Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment. It involves sensation, where stimuli are received through the senses, and perception, where sensations are organized and interpreted. Key aspects of perception discussed in the document include absolute threshold, differential threshold, selective exposure, selective attention, perceptual defense, and perceptual blocking. Marketers aim to design advertising that breaks through these perceptual processes to gain consumers' attention and influence their interpretations.
Subliminal messages are hidden messages placed in advertisements, cartoons, films, music and videos to influence viewers without their conscious awareness. They are inserted by hiding messages in audio, using invisible flashes in movies, or hiding messages in logos and visual materials. Examples include the word "Coca-Cola" written in the One Ring from Lord of the Rings and the word "Illuminati" written on Rihanna's forehead. Product packaging sometimes contains hidden images, like a cross hidden on a tomato. While these messages aim to influence minds secretly, the ethical implications of subliminal messaging remain unclear.
Personality affects perception in several ways. An individual's personality, which is shaped by both heredity and environment, determines how they perceive others and situations. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator identifies four dimensions of personality - Extroversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, and Judging/Perceiving - that influence how people prefer to perceive and make decisions. These personality traits determine whether one focuses more on facts or intuition, logic or human impact, and structure or flexibility when forming perceptions.
This document discusses perception in organizational behavior over multiple sections. It appears to cover the topic of perception as it relates to organizational behavior and how individuals perceive various aspects of their organization and work. The document is broken into 11 sections that likely provide additional details on perception within organizational settings.
This document discusses theories of knowledge representation in the mind. It describes how knowledge can be represented through mental images, words, or abstract propositions. The dual-coding theory proposes that knowledge uses both visual/pictorial and linguistic/verbal representations. Propositional theory suggests knowledge is represented through abstract propositions rather than images or words. The document also discusses mental imagery and ambiguous figures, which can challenge propositional representations and be open to multiple interpretations through reference frame manipulation.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 on perception from the textbook "Consumer Behavior" by Leon G. Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Kanuk. The chapter discusses the three elements of perception: sensation, selective attention and interpretation. It covers topics like sensory adaptation, absolute and differential thresholds, and the principles of perceptual selection, organization and interpretation. Marketers use concepts like just noticeable differences to improve products without consumers realizing. Overall, the chapter examines how consumers perceive the world differently based on their experiences, motives and biases.
People's behavior is based on their perception of reality rather than reality itself. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information in a way that reflects our past experiences. Many factors influence perception, including characteristics of the perceiver and the target, as well as the context and social situation. Perceptual biases can lead to errors in judgment like stereotyping or projecting our own views onto others.
Cognitivism views learning as involving mental processes and symbolic mental constructs. Key figures who contributed to cognitivism include Piaget, who studied child development in stages, and Vygotsky, who believed concepts are formed socially then individually and that culture determines development. Cognitivism holds that learning is measured by what learners know rather than what they do, and that memory plays a key role in organizing and retrieving information for learning to occur.
This document discusses perception and how it influences human behavior and judgment. It describes the perceptual process, which involves receiving stimuli, selective attention, organizing information, interpreting meaning, and forming a response. Several factors are discussed that can influence perception, including external factors like color, size, and movement as well as internal factors like learning, needs, and stereotypes. The document emphasizes that perception is subjective and reality is interpreted differently by different people based on their unique perspectives and experiences.
Subliminal messages are hidden messages placed in advertisements, cartoons, films, music and videos to influence viewers without their conscious awareness. They are inserted by hiding messages in audio, using invisible flashes in movies, or hiding messages in logos and visual materials. Examples include the word "Coca-Cola" written in the One Ring from Lord of the Rings and the word "Illuminati" written on Rihanna's forehead. Product packaging sometimes contains hidden images, like a cross hidden on a tomato. While these messages aim to influence minds secretly, the ethical implications of subliminal messaging remain unclear.
Personality affects perception in several ways. An individual's personality, which is shaped by both heredity and environment, determines how they perceive others and situations. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator identifies four dimensions of personality - Extroversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, and Judging/Perceiving - that influence how people prefer to perceive and make decisions. These personality traits determine whether one focuses more on facts or intuition, logic or human impact, and structure or flexibility when forming perceptions.
This document discusses perception in organizational behavior over multiple sections. It appears to cover the topic of perception as it relates to organizational behavior and how individuals perceive various aspects of their organization and work. The document is broken into 11 sections that likely provide additional details on perception within organizational settings.
This document discusses theories of knowledge representation in the mind. It describes how knowledge can be represented through mental images, words, or abstract propositions. The dual-coding theory proposes that knowledge uses both visual/pictorial and linguistic/verbal representations. Propositional theory suggests knowledge is represented through abstract propositions rather than images or words. The document also discusses mental imagery and ambiguous figures, which can challenge propositional representations and be open to multiple interpretations through reference frame manipulation.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 on perception from the textbook "Consumer Behavior" by Leon G. Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Kanuk. The chapter discusses the three elements of perception: sensation, selective attention and interpretation. It covers topics like sensory adaptation, absolute and differential thresholds, and the principles of perceptual selection, organization and interpretation. Marketers use concepts like just noticeable differences to improve products without consumers realizing. Overall, the chapter examines how consumers perceive the world differently based on their experiences, motives and biases.
People's behavior is based on their perception of reality rather than reality itself. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information in a way that reflects our past experiences. Many factors influence perception, including characteristics of the perceiver and the target, as well as the context and social situation. Perceptual biases can lead to errors in judgment like stereotyping or projecting our own views onto others.
Cognitivism views learning as involving mental processes and symbolic mental constructs. Key figures who contributed to cognitivism include Piaget, who studied child development in stages, and Vygotsky, who believed concepts are formed socially then individually and that culture determines development. Cognitivism holds that learning is measured by what learners know rather than what they do, and that memory plays a key role in organizing and retrieving information for learning to occur.
This document discusses perception and how it influences human behavior and judgment. It describes the perceptual process, which involves receiving stimuli, selective attention, organizing information, interpreting meaning, and forming a response. Several factors are discussed that can influence perception, including external factors like color, size, and movement as well as internal factors like learning, needs, and stereotypes. The document emphasizes that perception is subjective and reality is interpreted differently by different people based on their unique perspectives and experiences.
This document presents a case study of a 35-year-old female complaining of seeing shapes, colors, and partially formed images. Her medical history includes migraines, pituitary tumors, and other conditions. On examination, she has mild disc pallor in both eyes. The document lists potential etiologies for her visual hallucinations including migraine, psychosis, and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. It provides details on visual hallucinations and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The assessment is that she is experiencing visual deprivation hallucinations due to Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The plan is to consult psychiatry and start her on olanzapine.
This chapter of the Psychology textbook discusses perception. It covers topics like selective attention, change blindness, perceptual illusions, gestalt grouping principles, figure-ground perception, depth perception through binocular and monocular cues, perceptual constancy, and schemas. It also discusses sensory restriction experiments, perceptual adaptation, perceptual set, human factors psychology, and debates around extrasensory perception.
This document defines and classifies hallucinations, which are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Hallucinations are categorized by sensory modality (auditory, visual, etc.), complexity, organization, and reality value. Neuroimaging research has found that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced grey matter in language processing areas of the brain and altered connectivity between these areas and regions involved in control. Current models propose that hallucinations result from overactivity in sensory processing regions combined with weakened top-down control.
This document discusses hallucinations and different types of hallucinogenic drugs. It defines hallucinations as perceiving something without an external stimulus. The main types of hallucinations are auditory, visual, gustatory, and tactile. Common hallucinogenic drugs are discussed in depth, including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and cannabinoids. The document explains how these drugs work in the brain by interfering with serotonin and glutamate receptors to alter mood, perception, and behavior.
Cognitivism is a learning theory based on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving. It focuses on exploring the "black box" of the human mind to understand how people learn. Key contributors include Paivio, Gagne, Gardner, and Bloom. The cognitive theory views learning as a change in a learner's mental schemas or representations. Classroom implications for teachers include integrating multiple teaching methods, relating new concepts to prior knowledge, and assessing changes in student cognition. For students, it means demonstrating learning through a variety of higher-order thinking skills and relating new ideas to existing knowledge structures.
This document discusses the cognitivist approach to learning. Key aspects of cognitivism include viewing learning as involving mental processes like thinking and problem-solving. Cognitivists see knowledge as mental constructs or schemas. Learning is defined as changes in these schemas. The document provides examples of how cognitivist techniques can be applied with and without technology in both teaching and learning. These include using pictures, activities, movies, and simulations to help students build mental models and change their schemas.
This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
The document discusses several theories of emotion:
- The James-Lange theory proposes that emotion arises from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli. We feel fear because our heart is pounding in response to an oncoming car, not the other way around.
- The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that stimuli simultaneously trigger both physiological responses and subjective emotional experiences.
- Schachter's two-factor theory argues we must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal to experience an emotion. Seeing a car triggers arousal and the thought "I'm afraid" creates the fear.
- Emotions involve two dimensions - valence (positive-negative) and arousal (high-low). They activate the aut
This document discusses different theories of emotion including:
- Common sense theory which links physiological arousal to conscious feelings
- James-Lange theory which links environmental stimuli to physiological responses then emotional experience
- Cannon-Bard theory which links stimuli to simultaneous physiological responses and emotional experiences
- Cognitive appraisal theory which links emotions to cognitive interpretations of situations
It also discusses research on the expression of emotions through nonverbal communication like facial expressions and cultural differences in emotion expression.
The document discusses emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as internal conscious states that involve feelings, bodily arousal, purposive motivation, and social expression. Emotions can be positive or negative, and are influenced by factors like personality, culture, stress, age, and environment. The document also discusses emotional labor, where workers must display certain emotions as part of their job. Additionally, it defines emotional intelligence as the ability to identify, assess, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Emotional intelligence involves self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The document argues that emotional intelligence can lead to advantages like greater productivity and better conflict resolution.
Consumer perception the base for decision making. People make decisions instantly within 20 seconds about other person, yet when it comes to product they take more time. If the perception tone is set right by the companies consumer will not have any confusions. This presentation explores the ways and means of consumer perception and ends with the application of perception at large by organizations around the globe.
Emotion is a complex psycho-physiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences.
James-Lange Theory:
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.
Cannon-Bard Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.
Schachter-Singer Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
Facial Feedback Theory
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.
Positive Emotions:
Love is a very basic and necessary emotion. If a child is nurtured in a loving family where all members respect and love each other, he or she will develop into an adult who behaves in a manner similar to the behavioral patterns that he or she learned as a child.
Negative Emotions:
If the child is raised in an atmosphere of anger and hostility, that child will develop into a very troubled adult who thinks that angry and hostile feelings are normal.
This document summarizes several cognitive learning theories:
- Allan Paivio's Dual Coding Theory which posits that people process information visually and verbally.
- Robert Gagne identified 5 categories of learning like verbal information, intellectual skills, and motor skills.
- Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences which identified 8 types of intelligence like linguistic and interpersonal.
- Benjamin Bloom concluded that every child has the ability to learn based on his research into the cognitive domain.
The cognitive theory views thinking and remembering as behaviors that can be analyzed to measure their effect on learning. It is interested in how people understand material.
This document provides information about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It was prepared by A.S. Arul Lawrence, the principal of St. Joseph College of Education in India. The document defines key concepts in Piaget's theory such as schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration, and Piaget's four stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
1. Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret stimuli from their environment to form a meaningful picture.
2. Perception is influenced by individual factors like needs, values, and expectations, so it can differ between people regarding the same situation.
3. Key aspects of perception include sensation (receiving stimuli through senses), interpretation (refining raw sensory data), and factors like attention, learning, motivation, and personality.
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentKelly McGrail
Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines 4 stages of development: sensorimotor (birth-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational (12 years and up). The stages are characterized by the development of object permanence, representational thought, logical reasoning, and abstract thought. Children with cognitive disabilities may not progress through all the stages. Down syndrome is provided as an example of a cognitive disability where individuals often do not complete all stages of Piaget's theory.
Cognitivism focuses on internal mental processes of learning rather than outward behaviors. It developed in reaction to behaviorism which ignored thinking. Theorists like Paivio, Gagne, and Gardner contributed key concepts - Paivio's dual coding theory emphasized visual and verbal learning; Gagne identified five types of learning and principles for instruction; Gardner proposed multiple intelligences. Under cognitivism, teachers should create engaging environments, ask questions, and use varied teaching methods while students think deeply to develop understanding.
Elina Halonen of The Irrational Agency gave a presentation at the Festival of NewMR 2012 about the need to understand consumers' deeper motivations to more accurately influence their behavior and predict their reactions. She discussed how current profiling leaves gaps and proposed measuring individuals' needs for cognition, cognitive closure, affect, and uniqueness. These motivational traits determine how people make decisions and can be used to segment consumers, test ads, and achieve more consistent research results. Understanding consumers' underlying needs and goals through motivational profiling provides a deeper level of insight than traditional methods alone.
This document discusses perception and its elements. Perception is described as how people interpret sensory impressions to form a view of the world. It is based on incomplete information but guides behavior. Perception in marketing refers to how consumers identify, organize, and interpret information to create meaning. The elements of perception discussed include sensation, absolute and differential thresholds, and subliminal perception.
This document discusses factors that influence consumer perception and attention. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Consumer perception is shaped by both internal factors like values and family as well as external factors like culture, social roles, and advertising. Attention requires allocating limited mental resources and is determined by stimulus characteristics, individual traits like motivation and ability, and situational factors such as environmental clutter. Perception involves assigning meaning to information through both cognitive and affective processes, and attention can occur deliberately through focus or incidentally through peripheral exposure.
Perception is Reality by Louis Cheskin discusses consumer perception. It defines perception as how people interpret sensory impressions to understand the world. Selective perception is how consumers notice what aligns with their beliefs and ignore other information. Factors like attitudes, preferences, and conditioning influence what people perceive. Marketers must understand these factors and how perception shapes consumer behavior.
Consumer perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret stimuli to form a meaningful understanding of the world. It is highly individualized based on each person's needs, values and expectations. Marketers must understand the elements of perception like sensation, thresholds, selection, organization and interpretation in order to effectively position products and services according to how consumers will perceive them. Positioning involves creating distinct images for products/services that meet consumer needs and fill gaps left by competitors.
This document presents a case study of a 35-year-old female complaining of seeing shapes, colors, and partially formed images. Her medical history includes migraines, pituitary tumors, and other conditions. On examination, she has mild disc pallor in both eyes. The document lists potential etiologies for her visual hallucinations including migraine, psychosis, and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. It provides details on visual hallucinations and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The assessment is that she is experiencing visual deprivation hallucinations due to Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The plan is to consult psychiatry and start her on olanzapine.
This chapter of the Psychology textbook discusses perception. It covers topics like selective attention, change blindness, perceptual illusions, gestalt grouping principles, figure-ground perception, depth perception through binocular and monocular cues, perceptual constancy, and schemas. It also discusses sensory restriction experiments, perceptual adaptation, perceptual set, human factors psychology, and debates around extrasensory perception.
This document defines and classifies hallucinations, which are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Hallucinations are categorized by sensory modality (auditory, visual, etc.), complexity, organization, and reality value. Neuroimaging research has found that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced grey matter in language processing areas of the brain and altered connectivity between these areas and regions involved in control. Current models propose that hallucinations result from overactivity in sensory processing regions combined with weakened top-down control.
This document discusses hallucinations and different types of hallucinogenic drugs. It defines hallucinations as perceiving something without an external stimulus. The main types of hallucinations are auditory, visual, gustatory, and tactile. Common hallucinogenic drugs are discussed in depth, including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and cannabinoids. The document explains how these drugs work in the brain by interfering with serotonin and glutamate receptors to alter mood, perception, and behavior.
Cognitivism is a learning theory based on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving. It focuses on exploring the "black box" of the human mind to understand how people learn. Key contributors include Paivio, Gagne, Gardner, and Bloom. The cognitive theory views learning as a change in a learner's mental schemas or representations. Classroom implications for teachers include integrating multiple teaching methods, relating new concepts to prior knowledge, and assessing changes in student cognition. For students, it means demonstrating learning through a variety of higher-order thinking skills and relating new ideas to existing knowledge structures.
This document discusses the cognitivist approach to learning. Key aspects of cognitivism include viewing learning as involving mental processes like thinking and problem-solving. Cognitivists see knowledge as mental constructs or schemas. Learning is defined as changes in these schemas. The document provides examples of how cognitivist techniques can be applied with and without technology in both teaching and learning. These include using pictures, activities, movies, and simulations to help students build mental models and change their schemas.
This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
The document discusses several theories of emotion:
- The James-Lange theory proposes that emotion arises from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli. We feel fear because our heart is pounding in response to an oncoming car, not the other way around.
- The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that stimuli simultaneously trigger both physiological responses and subjective emotional experiences.
- Schachter's two-factor theory argues we must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal to experience an emotion. Seeing a car triggers arousal and the thought "I'm afraid" creates the fear.
- Emotions involve two dimensions - valence (positive-negative) and arousal (high-low). They activate the aut
This document discusses different theories of emotion including:
- Common sense theory which links physiological arousal to conscious feelings
- James-Lange theory which links environmental stimuli to physiological responses then emotional experience
- Cannon-Bard theory which links stimuli to simultaneous physiological responses and emotional experiences
- Cognitive appraisal theory which links emotions to cognitive interpretations of situations
It also discusses research on the expression of emotions through nonverbal communication like facial expressions and cultural differences in emotion expression.
The document discusses emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as internal conscious states that involve feelings, bodily arousal, purposive motivation, and social expression. Emotions can be positive or negative, and are influenced by factors like personality, culture, stress, age, and environment. The document also discusses emotional labor, where workers must display certain emotions as part of their job. Additionally, it defines emotional intelligence as the ability to identify, assess, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Emotional intelligence involves self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The document argues that emotional intelligence can lead to advantages like greater productivity and better conflict resolution.
Consumer perception the base for decision making. People make decisions instantly within 20 seconds about other person, yet when it comes to product they take more time. If the perception tone is set right by the companies consumer will not have any confusions. This presentation explores the ways and means of consumer perception and ends with the application of perception at large by organizations around the globe.
Emotion is a complex psycho-physiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences.
James-Lange Theory:
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.
Cannon-Bard Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.
Schachter-Singer Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
Facial Feedback Theory
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.
Positive Emotions:
Love is a very basic and necessary emotion. If a child is nurtured in a loving family where all members respect and love each other, he or she will develop into an adult who behaves in a manner similar to the behavioral patterns that he or she learned as a child.
Negative Emotions:
If the child is raised in an atmosphere of anger and hostility, that child will develop into a very troubled adult who thinks that angry and hostile feelings are normal.
This document summarizes several cognitive learning theories:
- Allan Paivio's Dual Coding Theory which posits that people process information visually and verbally.
- Robert Gagne identified 5 categories of learning like verbal information, intellectual skills, and motor skills.
- Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences which identified 8 types of intelligence like linguistic and interpersonal.
- Benjamin Bloom concluded that every child has the ability to learn based on his research into the cognitive domain.
The cognitive theory views thinking and remembering as behaviors that can be analyzed to measure their effect on learning. It is interested in how people understand material.
This document provides information about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It was prepared by A.S. Arul Lawrence, the principal of St. Joseph College of Education in India. The document defines key concepts in Piaget's theory such as schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration, and Piaget's four stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
1. Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret stimuli from their environment to form a meaningful picture.
2. Perception is influenced by individual factors like needs, values, and expectations, so it can differ between people regarding the same situation.
3. Key aspects of perception include sensation (receiving stimuli through senses), interpretation (refining raw sensory data), and factors like attention, learning, motivation, and personality.
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentKelly McGrail
Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines 4 stages of development: sensorimotor (birth-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational (12 years and up). The stages are characterized by the development of object permanence, representational thought, logical reasoning, and abstract thought. Children with cognitive disabilities may not progress through all the stages. Down syndrome is provided as an example of a cognitive disability where individuals often do not complete all stages of Piaget's theory.
Cognitivism focuses on internal mental processes of learning rather than outward behaviors. It developed in reaction to behaviorism which ignored thinking. Theorists like Paivio, Gagne, and Gardner contributed key concepts - Paivio's dual coding theory emphasized visual and verbal learning; Gagne identified five types of learning and principles for instruction; Gardner proposed multiple intelligences. Under cognitivism, teachers should create engaging environments, ask questions, and use varied teaching methods while students think deeply to develop understanding.
Elina Halonen of The Irrational Agency gave a presentation at the Festival of NewMR 2012 about the need to understand consumers' deeper motivations to more accurately influence their behavior and predict their reactions. She discussed how current profiling leaves gaps and proposed measuring individuals' needs for cognition, cognitive closure, affect, and uniqueness. These motivational traits determine how people make decisions and can be used to segment consumers, test ads, and achieve more consistent research results. Understanding consumers' underlying needs and goals through motivational profiling provides a deeper level of insight than traditional methods alone.
This document discusses perception and its elements. Perception is described as how people interpret sensory impressions to form a view of the world. It is based on incomplete information but guides behavior. Perception in marketing refers to how consumers identify, organize, and interpret information to create meaning. The elements of perception discussed include sensation, absolute and differential thresholds, and subliminal perception.
This document discusses factors that influence consumer perception and attention. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Consumer perception is shaped by both internal factors like values and family as well as external factors like culture, social roles, and advertising. Attention requires allocating limited mental resources and is determined by stimulus characteristics, individual traits like motivation and ability, and situational factors such as environmental clutter. Perception involves assigning meaning to information through both cognitive and affective processes, and attention can occur deliberately through focus or incidentally through peripheral exposure.
Perception is Reality by Louis Cheskin discusses consumer perception. It defines perception as how people interpret sensory impressions to understand the world. Selective perception is how consumers notice what aligns with their beliefs and ignore other information. Factors like attitudes, preferences, and conditioning influence what people perceive. Marketers must understand these factors and how perception shapes consumer behavior.
Consumer perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret stimuli to form a meaningful understanding of the world. It is highly individualized based on each person's needs, values and expectations. Marketers must understand the elements of perception like sensation, thresholds, selection, organization and interpretation in order to effectively position products and services according to how consumers will perceive them. Positioning involves creating distinct images for products/services that meet consumer needs and fill gaps left by competitors.
The document discusses key concepts in understanding consumer behavior, including perception, learning, personality, and social factors. It covers topics like the aspects of perception (selection, organization, interpretation), theories of learning (classical and instrumental conditioning), personality theories (Freudian, trait theory), and variables that influence consumer behavior (innovativeness, dogmatism, need for uniqueness, compulsive consumption). The goal of understanding consumer behavior is to better satisfy consumer needs and influence behaviors through effective marketing strategies.
This chapter discusses consumer perception and the processes that occur within an individual when receiving marketing messages. It covers the three main phases of perception: sensing, organizing, and reacting to stimuli. Attention and interpretation are influenced by characteristics of the stimulus, the individual, and the situation. The chapter also examines exposure, attention, and interpretation in detail, outlining key factors that influence each step of information processing for consumer decision making.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
2. Perception
• A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment
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3. Elements of Perception
• Sensation
• The absolute threshold
• The differential threshold
• Subliminal perception
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4. Sensation
• It is the immediate and direct response of the
sensory organs to stimuli.
• In marketing parlance stimuli include brand
names, advertisement, colors, sounds,
packaging etc.
• First reflex to any marketing stimuli or ad is
known as sensation .
• Stimulus received by any of the 5 senses is
sensation .
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5. Sensation
• Advertising appealing to the consumer’s
senses.
• Marketers use bright colors , innovative
concepts ,different visual effects to catch the
attention of consumer’s.
• Focus on increasing the sensory inputs
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8. Absolute Threshold
The lowest level at which an individual can
experience a sensation.
The point at which a person can detect a
difference between “something” and “nothing
"is that persons absolute threshold.
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9. Absolute Threshold
• Lowest degree of sensory inputs at which the
consumer becomes aware of a sensation is
called absolute threshold.
Example:
Jingle played in crowded place on a week day:
- The morning – No effect
- The evening – Better effect
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10. Differential Threshold
• The minimal difference that can be detected
between two stimuli. Also known as the j.n.d.
(just noticeable difference).
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11. Differential threshold or just noticeable
difference
• Ads to be designed to have at least those
many sensory inputs as will initiate a
sensation in the consumer
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14. Weber’s Law
• A theory concerning the perceived
differentiation between similar stimuli of
varying intensities (i.e., the stronger the initial
stimulus, the greater the additional intensity
needed for the second stimulus to be
perceived as different).
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15. Marketing Applications of the JND
• Need to determine the relevant j.n.d. for their
products
– so that negative changes are not readily
discernible to the public
– so that product improvements are very apparent
to consumers
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16. Subliminal Perception
• Perception of very weak or rapid stimuli
received below the level of conscious
awareness.
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17. Subliminal Perception
• Subliminal perception:
– Occurs when the stimulus is below the level of the
consumer’s awareness.
• Subliminal techniques:
– Embeds: Tiny figures that are inserted into magazine:
advertising by using high-speed photography or
airbrushing.
There is little evidence that subliminal stimuli can bring
about desired behavioral changes.
Ethics in using subliminal perception
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18. Subliminal Messages in Ads
• Critics of subliminal
persuasion often focus on
ambiguous shapes in
drinks the use of this
technique.
20. Supraliminal Perception
• Perception of stimuli that are above the level
of conscious awareness is called supraliminal
perception which is generally known as
perception.
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21. The Perception Process
Selective Exposure
Random Deliberate
Selective Attention
Low involvement High Involvement
Selective Interpretation
Low involvement High Involvement
Memory
Short-term Long-term
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23. Step-1 Selective exposure
• Consumers actively seek out messages that
they find pleasant or with which they are
sympathetic ,and they actively avoid painful or
threatening ones.
11/25/2011 5:21 AM Consumer Behavior 5th Trisemester J Kavita 23
24. CONTROLLING ZAPPING AND ZIPPING
TV advertisers have to cope with ‘Zapping’ (switching across TV channels
with remote control, or completely switching off for some seconds then
switching on again);
and ‘Zipping’ (fast-forwarding the ad part when playing pre-recorded
cassettes / CD / DVD on a VCR / VCP or DVD player).
Research shows that increased levels of clutter reduce effectiveness of
individual ads.
There is inverse relationship between clutter and ad recall.
Time bought on TV does not guarantee exposure, it only provides
opportunity to communicate to the audience.
25. Muting
• Muting is turning the sound off during
commercial breaks.
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26. CONTROLLING ZAPPING AND ZIPPING
The size of the audience shrinks during a commercial break (this break is
also called “pod”).
Young adults zap more than the older adults, and men are more likely to zap
than women.
Advertisements placed either at the beginning or the end of commercial
breaks, were less prone to be affected by clutter than the ads placed in the
middle.
Ads of high-involvement nature were also less prone to be affected by clutter
than low-involvement ads.
Advertisers can control the problem of zapping and zipping to some extent by
creating ads that are highly entertaining and interesting from the audience’s
point of view.
27. Selective Attention
• Consumers are likely to note ads for products
that would satisfy their needs and disregard
those in which they have no interest.
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29. Perceptual Defense
• Consumers subconsciously screen out stimuli
that they find psychologically threatening
even though exposure has already taken
place.
• Perceptual defense happens for ads with
intense fear appeals.
• Ex : Ads on wearing helmets, smoking
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30. Perceptual Blocking
• Consumers protect themselves from being
bombarded with stimuli by simply “tuning
out” that is blocking such stimuli from
conscious awareness. (channel switching
during commercial break)
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32. ELEMENTS OF ADS THAT ATTRACT ATTENTION
Four reasons for getting attention to information:
Information that may be highly useful for a person
Information that supports the audience’s opinion about some
tangible or intangible thing
Stimulating information
Interesting information as per the audience.
33. ELEMENTS OF ADS THAT ATTRACT ATTENTION
People readily expose themselves to information that has practical value for
them.
Headlines that promise something attract attention
A new model in a familiar product category and different features catches
attention
Ad Copy must be short and punchy
Consumers actively search information, in case of high-involvement product
category, when uncertainty and risk is high.
Attention is obtained when an object is significantly different from what it
should be, i.e. a novelty item, or something unexpected, as people like to
have a change.
34. AD CHARACTERISTICS THAT ATTRACT ATTENTION
Large, full-page ads with colour attract more attention than smaller black and
white ads.
The ad copy phrased in concrete and specific terms attracts more attention
than the one phrased in abstract terms.
Ads placed on upper half of the left side page gets more attention.
Ads placed on the back of magazines, front inside cover and inside of back
cover, attract more reader attention.
Ads that are surprising or funny are more likely to be read.
35. 3.Interpretation Or Comprehension
Attention alone is not enough, the ad message needs to be understood
(i.e. comprehension).
Possession of some prior knowledge about the product makes it easier for
consumers to comprehend additional information.
Good comprehension of ad message by the audience is extremely
important for persuasion to occur.
Simple recall of an ad does not necessarily enhance audience
comprehension.
Consumer's comprehension may be purely objective or may add
subjective inputs.
36. COMPREHENSION
Gestalt psychology explains that stimuli are perceived as a whole and
hence what is important is to consider the whole ad because it has a
meaning that is distinct from its individuals.
Three most basic principles of perceptual organization are:
Figure and Ground
Grouping, and
Closure
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37. Stimulus Organization
• A stimulus will be interpreted based on its assumed
relationship with other events, sensations, or images.
• Closure Principle:
– People tend to perceive an incomplete picture as
complete.
• Principle of Similarity:
– Consumers tend to group together objects that share the
same physical characteristics.
• Figure-ground Principle:
– One part of a stimulus will dominate (the figure) and other
parts will recede into the background (the ground).
39. FIGURE AND GROUND
The ‘figure’ is usually perceived clearly as it appears to be well
defined, solid and in the forefront.
The ‘ground’ (background) is perceived as indefinite, hazy, and
continuous.
The common line separating the figure and ground is perceived as
part of the figure rather than the ground.
Learning may affect which stimuli will be perceived as the figure
and which as ground.
Perceptual organisation is influenced by motives and expectations
based on experience of individuals.
Advertisers should plan their ads to ensure that the stimulus is
perceived by the audience as figure and not as ground.
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44. GROUPING
Individuals have a tendency to ‘group stimuli
automatically’, so that they form a unified whole
picture or impression.
This facilitates the individuals memory and recall.
Advertisers can use grouping to imply certain
desired meanings with regard to the advertised
product.
It also helps to remove any ambiguity from
stimuli.
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47. CLOSURE
Another Gestalt principle says that individuals have a
need for closure and, as a result of this, consumers
have a conscious or subconscious urge to fill up the
missing portion in a picture or message.
When consumers hear a familiar jingle associated
with a brand, they complete the missing message in
their mind.
This act of message completion serves to involve the
audience more deeply, often resulting in enhanced
learning.
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