pengajian malaysia bab 2

MPW1133
CHAPTER 2
MALAYSIAN STUDIES
INDEPENDENCE
SCHOOL OF GENERAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:
SITI AISHAH BT AHMAD

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CHAPTER 2: Independence
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Comprehend and appreciate the struggle of local individuals in
the efforts to fight the coloniser to seek independence.
 Observe the evolution of the nationalism spirit in local society
regardless of race.
 Comprehend the processes for Malaya to achieve the
independence.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

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TOPIC OUTLINES
2.1 The Fight For Independence
2.1.1 The Naning Resistance
2.1.2 The Selangor Resistance
2.1.3 The Perak Resistance
2.1.4 The Pahang Resistance
2.1.5 The Kelantan Resistance
2.1.6 The Terengganu Resistance
2.1.7 The Sarawak Rebellion
2.1.8 The Sabah Rebellion
2.2 National Patriotism
2. 2.1 Nationalism And The Fight Via Newspapers And
Magazines
2. 2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations
2.3 Malayan Union
2.3.1 Characteristics Of Malayan Union
2.3.2 Resistance Towards The Malayan Union

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TOPIC OUTLINES
2.4 The Federation Of Malaya 1948
2.4.1 Political Parties And The Struggle For
Independence
2.5 The Process Of Independence
2.5.1 Member System 1951
2.5.2 Local Council Election (1951-1952)
2.5.3 Federal Election 1955
2.5.4 The Delegation For Independence 1956
2.5.5 The Reid Commission
2.5.6 Characteristics Of The Constitution Of The
Federation
2.5.7 Proclamation Of The Independence
2.6 Activity

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Figure 1

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Figure 2
2.1.1 The Naning Resistance
Malacca fell into the hands
of the British as an after-
effect of the British-Dutch
Treaty in 1824.
The British claimed that
Naning was a part of
Malacca’s territory (Naning
is located on the boarder
of Malacca and Negeri
Sembilan).
Governor Fullerton
claimed that the citizens of
Naning should pay 1/10 of
their economic produces
to the British government
in Malacca.

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Figure 3
Disputes sparked between
the two groups (Raja
Abdullah and Raja
Mahadi).
The British intervened in
the dispute.
Even though the event in
Selangor was a civil war,
Raja Mahadi’s resistance
against British symbolized
the local peoples’
resentment of the British.
2.1.2 The Selangor Resistance

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Figure 4
Birch did not receive the co-
operation of Sultan Abdullah
and the other Malay officers
because they did not like his
rude and unpleasant
behaviour.
The dissatisfaction towards
the Resident system
climaxed when the ministers
in Perak plotted to kill J.W.W
Birch on November 2nd
1875.
2.1.3 The Perak Resistance

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Figure 5
These negative reactions
led to a rebellion in
December 1891 headed
by three local people -
Dato’ Bahaman, Tok
Gajah and Mat Kilau.
Dato’ Bahaman and his
followers were defeated
and forced to surrender.
However, he ran away to
Siam while Tok Gajah
and Mat Kilau fled to
Terengganu.
Dato’ Bahaman Mat Kilau

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Video 1

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Figure 6
A local tradesman known
as Haji Mat Hassan or
Tok Janggut led the
rebellion.
The Kelantanese people
protested when British
planned to widen their
domination to the whole
of Kelantan and imposed
various forms of taxes.
2.1.5 The Kelantan Resistance

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Figure 7
2.1.6 The Terengganu Resistance
The dispute in
Terengganu, which was
known as the “Peasant
Rebellion” or “Farmers’
Rebellion” occurred in
1928 and was led by Haji
Abdul Rahman Limbong.
The rebellion involved
mostly farmers and it
happened during the
reign of Sultan Sulaiman
Badrul Alam Syah.

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Figure 8
Before the Second World War,
Sarawak was ruled by the
Brooke Family, which consisted
of James Brooke, Charles
Brooke and Vyner Brooke. The
locals were dissatisfied with the
reign of the Brooke Family and
this caused rebellions.
The “Sea Dayak”(Dayak Laut)
community, which was led by
Rentap was not satisfied and
thus they attacked the
government fortress and killed a
British officer.
2.1.7 The Sarawak Rebellion

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Figure 9
2.1.8 The Sabah Rebellion
Before the Second World War,
Sabah was placed under the
administration of the British
North Borneo Company.
The rebellion in Sabah was
against this company. Two great
rebellions occurred in Sabah.
One was led by Mat Salleh and
the other one was led by
Antanum (The Rundum
Rebellion).

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NEWSPAPER ORIGINATOR DESCRIPTION
(22 July 1906 –
Singapore)
Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Spread off new ideas from Kaum
Muda.
•Lead the Malaya people to move
forward.
(16 September 1926 –
Penang)
Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Follow the form of Islah Islamiah.
•Focus on issues like nation degrading
and women freedom.
(29 September 1928 –
Penang)
Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Weekly newspaper.
•Continuation of Al-Imam.
•Questions of religion.
•Encourage people especially Malay to
improve themselves.
2.2.1 Nationalism and The Fight Via Newspapers and Magazines

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(After Second World
War)
(Zaaba together with trainee
teachers of Sultan Idris
Teachers College)
•Messages are regarding College
activities.
•Articles that burn the readers’ spirits.
(Pre Independence) (Sarawak Malay Community) •Light up the national spirit and
awareness of the Sarawak Malay
society.
•Focus on improving the education
level of the Malays.
•Encourages Malays to work on their
land and adventure in business.
2.2.1 Nationalism and The Fight Via Newspapers and Magazines

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ORGANIZATION EXPLANATION
The Malay Association of
Singapore
•Formed in 1926 by the Malays from Singapore with an English
education background.
•Founder: Mohamad Eunos Abdullah.
•1937 Malacca and Penang branches were formed.
•Purposes:
→Improve the Malay socio-economic status.
→Encourage Malays to involve in politics and
administration.
→Middle person between Malays and British Government.
The Malay Association of
Selangor
•Formed in June 1938 in Kuala Lumpur.
•Founder and leader: Tengku Ismail bin Tengku Mohd Yasin.
•Purposes:
→To force British to increase the number of Malay officers
in government and to improve the level of the economy,
politic and social aspects.
•To force British to increase the chances for Malay students to
further their studies.
2.2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations

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Malay Association of Perak
•Formed in September 18th 1937 in Ipoh with 104 members.
•Founder: Wan Mohd Nur bin Wan Nasir.
•Purposes:
Improve the economy and education level.
•Protect Malay interests – role in national administration.
Malay Association Pahang •Formed in Mac 1938.
•Leader: Tengku Muhamad bin Sultan Ahmad.
•Purposes:
Fight for Malay development.
•Channel Malay problems to British awareness.
Malay Association of Negeri
Sembilan
•Formed in September 9th 1938.
•Leader: Tengku Mohamed Nasir.
•Purpose:
Protect and develop Malay interest.
The All-Malayan Congress
of the Malay People
• Formed in August 9th 1939 in Kuala Lumpur by the Persatuan
Melayu Selangor.
•Main agenda:
→Ways to improve Malay associations.
•Less successful.
2.2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations

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Figure 10
2.3 Malayan Union

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2.3 Malayan Union
Video 1 - Malayan Union

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2.3 Malayan Union
October 10th 1945, announced the plan
Sir Harold McMichael, had meeting with the
Malay Rulers
1st April 1946 officially proclaimed Edward
Gent as the first governor.

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2.3 Malayan Union
 On 10 Oct 1945, the British Parliament presented a white paper with the
content that the British aimed to create a new system of administration in
Malaya. Known as the Malayan Union.
 The Malayan Union that was proposed was a union of the Malay states
(federated and non-federated) including Penang Island and Malacca.
 In the system of administration, the states of peninsular that had never been
administered as a union, and had their own manner of rule was administered
as one.
 The main objective of the British in introducing the Malayan Union was to
ensure that the economic interests of the British in Malaya were protected.

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REASONS
To protect the
priorities of the
British in Malaya.
To save up the cost
of administration in
Malaya
To form a systematic
administration in
Malaya by
standardizing the
administration of the
Malayan Union.
To prepare Malayan
citizens to form
their own
government.
2.3 Malayan Union

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The following is a list of features of the Malayan Union:
i) Made up of the nine Malay states, Penang Island and Malacca
ii) The British governor was the chief administrator, with its centre in Kuala
Lumpur. An executive Council and a Legislative council assist the governor
iii) The Malay Rulers only advised the governor, while their sovereignty as
rulers of their own states was eliminated. The rulers authority remains in
issues pertaining to Islam and as head of the Malay Council of Advisor.
iv) The state council was retained for purposes of managing the local
government, but was still subjected to control by the central government.
v) The Malayan Union did not involve Singapore; Singapore still remained as
British colonial territory under the rule of a British Governor General.
2.3 Malayan Union
2.3.1 Characteristics of Malayan Union

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vi) Citizenship was based on the principle of Jus Soli. Through this principle,
Malayan citizenship was obtained if:
(a) The foreigner was 18 and above, and had resided in Malaya for 10 out
of a period of 15 years before 15 Feb. 1942
(b) A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan
Union
vii) Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race of origin. This includes the
entry into government service and the right to vote in the general election.
- Harold Mac Michael was vested with the responsibility of getting the
agreement of all the Malay rulers. In Jan. 1946, the Constitution of the
Malayan Union was passed and on 1 Apr. 1946 it was officially proclaimed,
with Edward Gent as the first Governor.
2.3 Malayan Union
2.3.1 Characteristics of Malayan Union

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Figure 11
2.3 Malayan Union

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Figure 12
2.3 Malayan Union
 The Johor Malay League (Liga
Melayu Johor)-November 1945
 Peninsular Malay Movement-
January 1946-Onn Jaafar.
 Conference of Malay
Organization-March 1946-Onn
Jaafar.
 Malayan Congress in JB-May
1946: UMNO born

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2.3 Malayan Union
 Various parties opposed the setting up of the
Malayan Union. The strongest opposition came
from the Malays. Malay opposition was both
individual and collective.
 Individuals voiced their opposition through the
mass media such as the Malay newspaper
Majlis and Utusan Melayu, mainly at matters
relating to the erosion of the sovereignty and
power of the Malay Rulers and the granting of
the right citizenship to foreigner on the principle
of Jus Soli
 Opposition was collectively organized by Malay
Unions at state and national levels. These
unions held demonstrations in various state to
show their objection.
 This showed Malay unity in their opposition
against the colonialist

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Figure 13
2.3 Malayan Union
The Malays opposed the Malayan Union for a
number of reasons, namely:
i) The granting of citizenship to the non-Malays – the
easy granting of citizenship could adversely affect
the economic and political situation of the Malays
ii) Erosion of Malay Rulers’ and sovereignty – the
implementation of the Malayan Union administration
adversely affected the power and sovereignty of the
rulers.
iii) Mac Michael’s threats in getting the rulers to sign
the agreement – the Malays became angry when the
rulers they honored were threatened and forced to
sign the agreement to form the Malayan Union.
Opposition against the Malayan Union also came
from former British officers in Malaya such as Frank
Swettenham, R.O. Winstedt, George Maxwell and
Cecil Clementi.

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UMNO
major
points
The
Sovereignty
of Sultan
Jus Soli
Principle
Equality of
races
2.3 Malayan Union

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Reasons
for
Resistance
The methods
employed by
Sir Harold Mac
Michael
The power
and
sovereignty of
Malay kings
was affected.
Jus Soli
Equal Right
2.3 Malayan Union

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Figure 14
2.3 Malayan Union
The Malayan Union was
launched on April 1st 1946
and its first governor was
Edward Gent.
As a protest, all the Malay
rulers did not attend the
ceremony and the Malay
people mourned for 7 days.
MU was dissolved on 25th
July 1946

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Answer this question.
Activity 1
Which of the following is not the characteristic of Malayan Union?
Quiz
Consisted of the 9 Malay
states, Penang and Malacca
Singapore was a part of
Malayan Union
Kuala Lumpur as the center of
administration
Citizenship was awarded
based on the concept of Jus
Soli

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2.4 The Federation of Malaya 1948
Figure 15

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The British Government finally agreed to replace the Malayan Union with a new
form of government, known as the Federation of Malaya. The Federation of
Malaya was formed on 1 Feb. 1948. this system of administration however
received opposition from certain groups.
The New Constitution Proposal Formation of the Federation of
Malaya
Click each tab above for further explanation.

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IDEOLOGY PARTY FOUNDER CHARACTERISTICS
ALLIANCE UMNO Dato’ Onn Jaafar ▪United Malay National Organisation , 11 May
1946.
▪Slogan: “Hidup Melayu”.
▪Aims: To unite Malay people and to fight against
Malayan Union.
▪The new main aim in 1949 was to organize their
own government and to attain independence for
Malaya.
ALLIANCE MCA Kolonel H.S.Lee,
Leong Yew Koh /
Tan Cheng Lock
▪Malayan Chinese Association, 27 February 1949.
▪Aims: To protect the rights and the political,
economical and social interest of the Chinese
community in Malaya, to protect the Chinese
community from communist threat, to present the
allegiance of the Chinese community towards
Malaya and to cooperate with other ethnic groups
in Malaya to acquire independence.
▪In 1952, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Kolonel
H.S.Lee formed Parti Perikatan UMNO-MCA.
2.4.1 Political Parties And The Struggle For Independence

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ALLIANCE MIC John Thivy ▪Malayan Indian Congress officially established
on 8 August1946.
▪Aim: to protect the political, economical and
social interest of the Indian community in Malaya.
▪1955 - MIC joined the Alliance Party (Parti
Perikatan), which included of UMNO and MCA.
RADICAL/
SOCIALIST
PKM ▪ Malaya Communist Party formed in 1930.
▪The oldest party in Malaya fight for
independence via revolution.
▪Aim: to form Malaya Republic of Communist.
RADICAL/
SOCIALIST
AWAS Shamsiah Fakeh ▪Angkatan Wanita Sedar (1946).
▪Influenced by Indonesian nationalists.

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RADICAL/
SOCIALIST
API Ahmad Boestaman ▪Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (1946).
▪Aim: to achieve independence with Indonesia
and form Melayu Raya.
ISLAM PAS Ahmad Fuad bin
Hassan
▪Formed on November 24th 1951.
▪Goals: To secure Islam as the official religion of
the country, to procure Bahasa Melayu as the
official language of the country, to tighten
citizenship requirements.
NON-
RACIST
IMP Dato’ Onn Jaafar ▪Independence Malaya Party (1951)
▪Aim: fight for independence for 10 years.

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2.5 The Process of Independence
Figure 16

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2.5.1 Member System 1951
Figure 17
Consisted of 9 members (ministers level)
selected amongst local leaders:
 Datuk Onn Jaafar
 Datuk E.E.C Thuraisingam
 Tun H.S Lee
 Dato’ Mahmud bin Mat
 Tengku Yaacob
 Dr. Lee Tiang Keng
The objective was to prepare the local
leaders in nation administration and
management.
Tun H.S. LeeDatuk Onn Jaafar
Datuk E.E.C
Thuraisingam
Dato’ Mahmud bin
Mat

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Figure 18
The British felt that through
elections; the spirit of unity
among people from multi-
races can be encouraged.
This was to test the unity
among the residents of
Malaya States and to train
them for self-government.

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Figure 19
2.5 The Process of Independence
A few elections were held
such as:
•George Town, Penang
(December 1st 1951) -
Radical party won 6 of the 9
seats.
•Kuala Lumpur (February
16th 1952) - UMNO-MCA
Alliance Party won 9 of the
12 seats. 2 seats won by
IMP and 1 by an
independent candidate.
•Johor Bahru, Muar and
Malacca UMNO-MCA won
the majority votes.

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Figure 20
Some groups requested the British government to hold the general election and Malaya
to be given independence. A Malay Royal Council has requested that the general
election be held on 1955 and 50% of the members’ of Federal Legislative Council must
be from the people’s representatives.

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Figure 21
2.5.3 Federal Election (1955)
The victory of the Alliance
Party showed the trust of the
people in the party, which
represents multi-races.
As the result of this election,
the Member system was
replaced by the Minister’s
system and Tunku Abdul
Rahman was elected as the
First Chief Minister of the
Malay States.

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CONTESTANTS
NUMBER OF
CANDIDATES
NUMBER OF
ELECTED
CANDIDATES
PERCENTAGE
Alliance 52 51 79.6
Nation 30 None 7.6
PAS 11 1 3.9
PKP 9 None 2.0
PML 3 None 0.5
Labour 4 None 0.4
PPP 2 None 0.1
Free Party 18 None 3.0

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2.5.4 The Delegation For Independence
PARTY RULERS
1. Tunku Abdul
Rahman
2. Dato’ Abdul Razak
3. Dr Ismail Abdul
Rahman
4. Kolonel H.S. Lee
1. Dato’ Panglima Bukit
Gantang (Abdul
Wahab bin Toh Muda
Abdul Aziz)
2. Dato’ Muhammad
Seth
3. Dato’ Nik Ahmad
Kamil
4. Abdul Aziz Majid
•The date for agreed upon for the
independence of Malaya August
31st 1957. Tunku Abdul Rahman
announced the date when he
returned from London at the
Padang Bandar Hilir, Malacca.

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This commission was formed in
the year 1956 to structure the
constitution of the Federation of
Malaya.
The members were:
 Lord Reid (Leader from
Britain)
 Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain)
 Sir William Mc Kell
(Australia)
 B. Malik (India)
 Judge Abdul Hamid
(Pakistan)
Figure 22

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 The commission met many times from June – Oct. 1956 and received suggestions
and views from various organizations and individuals.
 The most important memorandum, out of 131 written ones that were taken into
account during the drawing up of the Constitutional framework., came from the Malay
rulers and the Alliance.
 The process went through several drafts which took into consideration suggestions
given before an agreement was reached.
 In the process, the communities exercised compromise in matters relating to their
interest, for example; the conditions for citizenship for the non-Malays were
made more flexible for the non-Malays, while the non-Bumiputra indigenous
tribes were given the basic special Bumiputra status.
 Indirectly the country’s communities had come to an agreement for the common
interest.
 The constitution, accepted and approved by the Federal Legislative Council on 15
August 1957, came into effect on 27 August 1957.

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2.5.6 Characteristics Of The Constitution
The Position of
Malay rulers
Special
privileges of the
Malay people
Bahasa Melayu
as the official
language
Islam as the
official religion
Citizenship
rights for
Bumiputeras

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2.5.6 Proclamation Of Independence
Figure 23
The symbolization of
Malayan independence took
place the minute the clock
ticked the first second on the
31st August 1957 (after
midnight of 30th Aug 1957)
at the Selangor Club Green
(better known as Dataran
Merdeka or Independence
Square).
That night, the Union Jack
(the British flag), was
brought down and for the
first time the flag of
independent Malaya, now
known as Jalur Gemilang
was flown.

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2.5.6 Proclamation Of Independence
Figure 23
At dawn on 31st August 1957, the
ceremony for the declaration of
independence and the official signing
of the declaration of independence
took place in the newly built stadium
later known as Independence or
Merdeka Stadium.
On the same day the Federation’s First
Cabinet of Ministers was announced
together with the appointment of Tunku
Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj as the first
prime Minister.
The Yang di Pertuan Besar of Negeri
Sembilan, Tuanku Abdul Rahman, was
chosen the first Yang di Pertuan Agong
of the Federation of Malaya.

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Video 2 – Proclamation of Independent

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2.6 ACTIVITY 2
The Lecturer will ask students to form groups. Each group
will be required to ask five questions related to the topic.
Questions will be gathered in one box held by the lecturer.
Each group will take one question and answer it properly.
Marks will be given.

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SUMMARY
When the British came back after the Japanese defeat, there were
endless resistance in most of the states.
The British decided to form Malayan Union to rule over Malaya.
Malayan Union is an administrative system that unites all states in
Malaya under one single ruler.
The Malays were angry about Malayan Union.
The British formed Federation of Malaya to help Malaya form their
own government.
The Malays agreed and cooperated with the British to obtain
independence from the British.
Malaya was declared an independent country on 31st August 1957.

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NEXT SESSION PREVIEW

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LIST OF REFERENCE
No Reference
1. “Sejarah Malaysia”, Mahdi Shuid, Suzaini Osman, Sazlina Othman,
Pearson Longman, 2006.
2. “Kenegaraan Malaysia”, Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail,
Zaini Othman, Oxford Fajar, ed.2, 2010.
3. “ Pengajian Malaysia”, Cosmopoint International University College,
2002.

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APPENDIX 1
Figure Source
Figure 1 http://mankuchai.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/perarakan-panji-panji-dymm-spb-ydp-agong/
Figure 2 http://mindaahad.wordpress.com/2011/02/07/perjanjian-british-dengan-naning-1801m/
Figure 3 http://zhafiz1402.blogspot.com/2011/01/saya-blogger-selangor-darul-ehsan.html
Figure 4 http://bicarabuatdiri.blogspot.com/2011/07/sejarah-ting2.html
Figure 5 http://www.keriswarisan.com/live/blog/view/id_40/title_dato%E2%80%99-bahaman-
penentang-british-di-semantan/
Video 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZwkBuogkK4
Figure 6 https://aburedza.wordpress.com/category/sejarah-malaysia/
Figure 7 http://ruslanlah.blogspot.com/2011/02/tok-guru-haji-abdul-rahman-limbong.html
Figure 8 http://mbgrepublic.forumotion.com/t61-rentap-pahlawan-sarawak-1800-1870
Figure 9 http://kerdipanbintang.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/mat-saleh-pahlawan-negeri-di-bawah-bayu/
Figure 10 http://dipinturaksiii.blogspot.com/2009/11/menyingkap-kembali-365-hari-siri.html
Video 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0AiyHizTto
Figure 11 http://mindaahad.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/kisah-dan-sejarah-di-sebalik-malayan-union/
Figure 12 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/dato-onn-jaafar-tokoh-anak-gemilang-
malaysia/

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APPENDIX 2
Figure Source
Figure 13 http://historycomiteesmkcs.blogspot.com/2011/04/nota-bab-2-tingkatan-3.html
Figure 14 http://wargamarhaen.blogspot.com/2011/08/malayan-union-teladan-buat-generasi.html
Figure 15 http://sembangkuala.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/the-malay-rulers-at-the-signing-ceremony-of-
the-federation-of-malaysia-5th-august-1957/
Figure 16 http://zanas.wordpress.com/tirai-kemerdekaan-negara/malaysia-52-tahun-merdeka/
Figure 17 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/dato-onn-jaafar-tokoh-anak-gemilang-malaysia/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/0/06/HSLee.jpg
http://www.psm.org.my/httpdocs/sliced%20PSM%20pages/other%20photo/sir%20mahmud%20
mat.jpg
Figure 18 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/01/proses-kemerdekaan-dipelupuri-dan-terajui-
orang-orang-melayu/
Figure 19 http://1011h1p5.blogspot.com/2010/08/hari-kebangsaan-malaysia.html
Figure 20 http://bluesriders.blogspot.com/2010/08/merdeka.html
Figure 21 http://dipinturaksiii.blogspot.com/2009/11/menyingkap-kembali-365-hari-siri.html
Figure 22 http://national-express-malaysia.blogspot.com/2009_03_14_archive.html
Figure 23 http://www.i-putra.com.my/announcement/sej_merdeka_more.htm
Video 2 http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=malam+sebelum+kemerdekaan+1957&aq=f
Video 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odIcWSIC-1Q

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