here in this presentation you will be studying about cell cycle , cell checkpoints , cell cycle regulators etc .
very informative slides by anshika singh
A detailed description of molecular level of cell cycle. Its regulation by different checkpoints. The Structure and Function of MPF. Description of MPF discovery.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. The process has to be correct and regulated. This slide illustrated Cell cycle and its regulation. Check the slides to know more.
here in this presentation you will be studying about cell cycle , cell checkpoints , cell cycle regulators etc .
very informative slides by anshika singh
A detailed description of molecular level of cell cycle. Its regulation by different checkpoints. The Structure and Function of MPF. Description of MPF discovery.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. The process has to be correct and regulated. This slide illustrated Cell cycle and its regulation. Check the slides to know more.
The cell proliferation will generally decrease with the differentiation of cells, and most cells in adult animals are blocked in the G 0 phase of the cell cycle.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Services/cell-proliferation-assay-services.htm
This slideshow contains various stages of cell cycle regulation, cell cycle checkpoints and their proteins involved in regulation. Cell cycle checkpoints transition phases.
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This presentation aims to describe the variability present in antibodies.what the Ig superfamily have in common and the various functions it performs.Role of different enzymes imparting diversity to the variable region has been covered.
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
The cell proliferation will generally decrease with the differentiation of cells, and most cells in adult animals are blocked in the G 0 phase of the cell cycle.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Services/cell-proliferation-assay-services.htm
This slideshow contains various stages of cell cycle regulation, cell cycle checkpoints and their proteins involved in regulation. Cell cycle checkpoints transition phases.
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This presentation aims to describe the variability present in antibodies.what the Ig superfamily have in common and the various functions it performs.Role of different enzymes imparting diversity to the variable region has been covered.
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
The Role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases on the Metastasis of Breast Cancer-Crims...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Cyclin-Dependent kinases (CDKs) function in mitosis by allowing the cycle to progress from one stage to another due to their properties as a family of protein kinases. Because of this function, abnormalities with CDKs can lead to uncontrolled cell division, leading to diseases such as cancer. Breast cancer is one form of cancer in which CDKs are a prevalent area of study. The role CDKs play in controlling and coordinating cell division makes it an important process to understand in breast cancer and, specifically, the metastasis of breast cancer. Lack of controlled CDK function could allow the cancer to spread to other parts of the body, leading to metastasis. Inhibiting CDK activity is an area of interest in searching for ways to treat breast cancer, especially once it has spread to the point where tumors cannot be surgically removed. Investigating these pathways and the effects of CDK inhibition on breast cancer cells has revealed much on the reestablishment of cell cycle control, which consequently leads to control of the cancer. This could be an effective form of non-localized treatment against metastatic cancer that is able to target specific cells throughout the body.
This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
The phenomenon of signal transduction, also known as cell signaling, pertains to the intricate mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of biological information between cells. The effective coordination of diverse specialized cell types in various tissues and organs is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of complex multicellular organisms, necessitating intercellular communication. This communication must be continuous and dynamic to maintain coordination. Additionally, cell signaling pathways play a crucial role in the mechanisms of action of numerous drugs, including both local and general anesthetics. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of cell signaling mechanisms is imperative for comprehending various pathophysiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms.
In principle, anti-growth signals can prevent cell proliferation by several complementary mechanisms.
The signal may cause dividing cells to enter G0, where they remain until external cues prod their re-entry into the proliferative pool.
Alternatively, the cells may enter a postmitotic, differentiated pool and lose replicative potential.
Non-replicative senescence, is another mechanism of escape from sustained cell growth.
And, as a last-ditch effort, the cells may be programmed for death by apoptosis.
Therefore, tumor suppressor genes have all these “tricks” in their toolbox designed to halt wayward cells from becoming malignant.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Introduction
Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that
monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of
the cell cycle.
These include growth to the appropriate cell size, the
replication and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate
segregation at mitosis.
08/08/17 3
Kevin J. Barnum and Matthew J. O’Connell, Methods Mol Biol. 2014
5. Cell cycle
The cell cycle is the series of events in which cellular
components are doubled, and then accurately
segregated into daughter cells.
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Mitotic phase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
08/08/17 5
7. Contd….
Cell division, cell differentiation and cell death are the
three principal physiological processes that regulate
tissue homoeostasis in multicellular organisms
The importance of dysregulated cell cycle progression
and cell death in the pathogenesis of major diseases,
such as cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury,
atherosclerosis, infection, inflammation and neurological
disorders, is now well established
K. G. Wiman & B. Zhivotovsky, J Intern Med 2017
08/08/17 7
8. Cell cycle regulators
08/08/17 8
These checkpoint signals stop the cell cycle transitions either by inhibiting
the activator or activating the inhibitor
Brian Gabrielli *, et al Defective cell cycle checkpoints as targets for anti-cancer therapies , 2012
9. Cell cycle activators
The central machines that drive cell cycle progression
are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
These are serine/threonine protein kinases that
phosphorylate key substrates to promote DNA synthesis
and mitotic progression
08/08/17 9
Milagros J. Tenga et al; Proteomic snapshot of breast cancer cell cycle:G1/S transition point; 2012
11. Mechanism
08/08/17 11
Genome
insult to
cell
Yes No
Activates p53 and
arrest the cell cycle
Deactivates and
continuous cell
cycle
Brian Gabrielli *, et al Defective cell cycle checkpoints as targets for anti-cancer therapies , 2012
12. Contd….
08/08/17 12
Cell cycle progression is further regulated by two classes of cell cycle
inhibitors
The INK4 proteins
including p16
(INK4a) and p15
(INK4b)
The Cip/Kip family
including p21, p27
and p57.
Specific cyclin–CDK complexes and cell
cycle at specific points
K. G. Wiman & B. Zhivotovsky, J Intern Med 2017
13. Over view on different proteins involving
in cell cycle regulation
08/08/17 13
Tobias Otto et al ; Cell cycle proteins as promising targets in cancer therapy ,nature reviews, 2017
15. G1 phase checkpoint
G1 be divided into 2 portions: G1-pm for G1-postmitotic, and G1-ps for G1-pre-S
Whereas G1-pm is relatively constant, G1-ps is variable, and it is this variability in
the duration of G1-ps that contributes to much of the confusion.
08/08/17 15
G1 cell cycle control / Foster et al. 2016
17. G2 check point
The G2 checkpoint is an intricate signaling network that
regulates the progression of G2 to mitosis (M)
A node-based model of G2 checkpoint regulation, in which
the action of the central CDK1–cyclin B1 node is
determined by the concerted but opposing activities of the
Wee1 and cell division control protein 25C (CDC25C) nodes
08/08/17 17
M. C. de Gooijer et al. G2 checkpoint switch; 2017
19. M phase check point
During mitosis and meiosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint acts to
maintain genome stability by delaying cell division until accurate
chromosome segregation can be guaranteed.
Accuracy requires that chromosomes become correctly attached to the
microtubule spindle apparatus via their kinetochores.
When not correctly attached to the spindle, kinetochores activate the
spindle assembly checkpoint network, which in turn blocks cell cycle
progression.
Once all kinetochores become stably attached to the spindle, the
checkpoint is inactivated, which alleviates the cell cycle block and thus
allows chromosome segregation and cell division to proceed.
Pablo Lara-Gonzalez et al The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint; 2012
08/08/17 19
20. spindle assembly checkpoint-SAC
• The SAC is the most important mechanism of the mitotic phase, and
it ensures that anaphase will not occur until the chromosomes are
correctly aligned at the equatorial plate
• In this sense, cell cycle regulators such as the CDK1-cyclin B
complex are important components of SAC
08/08/17 20
Larissa Siqueira Penna et al Anti-mitotic agents;2017
21. Anti mitotic agents
Mitotic phase targeting disturbs mitosis in tumor cells, triggers the spindle
assembly checkpoint and frequently results in cell death
The first antimitotics to enter clinical trials aimed to target tubulin.
Although these drugs improved the treatment of certain cancers, and
many anti-microtubule compounds are already approved for clinical use,
severe adverse events such as neuropathies were observed
Since then, efforts have been focused on the development of drugs that
also target kinases, motor proteins and multi-protein complexes involved
in mitosis
Larissa Siqueira Penna et al Anti-mitotic agents;2017
08/08/17 21
22. Anti mitotic agents
S. no protein Targeting agents
1 AURKA and AURKB Danusertib, AT9283, Barasertib,
Alisertib, ENMD-2076, PF-03814735
2 CDK1 P276-00, Terameprocol, Seliclib,
Dinaciclib
3 Tubulin Vinflunine, ABT-751, Tesetaxel,
Patupilone, Sagopilone, Vintafolide, TPI
287
4 EG5 Ispinesib, Filanesib, MK-0731, SB743921
5 26S Proteasome Delanzomib
6 PLK1 Volasertib, GSK 461364
7 CENP-E GSK-923295, Lonafarnib
08/08/17 22
Larissa Siqueira Penna et al Anti-mitotic agents;2017
23. Summary
08/08/17 23
•The abnormal expression of cell cycle regulators (activators and
inhibitors) can cause alteration of cell division leads to different types of
cancer
•As we known checkpoints plays a important role in cell cycle
progression through all the phases, it is novel target to treat many of
cancers