selective perception, halo effects, contrast effects, and stereotyping, with specific applications in organizations like interviews, performance expectations, evaluations, and assessing employee effort.

2. Perception The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret the input from their senses to give meaning and order to the world around them.

3. The Perceptual Process Sensation An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing. Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.” Translation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

4. Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations Perception Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

5. Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

6. Attribution Theory Two Types of Causes: 1) Internal 2) External

8. Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: 1.) Distinctiveness 2.) Consensus 3.) Consistency

9. External Attribution Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner? Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ? Internal Attribution

10. Kelley Co variation Principal Distinctiveness Consistency Consensus Type of attribution high high high Product attribution high low low Situation attribution low high low Person attribution High high low Person by product attribution

11. Shortcuts in Judging Others: 1.) Selective Perception 2.) Halo Effect 3.) Contrast Effects 4.) Stereotyping

12. Specific Applications in Organizations: 1.) Employment Interview 2.) Performance Expectations 3.) Performance Evaluation 4.) Employee Effort

14. Organizational Behavior / Perception

15. Organizational Behavior / Perception

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