Pentose phosphate pathway summary
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The document discusses the pentose phosphate pathway, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt or phosphogluconate pathway, which has two stages - an oxidative linear portion and a cyclic portion that generate NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate.
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เรื่อง แสงเล็กๆที่คุณไม่รู้
This document appears to be about bioluminescence but provides only a few key terms without context or explanation. It mentions photocyte, luciferin, and luciferase but does not connect these concepts or describe what they relate to. The document is too brief to extract a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It produces NADPH, an important cellular antioxidant, in tissues like liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency results in inadequate NADPH production and leads to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods. A case study describes a medical student with malaria treated with primaquine who developed hemolytic anemia due to his unknown G6PD deficiency.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars through oxidative and non-oxidative branches. In the oxidative branch, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate. A series of isomerizations and transketolase reactions in the non-oxidative branch generate additional pentose phosphates and hexose phosphates. Overall, the pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentose sugars used for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
Class 6 hmp pathway
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi Biochemistry lectures for medical students
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol. It is a complex pathway that helps generate NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and glutathione for antioxidant activity, as well as synthesizing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and is oxidized through a two-phase process involving dehydrogenation using NADP+ instead of NAD+. Several intermediates are formed and rearranged before regenerating glucose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to complete the nonoxidative phase. Genetic defects in glucose-6
Sacharidy3 11 angl
The document summarizes several metabolic pathways including:
1) The pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate in the oxidative phase and converts intermediates to glycolysis in the nonoxidative phase.
2) Fructose metabolism which occurs mainly in the liver and bypasses regulation of glycolysis.
3) Galactose metabolism which is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and antioxidant defenses. The pathway includes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the first and rate-limiting step. Deficiency of this enzyme, as in G6PD deficiency, can lead to hemolytic anemia when exposed to oxidative drugs or foods due to impaired antioxidant activity in red blood cells. A case study describes a patient with G6PD deficiency who developed hemolytic anemia after treatment for malaria with the oxidative drug primaquine.
hmp-shunt
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or PP pathway, functions to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative phases. The oxidative phase produces NADPH through irreversible reactions, while the non-oxidative phase produces ribose-5-phosphate through reversible reactions. NADPH is important for reducing glutathione and eliminating hydrogen peroxide, while ribose-5-phosphate contributes to nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the oxidative phase of the HMP pathway, can cause hemolytic anemia by inhibiting the production
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เรื่อง แสงเล็กๆที่คุณไม่รู้
This document appears to be about bioluminescence but provides only a few key terms without context or explanation. It mentions photocyte, luciferin, and luciferase but does not connect these concepts or describe what they relate to. The document is too brief to extract a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It produces NADPH, an important cellular antioxidant, in tissues like liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency results in inadequate NADPH production and leads to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods. A case study describes a medical student with malaria treated with primaquine who developed hemolytic anemia due to his unknown G6PD deficiency.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars through oxidative and non-oxidative branches. In the oxidative branch, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate. A series of isomerizations and transketolase reactions in the non-oxidative branch generate additional pentose phosphates and hexose phosphates. Overall, the pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentose sugars used for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
Class 6 hmp pathway
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi Biochemistry lectures for medical students
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol. It is a complex pathway that helps generate NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and glutathione for antioxidant activity, as well as synthesizing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid formation. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and is oxidized through a two-phase process involving dehydrogenation using NADP+ instead of NAD+. Several intermediates are formed and rearranged before regenerating glucose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to complete the nonoxidative phase. Genetic defects in glucose-6
Sacharidy3 11 angl
The document summarizes several metabolic pathways including:
1) The pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate in the oxidative phase and converts intermediates to glycolysis in the nonoxidative phase.
2) Fructose metabolism which occurs mainly in the liver and bypasses regulation of glycolysis.
3) Galactose metabolism which is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and antioxidant defenses. The pathway includes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the first and rate-limiting step. Deficiency of this enzyme, as in G6PD deficiency, can lead to hemolytic anemia when exposed to oxidative drugs or foods due to impaired antioxidant activity in red blood cells. A case study describes a patient with G6PD deficiency who developed hemolytic anemia after treatment for malaria with the oxidative drug primaquine.
hmp-shunt
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or PP pathway, functions to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative phases. The oxidative phase produces NADPH through irreversible reactions, while the non-oxidative phase produces ribose-5-phosphate through reversible reactions. NADPH is important for reducing glutathione and eliminating hydrogen peroxide, while ribose-5-phosphate contributes to nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the oxidative phase of the HMP pathway, can cause hemolytic anemia by inhibiting the production
HMP Pathway- A Quick Revision
The hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of liver, adipose tissue, and red blood cells. It has two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that generates pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The HMP pathway is important because it provides NADPH for reductive biosynthesis, pentoses for nucleotide and coenzyme synthesis, and intermediates that can re-enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
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O documento trata de questões relacionadas à Lei Orgânica Nacional do Ministério Público (LONMP), abordando a autonomia, estrutura e atribuições do Ministério Público (MP) e do Ministério Público da União (MPU). São analisados itens sobre a independência do MP em relação aos demais poderes, competências dos promotores de justiça e processo de escolha do procurador-geral de justiça.
Ryan Sanders BCMB 4970L Paper v6
The document analyzes the carbohydrate and redox metabolism of the thermophilic anaerobe Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. It finds that C. bescii utilizes the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway but lacks key enzymes for the oxidative branch. Enzyme activity assays showed low or no activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, supporting that C. bescii does not use the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to regenerate NADPH. A better understanding of C. bescii metabolism is needed to engineer it for biofuel production.
15 pentose
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and is oxidized by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, producing 6-phosphogluconolactone. This is hydrolyzed to 6-phosphogluconate by 6-phosphogluconolactonase. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase further oxidizes this to ribulose-5-phosphate, producing NADPH. Ribulose-5-phosphate can be converted to other 5-carbon sugars like ribose-5-phosphate. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions interconvert pentose and triose phosphates to regenerate ribulose
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for protecting cells against reactive oxygen species through its role in reducing glutathione. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH, and a non-oxidative phase that recycles pentose phosphates. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause hemolytic anemia by impairing the production of NADPH and the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species. The entry of glucose-6-phosphate into the pathway is regulated by NADPH levels.
Carbohydrate Mechanism
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria for further processing.
2. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing NADH.
3. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized, producing more NADH and FADH2. The electrons from these are transferred to the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Lec 6 level 3-de (carbohydrate metabolism i)
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glucose metabolism and the pathways involved in glucose oxidation and storage. It covers the following key points:
1) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are the two major pathways for glucose oxidation and energy production. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.
2) Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of energy. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle or be converted to lactate.
3) The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl groups from pyruvate, producing more energy through the electron transport chain.
Hmp shunt pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells and produces two molecules of NADPH for each glucose 6-phosphate molecule oxidized, without directly consuming or producing ATP. NADPH is important for processes like fatty acid synthesis in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and for maintaining glutathione levels in red blood cells. The pathway consists of oxidative and nonoxidative reactions, with the oxidative reactions producing pentose sugars and NADPH regulated by the enzyme G6PD.
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Hexose monophosphate shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, which oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate to generate pentose phosphates and the reducing agent NADPH. Rapidly dividing cells use pentoses for nucleic acid and coenzyme synthesis. Other tissues like the liver use the NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and reducing equivalents to counteract oxidative damage. The pathway contains an oxidative and nonoxidative phase, with the nonoxidative phase recycling pentoses back to glucose-6-phosphate to sustain the oxidative reactions. A mutation impairing this pathway causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to NADPH and thiamine deficiencies. The pathway flux is regulated by cellular NADPH and NAD
Carbohydrates
This document provides information on the composition and metabolism of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates and describing their biological significance as fuels, catalysts, and starting materials for other compounds. It then discusses the occurrence of carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen, and simple sugars in plants and animals. The document proceeds to classify carbohydrates and describe important types such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and mucopolysaccharides. It also summarizes key pathways in carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, glycogenesis, and the metabolism of glucose.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. It explains that ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose is the main carbohydrate and can be stored as glycogen, metabolized for energy through glycolysis and the TCA cycle, or stored as fat. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, and pyruvate can then be converted to lactate, alanine, or enter the TCA cycle. The TCA cycle generates energy carriers that are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrates and their isomers. Carbohydrates are abundant organic molecules that serve important roles as energy storage and structural components. Monosaccharides can form stereoisomers due to asymmetric carbon atoms, including enantiomers which are mirror images, diastereomers with configurations opposite at two or more carbons, and epimers differing at one carbon. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and include reducing sugars like lactose and maltose, and the non-reducing sugar sucrose. Carbohydrates play essential functions in living organisms.
Pentosephosphatepathway 090709012632-phpapp02
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, steroid synthesis, and glutathione-mediated antioxidant defenses. A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first step in the oxidative phase, can lead to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods like primaquine or fava beans due to the inability to generate sufficient NADPH for antioxidant defenses in red blood cells.
Carbohydrate metabolism
1) Carbohydrates in food are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose through the actions of salivary and pancreatic amylases and intestinal disaccharidases.
2) These monosaccharides are then actively transported across the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream or passively diffuse for absorption.
3) Once absorbed, monosaccharides are used for energy production, storage as glycogen or fat, or converted into other biologically important substances in tissues like the liver.
HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. Approximately 10% of glucose enters this pathway daily, with the liver and RBCs metabolizing around 30% of glucose through this pathway. The HMP shunt occurs in the cytosol and generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate, which are important for lipid, steroid, and nucleic acid synthesis. No ATP is directly utilized or produced in the HMP shunt.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
Carbohydrate Metabolism - Biochemistry
This document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism, including the absorption of monosaccharides, fate of absorbed sugars, pathways for glucose utilization, oxidation of glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and glycogen metabolism. Key points include: monosaccharides are absorbed via simple diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport; glucose is utilized through oxidation, storage, or conversion to other compounds; glycolysis occurs via two phases to generate ATP or lactate; the Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate to generate more ATP; glycogen is synthesized from and broken down back to glucose to provide energy.
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The kidneys produce urine through three main processes:
1) Filtration of water and dissolved substances from the blood in the glomeruli into the Bowman's capsule.
2) Reabsorption of water, nutrients like glucose, and ions like sodium out of the kidney tubules and back into the bloodstream, preventing their loss in urine.
3) Secretion of substances like hydrogen and potassium ions, ammonia, and drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules to be eliminated in urine, which helps regulate acid-base balance.
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HMP Pathway- A Quick Revision
The hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of liver, adipose tissue, and red blood cells. It has two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that generates pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The HMP pathway is important because it provides NADPH for reductive biosynthesis, pentoses for nucleotide and coenzyme synthesis, and intermediates that can re-enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
Questoes
O documento trata de questões relacionadas à Lei Orgânica Nacional do Ministério Público (LONMP), abordando a autonomia, estrutura e atribuições do Ministério Público (MP) e do Ministério Público da União (MPU). São analisados itens sobre a independência do MP em relação aos demais poderes, competências dos promotores de justiça e processo de escolha do procurador-geral de justiça.
Ryan Sanders BCMB 4970L Paper v6
The document analyzes the carbohydrate and redox metabolism of the thermophilic anaerobe Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. It finds that C. bescii utilizes the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway but lacks key enzymes for the oxidative branch. Enzyme activity assays showed low or no activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, supporting that C. bescii does not use the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to regenerate NADPH. A better understanding of C. bescii metabolism is needed to engineer it for biofuel production.
15 pentose
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and is oxidized by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, producing 6-phosphogluconolactone. This is hydrolyzed to 6-phosphogluconate by 6-phosphogluconolactonase. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase further oxidizes this to ribulose-5-phosphate, producing NADPH. Ribulose-5-phosphate can be converted to other 5-carbon sugars like ribose-5-phosphate. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions interconvert pentose and triose phosphates to regenerate ribulose
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for protecting cells against reactive oxygen species through its role in reducing glutathione. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH, and a non-oxidative phase that recycles pentose phosphates. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause hemolytic anemia by impairing the production of NADPH and the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species. The entry of glucose-6-phosphate into the pathway is regulated by NADPH levels.
Carbohydrate Mechanism
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria for further processing.
2. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing NADH.
3. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized, producing more NADH and FADH2. The electrons from these are transferred to the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Lec 6 level 3-de (carbohydrate metabolism i)
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glucose metabolism and the pathways involved in glucose oxidation and storage. It covers the following key points:
1) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are the two major pathways for glucose oxidation and energy production. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.
2) Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of energy. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle or be converted to lactate.
3) The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl groups from pyruvate, producing more energy through the electron transport chain.
Hmp shunt pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells and produces two molecules of NADPH for each glucose 6-phosphate molecule oxidized, without directly consuming or producing ATP. NADPH is important for processes like fatty acid synthesis in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and for maintaining glutathione levels in red blood cells. The pathway consists of oxidative and nonoxidative reactions, with the oxidative reactions producing pentose sugars and NADPH regulated by the enzyme G6PD.
Gastrointestinal tract
This document discusses radiological investigations of the gastrointestinal tract. It lists the basic investigations as plain X-ray abdomen, ultrasound, contrast fluoroscopic studies like barium swallow and barium meal, CT scan, MRI, and gamma camera imaging. It focuses on contrast fluoroscopic studies, describing barium swallow, barium meal, small bowel contrast studies of barium follow through and enteroclysis, and barium enema to identify pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, which oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate to generate pentose phosphates and the reducing agent NADPH. Rapidly dividing cells use pentoses for nucleic acid and coenzyme synthesis. Other tissues like the liver use the NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and reducing equivalents to counteract oxidative damage. The pathway contains an oxidative and nonoxidative phase, with the nonoxidative phase recycling pentoses back to glucose-6-phosphate to sustain the oxidative reactions. A mutation impairing this pathway causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to NADPH and thiamine deficiencies. The pathway flux is regulated by cellular NADPH and NAD
Carbohydrates
This document provides information on the composition and metabolism of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates and describing their biological significance as fuels, catalysts, and starting materials for other compounds. It then discusses the occurrence of carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen, and simple sugars in plants and animals. The document proceeds to classify carbohydrates and describe important types such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and mucopolysaccharides. It also summarizes key pathways in carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, glycogenesis, and the metabolism of glucose.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. It explains that ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose is the main carbohydrate and can be stored as glycogen, metabolized for energy through glycolysis and the TCA cycle, or stored as fat. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, and pyruvate can then be converted to lactate, alanine, or enter the TCA cycle. The TCA cycle generates energy carriers that are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrates and their isomers. Carbohydrates are abundant organic molecules that serve important roles as energy storage and structural components. Monosaccharides can form stereoisomers due to asymmetric carbon atoms, including enantiomers which are mirror images, diastereomers with configurations opposite at two or more carbons, and epimers differing at one carbon. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and include reducing sugars like lactose and maltose, and the non-reducing sugar sucrose. Carbohydrates play essential functions in living organisms.
Pentosephosphatepathway 090709012632-phpapp02
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, steroid synthesis, and glutathione-mediated antioxidant defenses. A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first step in the oxidative phase, can lead to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods like primaquine or fava beans due to the inability to generate sufficient NADPH for antioxidant defenses in red blood cells.
Carbohydrate metabolism
1) Carbohydrates in food are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose through the actions of salivary and pancreatic amylases and intestinal disaccharidases.
2) These monosaccharides are then actively transported across the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream or passively diffuse for absorption.
3) Once absorbed, monosaccharides are used for energy production, storage as glycogen or fat, or converted into other biologically important substances in tissues like the liver.
HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. Approximately 10% of glucose enters this pathway daily, with the liver and RBCs metabolizing around 30% of glucose through this pathway. The HMP shunt occurs in the cytosol and generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate, which are important for lipid, steroid, and nucleic acid synthesis. No ATP is directly utilized or produced in the HMP shunt.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
Carbohydrate Metabolism - Biochemistry
This document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism, including the absorption of monosaccharides, fate of absorbed sugars, pathways for glucose utilization, oxidation of glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and glycogen metabolism. Key points include: monosaccharides are absorbed via simple diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport; glucose is utilized through oxidation, storage, or conversion to other compounds; glycolysis occurs via two phases to generate ATP or lactate; the Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate to generate more ATP; glycogen is synthesized from and broken down back to glucose to provide energy.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Kidney.
Muscle.
Adipose tissue.
Brain.
Pancreas.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Hormones.
Nervous system.
Enzymes.
Transporters.
Feedback regulation.
Counter regulatory hormones.
Insulin sensitivity.
Insulin resistance.
Diabetes mellitus.
Obesity.
Starvation.
Computer Tomography (CT Scan)
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific areas of the body. These cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
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The document discusses several culture-bound syndromes and psychological disorders including hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and possession trance disorder. Many of these conditions involve physical or imagined symptoms that have psychological or cultural causes and can be treated with therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Pentose phosphate pathway summary
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