This document discusses using wireless nano sensors for wildlife health monitoring. It proposes attaching small nano sensor nodes to animals to monitor their health and condition over long periods with low power consumption. The nano sensors would form a wireless network to send sensor data to a central node and server for analysis. This would help monitor animals without disturbing them and provide continuous health monitoring over large areas in a low-cost way. However, further research is still needed to develop more flexible nano sensors and methods for harvesting power from animal movements to minimize power needs and enable remote medical interventions if needed.

1. Internet of Things (IoT) on Wildlife Health Monitoring
Shubham1
and Hunkee Cho2
1
Graduate Student, Specializing in Robotics and MEMS/NEMS Systems. Department of Electrical & Computer
Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA 2
Senior MEMS Process Integration Engineer in Calient
Technologies, Inc. MS of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Abstract
Wildlifehealthandconditionmonitoringisanimportantaspectandthispaperdealswiththe nano-scale
basedstudieswithattachmentof veryfewnodesontothe bodyof wildanimals.Thisapplicationfocusses
on a wirelessnanosensornetworkwhichcanbe employedforthispurpose.The problemfacedwasthe
macro size of the mote consistingof sensorsonthe bodyof wildanimals whichcauseduncomfortableness.
Also, the mechanism would be on risk of damage when the wild animals try to free themselves from it
consequently affecting the cost. The power consumption is also high due to the size of the sensors and
asks for frequent battery replacement. Finding the whereabouts of the animals and catching them for
monitoring involves wasting a huge amount of time and work force. The problems can be sorted out by
developinganetworkbasedonWirelessNanoSensors.
Introduction
The technique involvingnanosensorswhichcanobviouslyeliminate theproblemforpowerconsumption
and can helpinmonitoringforalongerperiodof time.The size issue of the sensorscanalsobe solvedso
that wild animalscan feel comfortable whenit will be attached to their body.The wireless nano sensor
nodesattachedto theirbodycan senddata to the sinknode device fromwhere itcan be communicated
to the server.The datacan thenbe processedandanalyzed. So,basicallythe setuprequiresformationof
local clusterswhichwill containnodesof same clusterIDandthe adjacentclusterscancommunicate with
each other.Each node can communicate withthe clusterheadbysendingpacketandacknowledgement
of the receivedpacket.Sensorsare deployedinthe large regionrandomlyandanadditionalsensorwhich
will be atthe approximate centercanbe calledasseednode whichcancoverthe whole range of sensors.
The Nano SensorTechniquesand Details
It will be composedof MEMS/optical nano sensors, analog to digital interface,high battery backup and
lowpowerconsumption,anembeddedprocessorforinterpretingsensordataandcontrollingthe network,
and transceiver/antenna to share and receive the nano sensor information. The below figure shows the

2. optical imagesobtainedwitharraysof electrodeswithe-beamorientedelectrolyte channel.Itisbasically
the formation of sink node. The potential of the cathode increase gradually at the potential level of led
(Pd) wire which grows from cathode to anode. The electro- deposition of ledis performed here at very
lowappliedcurrentinnA.The growthof wire canbe around7um.The electricalresistancealsodecreases
as the ledwire reducesthe gapbetweencathodeandanode.The lithographicprocesscanbe thenapplied
to create a patterned nano-structure of materials like silicon. This technique uniquely highlights the
potential forthisnanosensingprocessthroughnano-electronics,sensingandelectromechanical systems.
Figure 1. The solid structure of Nano Sensor
The processthenfollowedbythe sinknode clusterleaderisestablishingthe pathwiththe non-sinknode
leadersso that packetscontaininginformationcanbe shared and broadcasted.Initiallythe hop counter
is set to zero to the packet to be transferred. On receiving the packet, each node increments the hop
counter by one and compares it to its own counter. If it is larger than hop counter in the packet, it has
foundashorterpathto sinknode.If thenupdatesitscounterandsetsthe nexthoppointertothe neighbor
from which the packet as sent. This completes the setup with every node in the network has path
gradientstowardssinknode.
Figure 2. Deployment of Protocol

3. A flexible and tattoo stylesensorstructure
This sensor below was developed for a premature baby’s brain waves but it will be able to apply to this
fielddue toflexibleandintegratedcharacteristics.Animalsneverindicatethiskindof sensoranditwould
be useful to collect information from animals’ skin. It picks up electric signals in the skin and transmits
themwirelesslytodevices.Thissensorhasawirelessantennafordatatransmission,awirelesspowercoil
onto the device, LED and light sensing devices to collect a variety of electrical signals on the surface of
animalslike bloodoxygenation,temperature,mechanical strainsof skin.
Figure 3. Flexible and wearable Nano Sensor
Implementation of Data Mining into Wildlife Monitoring
The sensordevice placedonthe bodyof the animal sendthe data of theirphysical characteristicstothe
Forest server from where the data can be taken for further mining. The data mining technique will help
to findoutthe relationshipamongthe parametersof activitiesof wildanimalsduringdifferentsituations
like hunting, sleeping, wounded etc. For an example, the frequency of hunting can be detected by the
dataobtainedfrombodytemperature.The woundsonthe legcan be identifiedbythe walkingspeeddata
takenthroughinertiasensorattachedtothe legs.
Conclusions&FurtherResearch
The detection systems asks for more flexibility in variety of wireless networks and devices that can be
easilyadapted.Alsoasapartof furtherresearchwe canhave sensorswhichcanevencarrydrugsthatcan
instantly be injected to the animals in case the wild animals are suffering from heavy pain, high or low
bloodpressure issue,highbodytemperature etc.andforestofficialsare locatedat far distance to reach
immediatelyatthe site.Butthatasksfor more complex mechanismfordataminingandimplantingmore
bulky sensors on the body of animals. Immediate curing action has to be triggered by the operator to
make the drug delivering sensor work instantly. So it creates a kind of dependence on the operator.
However,possibilitiesof makingthissuccesscan’tbe deniedirrelevantof the complexityinvolvedseeing

4. the nano sensors service in the IoT. In addition, sensors that can harvest a power from a bio energy or
powerscavengingfromvibrationbyanimal movementwouldminimizethe powerlossof sensors.
References
[1] BartoszWietrzyk,MilenaRadenkovic,"RealisticLarge Scale adhoc Animal Monitoring",School of
ComputerScience,Universityof Nottingham.
[2] ShahSheetal,"AutonomicWirelessSensorNetworks",Viterbi School of Engineering,Universityof
SouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA.
[3] Dr MilenaRadenkovicandProf.ChrisGreenhalgh,"Applicationof Mobile Ad-HocNetworksto
Monitoringof Farm Animals",Technical Overview.
[4] http://howellfoundation.blogspot.com/2015/01/on-science-and-tattoos-one-that-you.html
[5] http://www.slideshare.net/VRyzhonkov/body-sensor-networks-challenges-applications-37117319