1. Primary education in India faces two main challenges: getting children to attend school and teaching them effectively once there. While enrollment has improved, educational quality is poor with high absence rates for teachers and students scoring low on basic skills. 2. Improving primary education will require not only increased funding but ensuring funds are properly utilized given issues with corruption. It also requires addressing quality issues in rural schools and reducing high rates of teacher absenteeism through reforms. 3. Experiments with different approaches are needed to find solutions that work as India's primary student population grows and it aims to also expand secondary education opportunities. Overall significant challenges remain to implement effective system-wide reforms.