This document provides an overview of pawpaw production, including culture, pests, harvest, post-harvest handling, marketing, and research. It summarizes that pawpaws have potential for commercial development, are native to eastern North America, and thrive in zones 5-8. Major research efforts aim to identify best cultivars and management practices to support commercialization.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Conservative species and other myths of prairie ecologyScott Weber
Prairie ecology, especially concerning conservative or
long lived species, is flawed. Seed mixes, both for
commercial and academic purposes, are bias against species that are costly or slow growing. Economics and cultural values, more so than ecological limitations, determine the diversity and authenticity of all prairie seed mixes and prairie restortation projects, whether for research, landscaping, or mitigation.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION FOR INCREASING FRUIT TREE PRODUCTIVITYParshant Bakshi
Plant propagation is the art & science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means and preserving their unique qualities Or the method of production of more than one plant from the mother plant or the tissue over a specific time period.
Methods
a. Sexual methods : Propagation by seeds
b. Asexual methods /Vegetative
Cuttings
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Tissue culture; micropropagation
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Planting: Seedlings vs. Pollination
Grafted Trees The slightly foulsmelling flowers are fly polli-
There are a number of cultivars that produce nated, and that may be one of the reasons that
superior fruit. An unbiased description of most fruit set is so inconsistent in the wild. An old
of these cultivars is available at Kentucky State recommendation to hang road kill in your trees
University’s pawpaw website: www.pawpaw. to attract fly pollinators (Black, 2009) might
kysu.edu/reports.htm. Grafted trees of these actually be helpful if you have only a few trees,
named cultivars can be relatively expensive (up but Sheri Crabtree at Kentucky State Uni-
to $35 for a single potted tree; wholesale quan- versity says that hand pollination is probably
tities would presumably cost less per tree), so more effective…and less objectionable. She also
prospective growers might be tempted to plant offered that at Kentucky State’s relatively large
ungrafted seedlings. While seedlings are much research orchards, pollination has not been a
cheaper than grafted trees, there is so much major issue, probably because the presence of
genetic variability in the pawpaw that commer- so many trees is simply that much more attrac-
cial-scale growers will be taking a significant tive to pollinators. More detail about hand pol-
gamble if they plant ungrafted seedlings, and lination of pawpaw is available at a Virginia
they will not know the outcome of their bet for Cooperative Extension website http://pubs.ext.
around 5-7 years since it can take that long for vt.edu/438/438-105/438-105.html.
seedlings to begin bearing (grafted trees usually
start bearing in 3-4 years). Pests and Diseases
Propagation by seed is quite slow but not diffi- Pawpaws have very few pest problems. There are
cult. Either plant the whole fruit after collection, a few lepidopteran pests (caterpillars), the prin-
or separate the seeds from the fruit and sow about cipal one being the pawpaw peduncle borer. The
an inch deep. Fresh pawpaw seed must be strati- peduncle borer (Talponia plummeriana) burrows
fied (given a cold period). This can be done by into the pawpaw flower and causes it to drop.
holding the seed in refrigerated storage in plastic Usually, however, so little damage is done that
bags with moist peatmoss for at least four months this is not a serious problem.
and then sowing the following spring. If the seed Other reported pests include earwigs, slugs, San
is directly sown outdoors, it may take two cold Jose scale, and tent caterpillars. To discourage
periods before germination is initiated. Never dry earwigs and slugs, Ray Jones, a California paw-
the seed or freeze it; this will kill the seed. paw grower, ties a three-inch band of aluminum
If you live in an area where pawpaws grow foil around each trunk and paints the middle
wild, you might be tempted to transplant from two inches of the foil with Tanglefoot® (Pyle,
the wild, but wild pawpaws have long taproots 1992). San Jose scale can be controlled with dor-
which are very easily damaged. Often pawpaw mant oils. Tent caterpillars can be physically
trees in wild patches are actually rootsuckers removed from the tree by cutting out the “tent”
from the original tree with poorly developed or the branches holding the tent.
root systems; these rootsuckers do not transplant Phyllosticta and flyspeck or greasy blotch (Zygo-
well. Even nursery-grown pawpaws are ordinar- phiala jamaicensis) can be problems of pawpaw.
ily quite difficult to transplant. They have fleshy, This occurs only during periods of high humid-
brittle roots with very few fine hairs, which ity and frequent rainfall. Dense foliage and lack
inevitably get damaged when transplanting. of proper ventilation contribute to this condi-
Experimentation has shown that, to be success- tion, so proper spacing and pruning can reduce
ful, transplantation should be done in the spring it. Phyllosticta can infect the leaves and the sur-
at the time that new growth commences or soon face of the fruit; it can cause the fruit to crack
after. If many roots are lost, it may be desirable when it expands and destroy it.
to prune the top to bring it into balance with
the remaining roots.
Page 2 ATTRA Pawpaw—A “Tropical” Fruit for Temperate Climates
3. Harvest and with the fruit and its uses. If
you have a cultivar that
Postharvest Handling tastes like banana or
Pawpaws ripen very quickly and bruise easily, mango or cus-
which limits shipping time. Though the fruit tard, tout that
of some cultivars will exhibit a slight color shift in a very visible
from green to yellow, Dr. Pomper’s research way since most
shows that skin color is a poor indicator of ripe- consumers won’t
ness. Pomper claims that the best indicators are have any idea what a
a slight softness when gently squeezed and the good pawpaw tastes like.
ease with which the fruit releases from its stem Because it is so nutri-
when gently pulled. Fruits picked just before tious, nutrition informa-
they are fully ripe, but have begun to soften, will tion might be a good sales
ripen indoors at room temperature or slowly in tool, and can make good poster or black-
a refrigerator. Already ripe fruit will last only 2 board text as long as you don’t overwhelm the
to 4 days at room temperature, but refrigerated reader with too much (shoppers are at stores or NCAT photo by
fruit will last up to 3 weeks. Research is being farmers markets to shop, not read; emphasize the Robyn Metzger.
conducted to determine the effectiveness of using high points: one of the highest protein content
modified-atmosphere shipping and ethylene con- of any fruit; high in potassium, vitamin C, ribo-
trol sachets to extend shelf life (Galli, 2007). flavin, etc.; see www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/pawpaw
/cooking.htm#Nutritional%20Information for
Pawpaws are not suited for certain value-added more detailed nutrition information). Lastly,
products like jams and jellies. Heating pawpaws recipes to take home can be another inducement
changes their flavor, so pawpaws would be best for the consumer to make that first purchase of
used in foods such as ice cream. Recipes using a new food. Go to www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/Recipes
pawpaws are available from several sources, .htm for recipes. The Ohio Pawpaw Growers
including the Kentucky State University website Association (www.ohiopawpaw.com/AboutUs.
(www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/Recipes.htm). html) has many members from around the coun-
Iowa State scientists are researching mechanical try. This organization can also help individuals
pulp extraction and freezing techniques. Because in pawpaw marketing efforts.
cooking destroys important flavor components,
and shelf-life of fresh pawpaws is so limited, such Plant Extracts as
research could be crucial to the commercializa-
tion of the pawpaw (O’Malley, 2010). Anti-carcinogens
and Insecticides
Marketing Dr. Jerry McLaughlin, now retired, of Purdue
University found that pawpaw was a source
Given the fragility and short shelf-life of the
of phytochemicals called acetogenins with
fruit, the uncertain status of processing pawpaw
powerful anti-carcinogenic properties (“Paw-
pulp, as well as the simple novelty of the fruit
paw shows promise in fighting drug resistant
itself, the enterprising pawpaw marketer should
tumors,” 1999). An herbal extract made from
have a good sales plan before hitting stores, res-
pawpaw is on the market. For more information
taurants, or farmers markets. Careful handling,
on pawpaw as an anti-carcinogen go to www.
of course, is a must because the fruit is so eas-
pawpawresearch.com
ily bruised. There are a few commercial-scale
growers in Kentucky and Ohio leading the way, Dr. McLaughlin also isolated a botanical insec-
including one who successfully processed and ticide, asimicin, from pawpaw twigs and bark
sold 1,000 pounds of pulp in 2009 (Ohio Paw- (“Pawpaw those pests,” 1999); however, without
paw Growers Newsletter, 2009). financial backing to shepherd it through the reg-
ulatory process, it is unlikely to be on the mar-
Beyond that, the pawpaw marketer would be
ket anytime soon (Bratsch, 2009).
well-advised to have some printed material
(posters or hand-outs) to acquaint the consumer
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3
4. Summary Pawpaw shows promise in fighting drug-resistant tumors.
1997. Purdue News. www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/9709.
Pawpaws may be a viable enterprise for small-scale farmers McLaughlin.pawpaw.html
who can develop a local clientele. However, the amount of
time that must be invested before the first fruit crop (five years Pawpaw those pests. 1999. Organic Gardening. October.
or longer) is a deterrent to many would-be producers. The p. 16
ongoing university research should answer many of these ques-
tions regarding cultivars, culture and processing/marketing. Websites
Kentucky State University Pawpaw Research Project
References www.pawpaw.kysu.edu
Bratsch, Anthony. 2009. Specialty Crop Profile: Paw- Provides information on pawpaw research, guide to growing
paw. Virginia Cooperative Extension. http://pubs.ext. pawpaws, cultivars, suppliers, PawPaw Foundation, and
vt.edu/438/438-105/438-105.html links to other pawpaw Web sites.
Pomper, K.W., D.R. Layne, and R.N. Peterson. 1999. The Purdue University’s facts sheet on pawpaws
pawpaw regional variety trial, p.353-357. In J. Janick (ed). www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/pawpaw.html
Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press,
Includes production information and suppliers
Alexandria, VA. www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/PDF/pomper99.pdf
California Rare Fruit Growers’ information on pawpaw
Kentucky State University’s Pawpaw Project
www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pawpaw.html
147 Atwood Research Facility
Kentucky State University Virginia Cooperative Extension
Frankfort, KY 40601-2355 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/438/438-105/438-105.html
www.pawpaw.kysu.edu
Ohio Pawpaw Growers’ Association
Callaway, M. B. 1990. The pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Ken- www.ohiopawpaw.com/AboutUs.html
tucky State University Publication CRS-HORTI-90IT. 22 p.
Finneseth, C., S. Kester, R. Geneve, K. Pomper, and D. Plant Sources
Layne. 2000. Propagation of pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Blossom Nursery
Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagator’s Mark and Kathleen Blossom
Society 50:413-416. 216 CR 326
Black, Craig Summers. 2009. America’s Forgotten Fruit. Eureka Springs, AR 72632
The Christian Science Monitor. February 4, 2009. (479) 253-7895
BlossomNursery@gmail.com
Pyle, Katherine. 1992. Picking up pawpaws...and growing www.blossomnursery.com
them, too. California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. December. p.
Cultivars: Marla, Mitchell, Overleese, Prolific, Sunflower,
24–25, 35–36.
Sweet Alice, Taytwo, Seedlings, Seed. Container and bar-
Galli, F., D.D. Archbold, and K. Pomper. 2007. Pawpaw: eroot (quart or gallon, 8”-18”)
An Old Fruit for New Needs. Acta Horticulturae, 744:641- Nolin River Nut Tree Nursery
666. www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/ppf/Galli2007.pdf John & Lisa Brittain
O’Malley, Patrick. 2010. Pawpaws for the Upper Midwest. 797 Port Wooden Road
www.leopold.iastate.edu/research/marketing_files/ Upton, KY 42784
workshop10/omalley_pawpaw2.pdf (270) 369-8551
john.brittain@windstream.net
Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association Newsletter. 2009. Mar- www.nolinnursery.com
keting pawpaws. Spring. p. 1.
Cultivars: KSU-AtwoodTM, Allegheny, Potomac, Rappahan-
nock, Shenandoah, Susquehanna, Wabash, Davis, Green-
river Belle, IXL, Mitchell, NC-1, Overleese, PA Golden,
Prolific, SAA-Zimmerman, Sue, Sunflower, Taylor, Wells.
Bareroot (1’ – 6’)
Page 4 ATTRA Pawpaw—A “Tropical” Fruit for Temperate Climates
5. Hartmann’s Plant Company J.H. Gordon Nursery
Daniel Hartmann 1385 Campbell Blvd
PO Box 100 Amherst, NY 14228-1403
Lacota, MI 49063-0100 (716) 691-9371
(269) 253-4281 nuttreegordon@hotmail.com
(269) 253-4457 nuttreegordon@att.net
info@hartmannsplantcompany.com www.geocities.com/nuttreegordon/0Kgordon.htm
www.hartmannsplantcompany.com/contact.htm
Cultivars: NC-1, Overleese, PA Golden #1, PA Golden #2,
Seedling. Container (1 gal), and KSU-Atwood TM
PA Golden #3, PA Golden #4, SAA Overleese, SAA Zim-
merman, SAB Overleese, Taytwo, scionwood
Trees of Antiquity (former Sonoma Antique Apple Nursery)
Neil Collins & Thomas Linden One Green World (Formerly Northwoods Retail Nursery)
20 Wellsona Rd. Jim Gilbert, Owner
Paso Robles, CA 93446 28696 South Cramer Rd
(805) 467-9909 Mollala, OR 97038
(805) 467-2509 (877) 353-4028
sales@treesofantiquity.com www.onegreenworld.com
www.treesofantiquity.com
Cultivars: KSU-AtwoodTM, Davis, Mango, Mitchell, NC-1,
Cultivars: Rebecca’s Gold, Sunflower, Wells. Container Overleese, PA Golden, Prolific, Sunflower, Sweet Alice, Tay-
(plastic sleeve, 8-12”) lor, Taytwo, Wells, Wilson, seedlings
"KSU-AtwoodTM" photo courtesy of Kirk Pomper, Ken-
tucky State University.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 5
6. Notes
Page 6 ATTRA Pawpaw—A “Tropical” Fruit for Temperate Climates