foundations of nursing - theories

1. METAPARADIGM OF NURSING
Greek: “meta”- with
“paradeigma” - pattern
NURSING PARADIGMS: are
patterns or models used to show
a clear relationship among the
existing theoretical works in
nursing.

2.  Theories in Nursing focus on
the relationship among these
Four Major Concepts:
1. Person
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Nursing

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
 Theories can correlate
concepts in such a way as to
generate a different way of
looking at a certain fact or
phenomenon.
 Theories must be logical in
nature.

4.  Theories should be simple but
generally broad in nature.
 Theories can be the source of
hypotheses that can be tested
for it to be elaborated.
 Theories contribute in enriching
the general body of knowledge
through the studies
implemented to validate them.

5.  Theories can be used by
practitioners to direct and
enhance their practice.
 Theories must be consistent
with other validated theories,
laws, and principles but will
leave open unanswered
issues that need to be tested.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING THEORIES
 DESCRIPTIVETHEORIES
(Factor-Isolating Theories)
-To know the properties and
workings of a discipline.
- main purpose is to present a
phenomena based on the five
senses together with their
corresponding meaning.

7.  EXPLANATORYTHEORIES
(Factor-RelatingTheories)
- present relationship among
concepts and propositions.
- Cause & effect relationship
are well explained.

8. •PREDICTIVE THEORIES
(Situation-Relating Theories)
 Are achieved when the
relationships of concept under a
certain condition are able to
describe future outcomes
consistently.

9. •PRESCRIPTIVE THEORIES
(Situation-Producing Theory)
 This theory deals with nursing
actions, and test the validity and
certainty of a specific nursing
intervention.
 This kind is commonly used in
testing new nursing
interventions.

10. PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING- is the
next knowledge level after
metaparadigm. It specifies the
definition of metaparadigm
concepts.
CONCEPTS – are the building blocks
of theories.
It enhances ones capacity to
understand phenomena as it helps
define the meaning of a word.

11. 2TYPES OF CONCEPTS:
1. ABSTRACT CONCEPTS – are indirectly
observed or intangible. e.g. Love, care,
freedom
2. CONCRETE CONCEPTS – are directly
observed or tangible. e.g. Nurse, mother,
pain
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS – are the meaning
of a word based on how a certain theory or
relevant literature perceives it to be.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS – are meaning of
a word based on the method of how it was
measured or how the person come up with

12. THEORETICAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORK
- are highly established set of concepts
that are testable.
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORK
- Are representations of an idea or body
of knowledge based on the own
understanding or perception of a
person or researcher on a certain topic,
phenomena or theory.

13. SCIENCE- Latin (scientia) “knowledge”
- the organized body of
knowledge gained through research.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
1. Observation
2. Gathering Data
3. Forming Hypothesis
4. Experimental Investigation
5. Conclusion/Theoretical Explanation

14. KNOWLEDGE – Information, skills and
expertise acquired by a person
through formal/informal learning.
TYPES OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES
1. PERCEPTION
2. ASSOCIATION
3. LEARNING
4. REASONING
5. COMMUNICATION

15. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
1. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
2. AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE
3. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

16. • The purpose of NursingTheory is to
provide direction and purpose to the
practice of nursing.
* NursingTheories are developed to
improve the quality of care rendered
by nurses to their client.
* Nursing theories serve as an excellent
help in the development and
expansion of knowledge, and support
in different features of learning such as
education, research & clinical practice.

17. Purpose of NursingTheory in relation to;
1. Education – nursing theory was
used primarily to establish the
profession’s place in the
university.
2. Research – nursing research
identifies the philosophical
assumptions or theoretical
frameworks from which it
proceeds.

18. -new theoretical perspectives
provide an essential service by
identifying gasps in the way we
approach specific fields of study
such as symptom management or
quality of life.

19. 3. Practice – the primary
contribution of nursing theory
when employed in a clinical
setting is the facilitation of
reflection, questioning, and
thinking about what nurses do.
-nursing theory is a useful tool for
reasoning, critical thinking, and
decision making in nursing
practice.

20. GRAND THEORIES:
 Broad in scope and complex in nature,
they only assist nursing research in
occasional manner.
MIDDLE RANGETHEORIES:
 Nursing research are usually based on
these theories. It focuses on the
discovery of concepts.

21. CRITICALTHEORY:
 Helps elaborate more on how
social structures( race,gender,sex,
orientation & economic class)
affect experiences & health
outcomes.