Cranial nerve of human body. part of peripheral nervous system.present 12 pair of Cranial Nerve.
list - I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
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Cranial nerve of human body. part of peripheral nervous system.present 12 pair of Cranial Nerve.
list - I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM -
The neurological system controls body functions and is
inter-related to other body systems i.e. a patient with diabetes
may suffer a stroke
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM -
The neurological system controls body functions and is
inter-related to other body systems i.e. a patient with diabetes
may suffer a stroke
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
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2. Perception & Coordination
NEUROSENSORY
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Brain
b. Spinal cord
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Cranial Nerves
b. Spinal Nerves
c. Autonomic Nervous System
SENSORY ORGANS
16. Perception & Coordination
FUNCTIONS OF THE BBB
■ Protects the brain from "foreign
substances" in the blood that
may injure the brain.
■ Protects the brain from hormones
and neurotransmitters.
■ Maintains a constant
environment for the brain.
17. Occlusion of blood flow = irreversible tissue damage
Cerebral Circulation
Cerebral Circulation = 15% of Cardiac Output
750 ml of blood passes through the brain each minute
Collateral Circulation – provides blood to brain tissue
Circle of Willis – ring of arteries formed at base of brain
Perception & Coordination
20. I
II
OLFACTORY
OPTIC
S
S
Sense of smell
Central & Peripheral vision
III OCULOMOTOR M Eye mvmt, elevation of eyelid
IV TROCHLEAR M Downward & inward eye mvmt
V TRIGEMINAL B-S
-M
Touch,pain, temp, jaw & eye mus
Mastication
VI ABDUCENS M Abduction of eye
VII FACIAL B-M
-S
closed eyelid, mus of facial exp
taste ( ant 2l3 of tongue )
VIII ACOUSTIC S Equilibrium (Vestib), Hearing (Coch)
IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL B-M
-S
Movemt of pharyngeal muscles
Pharyngeal & post tongue sensatn
X VAGUS B-M
-S
Pharyngeal & laryngeal mvmt
P & L sensation, taste
XI SPINAL ACCESSORY M sternocleidomastoid, trapezius mvt
XII HYPOGLOSSAL M Tongue Movement
Perception & Coordination
22. 31 segments:
8 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar,
5 sacral and
1 coccygeal.
A pair of spinal nerves exits from
each segment of the spinal cord.
Perception & Coordination
25. Accommodation – process by which
the eye adjusts viewing distances
of an object by changing the curvature
of its lens to focus a clear image on
the retina.
Photoreceptors: Rods & Cones
Rods – night vision l low light
Cones – bright lightl color visionP
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SENSORY ORGANS – VISION
THE EYE
26. SENSORY ORGANS – AUDITION
THE EAR
Pass vibz to the cochlea – organ of Corti
Then hair cells in the cochlea contact the
Tectorial membrane to generate impulses to
Auditory nerve to the brain
= hearing is perceived
Perception & Coordination
Sound waves Tympanic
Membrane
= Vibration of ossicles
27. SENSORY ORGANS – OLFACTION
The Olfactory System
Hair cells are the receptors in the olfactory epithelium
that respond to particular chemicals. These cells have
small hairs called cilia on one side and an axon on the
other side. In humans, there are about 40 million
olfactory receptors; in the German Shepherd dog, there
are about 2 billion olfactory receptors.
Perception & Coordination
28. SWEET SOUR SALTY BITTER
SENSORY ORGANS – GUSTATION
VII Facial
Greater Superficial Petrosal
X Vagal Nerve
Superior Larygeal
Soft
Palate
Epiglottis
IX Glossopharygeal
Lingual Tonsilar
VII Facial
Chorda Tympani
Anterior
third
■ Palatability is biologically important in determining appropriate food
selection. (most poisons are bitter)
For food to have a taste, it must be dissolved in water. There are four basic tastes:
sweet, salty, sour and bitter:
29. SENSORY ORGANS – TACTILE
Receptors Nerve Fiber Function / Location
A-beta Responds to hair displacement.
Wraps around hair follicle in, of
course, hairy skin.
Hair Follicle Ending
Ruffini Endings
Krause corpuscle
A-beta Responds to pressure on skin.
Dermis of both hairy and glabrous
skin.
A-beta Responds to pressure
Lips, tongue, and genitals.
30. SENSORY ORGANS – TACTILE
Receptors Nerve Fiber Function / Location
A-beta Responds to vibration. Most sensitive
Pacinian corpuscle
Meissner corpuscle
Merkel Cells
Free nerve endings
A-beta
A-delta and C
Deep layers of dermis in both hairy
and glabrous skin.
Responds to vibration.
Dermis of
glabrous skin.
Different types of free nerve endings
that respond to mechanical, thermal
or noxious stimulation.
Responds to pressure of the skin.
Epidermis of glabrous skin.
31. ASSESMENT
Health History
1. Family history–epilepsy ,glaucomalcataracts
2. History of problem
3. Headaches, Seizures
4. Medications
5. Recent change in behavior or
personality
6. Interview of sensory perceptions, deficits
and other problems
a. Visual – difficulty seeing near or far
objects, wearing of eye glasses or contact
lenses, visual disturbances
b. Auditory – difficulty hearing or changes in
hearing, wearing of hearing aids, can
determine location of sounds, distinguish
various voices, experience humming,
ringing, buzzing, crackling noises in ears
c. Gustatory – changes in ability to taste
d. Olfactory – changes in a
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32. ASSESMENT
Neurological exam
1. Cognitive function l Mental status
a. Intellectual function
b. Thought content
c. Emotions l Affect
d. Perception
e. Language ability
f. Body language l Posture
g. Orientation
h. Level of Consciousness
i. Attention Span
2. Cerebral function
a. Balance and coordination
3. Motor Function
a. Tone l size
b. Strength
c. Coordination
d. Posturing
4. Sensory function Perception & Coordination
33. NEUROLOGIC EXAM
1. Cognitive function l Mental status
a. Intellectual function
- Knowledge of current events
- Memory
- Calculation
- Use of judgment
- Attention span
b. Thought content
- spontaneous, natural, clear, relevant
coherent
- no fixed ideas, illusions, preoccupations
( ex. With death, morbid events,
hallucinations, paranoid ideations )
c. Emotions l Affect
- external manifestation of mood: angry
irritable, anxious, apathetic, euphoric
- normal mood fluctuation, unpredictable
mood swings from sadness to joy
- consistency in verbal & nonverbal cues
Perception & Coordination
d. Perception
34. NEUROLOGIC EXAM
1. Cognitive function l Mental status
e. Language ability
- can understand and communicate spoken &
written language
- answer questions appropriately
- can read a sentence and explain meaning
- Aphasia - deficiency in language function
Broca’s aphasia l non fluent aphasia
: choppy, broken words, short meaningful
phrases produced with great effort
: ex – Walk dog.
Wernicke’s aphasia l fluent aphasia
: speak fluently but with no meaning
: add unnecessary words; create new words
: ex – you know that smoodle pinkered & that I
want to get him round & take careof him like
you want before. = The dog needs to go
outside so I will take him for a walk
Global aphasia : with severe communication
difficulties and may be extremely limited in their
ability to speak or comprehend language
Anomia – problem with word finding. They know what
they want to say but cant fiP
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35. NEUROLOGIC EXAM
1. Cognitive function l Mental status
f. Body language
- Posture, gestures, movements
- Facial expression
g. Orientation
- To time, place and person
h. Level of Consciousness
1 conscious l alert
2 lethargic l somnolent l drowsy
3 obtunded
4 stuporous l light coma l semicoma
5 deep coma stimuli
- Glasgow coma scale
i. Attention Span
2. Cerebral function
a. Balance and coordination
- point to point testing
- assess speed, symmetry & degree of diff
- Romberg test Perception & Coordination
36. Extension 2
lowest sF
clo
ac
re
ci
,d3, is deep coma; a s1
core of 7 or below is
considered coma
Perception & Coordination
GLASGOW COMA SCALE
■ Eye opening
Spontaneous 4
To voice 3
To pain 2
None 1
■ Verbal responsiveness
Oriented 5
Confused conversation 4
Inappropriate words 3
Incomprehensible sounds 2
None 1
■ Motor responsiveness
Obeys commands 6
Localizes to pain 5
**TRAUMAFS
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drawal 4
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s client is a3
wake and oriented; the
37. NEUROLOGIC EXAM
3. Motor Function
a. Tone l size
- note atrophy, rigidity, spasticity
b. Strength
- flex or extend extremities against
resistance
c. Coordination
- tested by having patient to run
the heel down the anterior surface
of the tibia of the other leg
- Ataxia : incoodination of voluntary
muscle action
d. Posturing
Decorticate posture – corticospinal tract:
rigid flexion of arms, wrists and fingers
with adduction of upper extremities, &
extension with internal rotation of legs,
Decerebrate posture – midbrain & pons:
rigid extension of neck, back, arms &
Perception & Coordination
legs, with hyperpronation of arms
38. 2 4 5 – full range of motion against gravity &
1 5
1 5
2 5
resistance
4 – full range of motion against gravity &
moderate amount of resistance
3 – full range of motion against gravity
only
2 – full range of motion when gravityis
eliminated
1 – a weak muscle contraction when
muscle is palpated
0 – complete paralysis
Perception & Coordination
39. 4. sensory function
- superficial sensation
- superficial pain
- sensation to temperature & vibration
- vision: pupils, glasses, contact lenses
distortions:
halos around lights
difficulty in adjusting to dark room
diplopia
floaters
ptosis
anisocoria
nystagmus doll’s eye
- hearing: amount of hearing – aids, tinnitus
hearing loss
1. conductive hearing loss
( outer l middle ear )
sensory hearing loss l perceptive
loss ( inner ear )
5. reflexes
superficial
abdominal reflex
babinski (plantar) reflex
corneal (blin
P
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te
io
fn
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x Coordination
2.
40. ++
++
++
++
++ ++
++ ++
++
+ +
++
EYE EXAM
■ Pupils size and symmetry
■ Spontaneous eye movements
■ Pupillary reactions (direct & consensual)
■ Corneal reflex
■ Occulocephalic reflex
■ External eye and orbital exam
■ Fundus
G
cop
R
ic A
exaD
m ING OF REFLEXES
0 – No response
1 – Diminished (Hypoactive)
2 – Normal
3 – Increased
4 – Hyperactive ( hyperreflexia )
41. - Contrast medium or air injected into sub
arachnoid space
- Monitor VlS & Output. Encou
Pr
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nI& Coordination
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
1. X-rays of skull and spine- Used to detect atrophy, erosion or fractures
of bones; calcifications
2. Computerized Tomography Scan
- info obtained to construct a picture of the internal
structure of the brain; contrast medium may or
may not be used.
- obtain consent, check allergies, if with dye NPO 4
hours prior, assess for claustrophobia, explain
3. MRI-Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 3D images, obtain consent & remove all metal
objects
4. Brain Scan
- Method: IV radioisotope to detect neoplasms,
brain abcess, subdural hemorrhage
- Obtain consent, explain procedure
5. MYELOGRAPHY
42. DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
6. Cerebral Angiography
- Dye is injected to artery and vascular system
- Obtain consent, clear liquids before procedure
May have sedative, void before procedure, mark
distal pulses, warn client on feeling of warmth in
face during procedure
- Post: Monitor for LOC, hematoma, put ice cap to
site, extension of involved extremity, maintain
bed rest overnight, check peripheral pulses, color,
and temperature of extremeties
7. Encephalography-use of ultrasound to detect midline shift of
intracranial contents due to brain tumors, hematomas
8. Lumbar Puncture (LP)
- needle inserted between L4 – L5 to wldraw CSF
- obtain consent, empty bladder, in fetal position
- post: flat on bed, encourage OFI, check site for
bleeding, redness, swelling, clear drainage,
assess movement of extremeties
9. Electromyography (EMG) Perception & Coordination
43. DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
10. Electroencephalography
- graphic recording of electrical activity of the brain - Used to detect
focus of seizure activity and to
quantitatively evaluate level of brain function
- Obtain consent, verify meds to be administered,
withhold caffeine or sedatives before EEG, no
styling gels or sprays on hair before EEG
- assist client in cleansing hair
11. Eye Exams
a. snellens test (eye chart)
Farsighted – Hyperopia
Nearsighted – Myopia
b. Ophtalmoscopic exam
c. Ocular tension test
12. Ear tests
a. otoscopic exam
b. whisper test
c. Weber test( bone conduction )
Perception & Coordination
44. DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
The figures below show the human brain in the three
planes of section on "synthetic MR" images produced
Coronal Section Horizontal Section
Sagittal Section
Perception & Coordination
45. Perception & Coordination
Eye Safety
■ Your eyes are the windows to your
brain - Protect Them!
Here are some safety tips for caring for your eyes.
Walk, don't run, with sharp objects such as scissors, pens,
pencils and rulers
Avoid guns, bow-and-arrows, sling shots and firecrackers
Use good lighting to avoid tiring your eyes when reading, writing
or cruising the Internet
Learn basic first aid for your eyes in case an injury does
occur.
Tell your parents, school nurse or teachers if your eyes are
bothering you.
46. Perception & Coordination
Eye Safety
Wear proper eye protection whenyou are doing hazardous hobbies,
chores or mixing chemicals
Wear sunglasses that block both ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-
B radiation from the sun
Never look directly at the sun
Point chemical sprays away from your faceBEFORE
spraying
Wear a helmet when biking, skateboarding or rollerskating
and wear your seatbelt in the car.
47. Perception & Coordination
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