Coffee Filter Essay

Coffee Filter Essay
Take a clean paper towel or coffee filter. Moisten it. Place 10 or 20 seeds onto it (10 is better). Fold
the seeds. If you use exactly ten seeds, you will find it much better to calculate the percentage of
germination after that. Here is why. If 5 out of 10 seeds germinate, then 50% of your seeds will
grow during the season. That's pretty risky. So you need more than 70% or else planting will not be
worth the effort. Ideally, 8 or 9 out of 10 seeds will sprout. However, if you get less than 70%, you
had better not put work into it at all. Buy new seeds for the upcoming planting season. Now, let's get
back to the topic. We reached a point where you fold the seeds. Then place them in a
sandwich/zipper bag and zip most of the way. Ideally, you will leave some room for the seeds to be
able to breath. If you want to test out several different seeds, write down the name of the plant on
each bag to avoid errors when identifying the seeds. Store the bag with seeds at room temperature
(about 70 degrees Fahrenheit/21 degrees Celsius). Perhaps it is best to place it by a sunny window.
Wait seven to ten days. During this time, make sure to keep the paper towel/coffee filter moist. ...
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Unzip the bag and unfold the paper towel. Start counting to see how many seeds have germinated. If
they are more than seven, you are in luck. Those seeds are viable. If not, you had better get rid of
them and use seeds from the
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Athanus Morara Moindi: Bamboo
The name Athanus Morara Moindi may not be familiar to you but when it comes to environmental
conservation, he is a hero. This farmer from Mobamba, Kebirigo in Nyamira County reaps from
selling bamboo seedlings. Bamboo is a highly renewable resource which manufacturers have begun
utilising in a fascinating way. Older bamboo cane wood can be used as construction materials,
decorations or even making musical instruments. Furniture from bamboo has been found to give
recreational places a modern look as they can be attractively bound with leather or rattan. Globally,
bamboo fabrics are said to be of as good quality as silk and cotton and cheaper at that. Despite being
a bodaboda operator, Morara, 36, says that the bamboo nursery is a major supplement ... Show more
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"I have been releasing over 500 seedlings every four months for a year now," he adds. Morara has
called upon determined youths and members of the public to also venture into Bamboo seedlings
raising as it is less costly yet very lucrative. "A seedlings goes for at least Sh50. This however may
vary at times depending on the buyer. My capacity has not yet been able to satisfy the demand hence
the public should also consider this opportunity,"advises Morara. There are two ways of raising
bamboo seedlings. They can be raised hydroponically (in container with water) or in moist soil.
Morara reveals that keeping the bamboo cuttings in very wet soil would make them rot failing to
sprout. When raising the seedlings in water, the gravel has to be kept at the bottom of the container
to keep the cutting steady. Sunlight has to be filtered to avoid scorching the sprouting buds and
seedlings leaves. "I chose to raise them using soil in polythene bags as it only needs keeping the soil
moist. Wet soil can be disastrous," Morara

Propagation Methods By Seeds And Vegetative Methods
2.1.5. Propagation Methods Sapota is propagated by seeds and vegetative methods (Rajan and
Markose, 2007). Due to slow growing nature of seedlings vegetative propagation is widely used at
present which include air–layering, budding, grafting and rootstocks. In western India, air–layering
is a popular method, but it takes longer time and also has high mortality rate. Budding is practiced in
coastal regions of India. Most popular method of vegetative propagation in India is grafting which is
done by two methods viz., soft–wood grafting and approach grafting. In grafting, rootstocks play an
important role for rapid multiplication of desirable forms. Due to slow growing nature of seedling to
attain the graftable size, several rootstocks have been used for grafting namely Rayan or Khirni
(Manilkara hexandra), Adam's apple (Madhuca kauki), Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Mee tree (Bassia
longifolia), star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) and Miraculus fruit (Sideroxylon dulicifolium).
However, among them, Khirni has been found to be the best suitable one for sapota. 2.1.6.
Flowering and Fruiting From germination, the sapota tree normally takes five to eight years to bear
fruit. Economic yield can be obtained from seventh year onwards. There are two flowering seasons
(October–November and February–March) and two harvesting seasons (January–February and
May–June). The sapota trees generally yield fruits twice a year, though flowering may continue year
round. 2.2. Arbuscular

Seedling Salinity Tolerance Report
Seedling Salinity Tolerance Evaluation
A total of 138 introgression lines were screened for salinity tolerance at seedling stage in greenhouse
following the standard protocol of IRRI with some modifications (Gregorio et al. 1997)
(Supplementary Figure S1). The screening experiment was conducted in a randomized complete
block design with three replications. All lines were germinated in the laboratory and were
transferred to nutrient solution which contained 1g/L of Jack's Professional fertilizer 20–20–20 (J.R.
Peters Inc.) and 200mg/L ferrous sulfate. When the seedlings were at two leaf stage, they were
subjected to salt stress of EC 6dSm–1 for two days followed by EC 12 dSm–1. Three uniform plants
were selected and the phenotypic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions were computed using the standard curve developed
using different dilutions.
Statistical Analyses
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each trait was computed by GLIMMIX procedure. The
introgression line was entered as a fixed effect and replication as a random effect. Pearson
correlation coefficients were computed to determine the relationship among different morphological
and physiological traits. Statistical Analysis System
(SAS) software version 9.4 for Windows (SAS 2012) was used for the data analysis. The histograms
were constructed in Microsoft Excel 2010 to analyze the distribution of ILs for each phenotypic
trait.
Genotyping of Introgression Lines Using SSR Markers
Leaf tissue was collected from all the 138 ILs along with parents grown in control condition with no
salt stress. The genomic DNA was extracted from the ground tissue using CTAB method (Chen and
Ronald 1999). The concentration of DNA in each sample was estimated by a ND–1000
spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, USA). The DNA concentration of all
samples was adjusted to a final concentration of 25ng/µl for PCR amplification. Genotyping of the
ILs was performed using SSR markers. The PCR reactions were performed with 15 μl final volume
containing 50 ng (2 µl) of genomic DNA, 1.5 µl of 10X buffer containing 25mM MgCl2, 1.5 µl of
2.5 mM dNTP mix, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primers (5 mM), and 1U of Taq polymerase.
The

Asparagus Berries Research Paper
Asparagus berries Title: What to Do with Asparagus Berries Meta description: Don't eat asparagus
berries – they're poisonous! But there are a few other things you can do with them. Find out what
you can do with asparagus berries here. Both male and female asparagus plants produce tiny,
attractive flowers, however, it is primarily the female plant which makes the small, red, berry–like
seed pods. These seed pods are poisonous to humans and pets, but they look nice along with the
fern–like foliage when growing in the garden or added to floral arrangements. ––Asparagus Seed
Pods Look Like Berries The bright red berries growing on female, and occasionally male, asparagus
plants are actually tiny seed pods. Seed pods develop from [link u=asparagus–flower]flowers[/link],
appearing first as tiny, green clusters, and then develop into attractive, cherry–red pods. ... Show
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Seeds inside these male–produced pods are 75 percent more likely to produce male offspring,
including super–male plants which result in all–male hybrids, the most productive garden vegetable
cultivars. ––Toxicity of Asparagus Berries The seed–pods of asparagus plants are toxic for humans
and also for dogs and cats, producing an allergic reaction in some individuals. Eating the berries can
cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Raw asparagus shoots are also mildly toxic, although the
toxicity is quickly eliminated by cooking. Allergic response often includes a skin rash, and some
people develop contact dermatitis from touching the

A Research Study On The School Fire Occurred On Public Land
Introduction The first question to be addressed in this study is, will there be varying tree seedling
species diversity in relation to varying levels of burn severity? My hypothesis for this question is
that we will see the highest tree species diversity where we see a moderate level of burn severity.
The second question of the study asks, did the presence of salvage logging lead to a difference in the
tree seedling densities as compared to unlogged sites? My hypothesis for this question is that there
will be a greater density of tree species in the salvage logged site than the unlogged site.
Methods
The School Fire occurred on public land in Washington's Umatilla National Forest in August, 2005.
It burned approximately 21,000 ha of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once sites were selected, site specific measurements were then recorded including the elevation (m),
percent slope of transects, aspect (in magnetic degrees), and the latitude and longitude, using a GPS
for accuracy. Sampling on logged sites was done using 30 m belt transects extending out at varying
widths depending on stand density. At low seedling stand densities belts were extended out to 6 m (3
m on each side of line), while at high seedling densities belt widths measured 2 m (1 m each side of
line). On unlogged sites belt transects also varied with densities. On sample sites that were unburned
with low densities (site code ULU), belt lengths measured 10 m and widths of either 2 m or 1 m.
Sites with high severity and high densities (HHU) were measured with either 15m or 10 m belt
lengths with 2 m belt widths. Once belt transect lengths and belt widths were established,
measurements were recorded. Since this paper focuses on tree seedling and saplings, methods of
larger tree measurements and understory canopy cover measurements will not be discussed. Tree
seedlings and saplings were recorded only if they fell within the area encompassed by the belt
transect length and width. If they did, the four–letter species code was recorded per individual
seedling (ex: PIPO for ponderosa pine), its status (1 if living, 0 if dead), height (cm) from ground
level, and the number of internodes to determine approximate

Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Analysis
Throughout the course, I have paid close attention to the different methods of burial with hopes of
finding an option suitable for my interests when I pass in the future. At Green–Wood Cemetery in
Brooklyn, I took an interest in Amy Cunningham, an advocate for green burials. She had many
wonderful experiences and expert opinions on the subject matter of types of burial practices but
mostly accommodated natural full–body burials. The topic of green burials interested me greatly and
upon further research, I found a sect of green burials where participants would use their cremains to
help facilitate the growth of a tree. These tree burials seemed like a great solution the question I had
proposed to myself while also aiding in the issue of overcrowded

Factors That Affect The Activity Of Amylase
Introduction
According to Oxford Dictionary, metabolism is the set of chemical processes that occur within a
living organism in order to maintain life. From these processes, organisms are allowed to develop
and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually
divided into two categories, which are catabolism– breaks down large molecules and anabolism–
uses the energy to construct components of cells. The role of metabolism is to deploy starch or lipids
stored in endosperm so the germination can take place. Thus, the energy was formed (catabolic) and
new plant material as the seed germinates was synthesised (anabolic). The aim of the experiment
was to enucleate amylase from barley and utilizing it for the catalyst of a biochemical reaction thus
investigating throughout seed sprout the activity of amylase. Before the experiment, it is
hypothesized that the higher the activity of amylase, the higher the sprout rate of seed. How high
and radicle change in length can be used to observe this case. Therefore, when Benedict's test is
carried out, the solution is still blue for the inactive seed and the concentration of brick–red
precipitate plants growing from seeds.
Method
To prepare for extracting amylase from germinating barley seeds, used mortar and pestle to grind 10
grains into a fine paste and added 10ml of buffer, to enucleate the amylase into solution. Then
filtered the extract into a 100ml beaker, and recorded the volume.
5 ml

Advantages Of Gravel And Stone Mulch
Gravel and stone mulches can be very effective, especially in gardens where organic mulches would
be too expensive or impractical. They are generally better at retaining heat in cold climates, along
with keeping valuable moisture in the garden soil. The disadvantages of using stone–based mulch is
that it is heavy and difficult to remove, can be quite costly, and usually requires professional
assistance to install the mulch in your garden. Here are a few tips on working with gravel or stone
garden mulch. Gravel and stone garden mulch: Advantages Gravel and stone garden mulch is used
to help the soil retain moisture and heat. If you live in a cold climate, stone mulch may work better
to keep heat locked in because the pieces are larger than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disease resistance of newer varieties is also often better than that found in their older counterparts.
There are good standard varieties that can not be ignored, however. A comparison of a favorite
variety with a new introduction is a worthwhile gardening experience. There is no test quite as
meaningful as a comparison in your own garden. As you plant a garden this season, most likely you
have a supply of seeds left from last year or even previous years. Whether to plant these seeds
depends on both the type of seeds and the way they have been stored. Seeds stored properly from
last year may germinate well in the garden this year. Most garden seeds may be kept for one to two
years and still germinate well. The ability to germinate drops off faster–in some others. Among
those with the shortest life are sweet corn, okra, onion, parsley, parsnip and salsify. Although these
seeds may germinate reasonably well after one year, the germination rate and vigor is seldom
adequate after two years. Among seeds with a slightly longer life and good germination up to three
years are bean, carrot, English pea and southern pea. Most other vegetable seeds will germinate well
up to their fourth or fifth year when kept in cool, dry storage conditions. In a germination test, we
may find that when testing a group of old seeds, a large number of seed will germinate. Still, when
seeds from this same group are planted into the garden, germination is poor. As seeds age, they may
still be viable, but lose vigor. When exposed to the less favorable germination conditions outdoors,
the weaker seedlings may not survive long enough to emerge from the soil. When using old seeds,
plant more thickly than recommended. This not only helps to get rid of the old seed faster, but
improves the chances for having an adequate stand of plants. It is better to thin plants when
germination is good rather than attempting

Genetic And Mechanical Basis Of Seed Vigour
Elucidating the Genetic and Mechanical Basis of Seed Vigour
A Research Proposal presented by [Full name]
To
The [name of the department]
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the degree of
___________
In the subject of
[Subject]
University ________
[Month and year of the submission of the completed proposal to the department, division, or
committee]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Research Objectives and Research Questions 3
1.2.1 Aims and Objectives 3
1.2.2 Relevant Questions 3
1.3 Rationale 3
1.4 Literature Review 4
1.4.1 Significance of Seed Vigour 4
1.4.2 Impacts and Influence 4
1.4.3 Cell wall and CWREs 4
1.4.4 Seed Vigour Concept 5
1.5 Methodology 5
1.5.1 Research Design 5
1.5.2 Research Approaches 5 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Low germination rates reduce crop density, which results in indirect yield loss. Late emergence can
result in poor plant performance and a direct yield loss [4], because roots are inadequately
established and have less access to water and nutrients during later stages of vegetative and
reproductive growth. Our knowledge of the regulation of seed germination has developed greatly in
recent times, yet understanding of the genetic and mechanical basis for seed vigour differences is
limited. By enhancing the seedling vigour trait, the agricultural industry might attain a remarkable

advancement and increment in plant development. Seed vigour contributes directly to the economic
success of commercial crops (Finch–Savage, 1995) and seed companies therefore need to have the
means to obtain a reliable estimate of seed vigour in order to be able to supply growers with seed
lots of high vigour.This will increase the margin of profit by reducing cost of production and
increasing productivity. Thus, seed vigour, if enhanced, will result in substantial savings. Keeping in
view the above information, this paper will be beneficial in determining the genetic and mechanical
basis of seed vigour.
1.2 Research Objectives and Research Questions
1.2.1 Aims and Objectives

Mount Pilot Research Paper
Burnt Area of Mount Pilot
The Burnt Area of Mount Pilot contains mixed stands of competing, seedlings with slower growing
Callitris seedlings and re–sprouting Eucalyptus trees. There is few Callitris endlicheri, as the species
is fire sensitive and often destroyed by fire, particularly when in quick succession. Prior to the 2003
fire the site was dominated by Callitris species of tree. The seedlings that emerged were mostly
Eucalyptus, with less dense Callitris seedlings proving that the growth of Callitris is not consistent
with long term site suitability. Surprisingly, more Eucalyptus seedlings died in the first six years of
regeneration that Callitris seedlings; competition in co–existence does not determine survivability.
The major trend is that the growth of Eucalyptus seedlings is faster than that of Callitris seedlings.
The density of Eucalyptus seedlings is shown to effect Callitris seedlings growth which thrives
where Eucalyptus seedlings are sparser. Callitris may take 7–15 years to produce sufficient seeds
(Cohn, Lunt, Ross, & Bradstock, 2011; I. Lunt, Jones, N., & Petrow, M.,, 2003; I. Lunt, Price, J.,,
2016; Ian D Lunt, Zimmer, & Cheal, 2011; Zimmer, 2012).
Unburnt Area of Mount Pilot
Maintaining the existing Callitris stands in the unburnt area of Mount Pilot may be used to prevent
potential forest fires ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Callitris is the dominant flora species due to its history of land use and forestry management
practices (increasing its value as a product) it has seen reduced competition from co–occurring
species such as the veteran Eucalyptus in the area. Management strategies to have longer fire free
intervals and selected forestry clearance of the subdominant Eucalyptus removal of Callitris was
noted (Bradstock & Cohn, 2002; Cohn et al., 2011; I. Lunt, Jones, N., & Petrow, M.,, 2003; Ian D
Lunt, Jones, Spooner, & Petrow, 2006; Ian D Lunt et al.,

Essay On How To Grow Tomato From A Seedling
How to Grow Tomatoes from a Seedling
Growing tomatoes is a simple and rewarding task, and more people should be growing them. This
paper walks readers through the main steps for growing and maintaining patio tomatoes from a
seedling.
The first step in growing tomatoes is determining if you have the appropriate available space and
sunlight to grow them. All tomato varieties require full sunlight, which means at least six hours of
direct sun every day. If you have south–facing windows or a patio or backyard that receives direct
sunlight, you should be able to grow tomatoes. Choose the location that receives the most sun.
Next, you need to find the right seedling. Growing tomatoes and other vegetables from seeds can be
more complicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The containers can be used in the house, on a patio, or anywhere in the backyard, and they are
portable. Containers also tend to better regulate moisture and drain excess water. Choose a container
that is at least 10 inches in diameter and at least 1 foot deep. This will provide sufficient room for
root development.
In addition to the container, you also need the appropriate soil mixture and draining mechanisms.
For the best drainage, fill the bottom of your container with 2 or 3 inches of gravel. On top of the
gravel, fill ¾ of the container with soil. Choose a well–balanced organic soil. The three main
ingredients you will find described on soil bags are N–P–K–that is, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. Without going into too much detail about the role of each element in plant growth, I will
tell you that an average vegetable will grow fine in a 10–5–5 mixture. This ratio, too, will be easy to
find at your local nursery.
Once you have the gravel in the bottom of the container and the soil on top, you are ready to
transplant the tomato. Pick up the tomato in the plastic container it comes in from the nursery. Turn
it upside down, and holding the stem between your fingers, pat the bottom lightly several times, and
the plant should fall into your hand. Next, you should gently break up the root ball that formed in
the nursery container with your hands. Be gentle, but be sure to

Spruce Budworm Research Paper
Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks have an important effect on
succession of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and spruce (Picea spp.) stands in eastern
Canadian forests (MacLean 2004). Spruce budworm feeds repeatedly on annual shoots of balsam fir
and spruce and leads to large–scale growth reduction and mortality (MacLean and Ostaff 1989).
When overstory tree mortality occurs from defoliation, it creates gaps that allow understory plants to
get an opportunity to release (Osawa 1994; Kemball et al. 2005). Defoliation also changes the
competitive interactions between host fir–spruce and non–host species and may release the latter.
Research by Su et al. (1996) revealed that different hardwood content in stands influences balsam fir
defoliation and mortality caused by spruce budworm. Defoliation and mortality are less in stand
with high hardwood content than in stands with low hardwoods (MacLean 1980; Bergeron et al.
1995; Su et al. 1996). This results in higher canopy openness in stands with high conifer content
than in high hardwood content ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The absence of a balsam fir seedling bank prior to the outbreak could be due to unfavorable litter or
soil conditions (Greene et al. 1999), higher competition by shrubs prior to the outbreak (Kneeshaw
and Bergeron 1999), and the absence of seed trees. Absence of a seedling bank or death of the
seedling bank during an epidemic will lead to lack of fir recruitment (Bouchard et al. 2007). But in
research by Spence and MacLean (2012) there was a different result: in immature stands the
intolerant hardwood regenerations post–disturbance (4%–27%) was higher than pre–disturbance
(0%). But the percentage of intolerant hardwood regeneration eventually decreased (from 19%–44%
to 4%–25%). This suggests that in immature stands may still have a higher balsam fir composition
over

Factors Of Seed Germination Of Raphanus And Cucumber
Seed germination and seedling growth: The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric
chloride for 5 minutes then washed with distiied water several times to remove chemicals. The seeds
of Raphanus and Cucumber were spread on sterile filter paper in each petridish and soaked in
aqueous root exudates of each weeds. Each weeds had three replicates with equal quantity of seeds
in petridishes. The seeds are allowed to grow for 10 days at room temperature. The seeds treated
with sterile distilled water was termed as control. The seeds treated with weeds aqueous root
exudates of Ageratum conyzoides, Leucas aspera, Scoparia dulcis, Spilanthes acmella and Vernonia
patula were termed respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. During the experiment period, care was
taken to add equal volume of root exudates in each petridish periodically. After 10 days the
seedlings were harvested. Then the effect of root exudates on the seed germination and seedling
growth were studied. The shoot and root length of the seedlings were measured in cm and recorded.
Then the average shoot and root length were calculated. The result observed are presented in Tables
and photo plates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A.Germination test: The aqueous root exudates of five weeds
showed inhibitory effect on seed germination. The effects of germination inhibition were different
for different weeds root exudates. The inhibition of germination was found acute in Cucumis sativus
than Raphanus sativus. The seeds

Comparing Poems 'Power Plant-Bops And The Seedling'
The story's last paragraph and the poem's last stanza contribute to the development of each text's
theme because they sum up the idea of good fruit of the spirit and perfectness. For example, in the
last stanza, "The Seedling" tells how both sun and showers help you through hard times, much like
how people of good fruit and people of bad fruit influence and help a situation. It also say in lines 31
and 32 you will rise to light and beauty. Virtue's fair, unfading flowers. Similar to how when you
rise to Heaven you rise to beauty and Heaven is one place flowers go unfaded. The last paragraph of
"Power Plant–Bots" mentions the thought that if only perfect water is consumed, the plant would
become a perfect plant. There are also some differences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Power Plant–Bots", the last paragraph contributes to the stories theme by going in depth about
the three types of Plant–Bots, all while telling a life lesson. In "The Seedling" the last stanza had a
more hidden theme rather than out in the open. The story told how a seedling was in a dark place,
but was determined to do the best it could. Soon later it lifted a leaflet out of its darkness and ito the
light, but the last stanza says that the sun and showers will help you through lonesome and
struggling hours, till you raise to light abd beauty, virtue's fair unfading beauty. I soon realized the
story was refering to someone in a dark place in their life, but decided to not let that stop them from
doing their best. This person soon brought another person (leaflet) out of their dark place and the
leaflet called others, and the others heard and wanted to follow and so the seedling showed them the
way. To me, "showed them the way" were words that stuck out to me, and I read it as they took them
to a good place (church) away from the dark place and let them see the light (God). I think the sun
and showers refer to good fruit of the spirit(sun) and bad fruit of the spirit as well (showers).
Although I see the themes very similar, the way the theme was presented in the last paragraph/stanza
made me have a different perspective that made me reread the

Higher Plants Contain Many Phytochemical Constituents That
Higher plants contain many phytochemical constituents that are known to be biologically active
compounds. These secondary metabolites not only play a pivotal role in plants producing them, but
also affect their neighboring plant communities. Therefore, one of the mysteries in plant–plant
interaction is the plant behavior in response to these various secondary metabolites. Several studies
heavily discussed the impact of phyto–allelochemicals upon different crop plants including faba
bean and maize (El–Darier, 2002; Madany and Saleh, 2015; Salama and Rabiah, 2015). However, to
date, the influence of fenugreek upon these plants is unaddressed. Our results elucidate the effect of
fenugreek seed extract on the growth and some physiological ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a previous work, we found that faba bean seeds primed with 1.0mM coumarin showed a marked
improvement in the length of both plumule and radical as well as their fresh and dry weights of faba
bean seedlings and this could be attributed to the elevated levels of endogenous phyto–hormones
(IAA, GA3, and ABA) (Saleh et al., 2014). Also tomato plants treated with salicylic acid exhibited a
significant improvement in their dry weights (AL–Wakeel et al., 2012). SA as a spray solution to the
shoots of soybean significantly increase the growth of the shoots and roots under greenhouse or field
conditions (Li et al., 2014).
4.3. Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a biologically important pigment that is used for the photosynthetic conversion of
inorganic molecules or ions into organic bio–molecules. Therefore, photosynthesis is one of the
most crucial indicators of physiological activities in higher plants. Thus, the change of total
chlorophylls content may affect carbon fixation and carbohydrate status by impairing the plant's
photosynthetic capacity. reported that Orobanche ramosa strongly reduced the biomass and yield of
the host plant not only by acting as a competing sink for assimilate, but also by compromising the
efficiency of carbon assimilation via a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate.
The different levels of fenugreek seed extract improve the levels of chlorophyll a and b as well as
carotenoids

Brassica Rapa Seeds Lab Report
In order to test this hypothesis and prediction, an experiment was conducted using a heterozygous
F1 generation of Brassica Rapa seeds. The seeds were planted, pollinated, harvested (F2 generation)
and germinated for observation. When leaves were visible, phenotypes (green vs. purple) were
counted and recorded. The experiment took place over 13 weeks, spanning the full semester of
General Biology Lab I. The sections that follow will detail the materials and methods used, the
results of the investigation and an in–depth discussion of the outcomes. II. Materials & Methods
This experiment began on the first day of lab by planting 12 total seeds from the F1 generation in
six individual cells. Potting soil was added until each cell was a little

Production Technology Of Paddy And Direct Seedling...
AMITY INSTITUTE OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
DIRECT SEEDLING METHOD IN RICE CULTIVATION
SUBMITTED TO, DR, NALEENI RAMAWAT SUBMITTED BY. CH PAVAN KUMAR
ENROLL:A1425913039
S.NO TOPIC
1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT KVK
2 MANDATES OF KVK
3 INTERVENTIONS OF KVK IN THE DISTRICT
4 COLABARATE PROGRAMMES
5 PUBLICATIONS
6 PRODUCT OF KVK
7 INTRODUCTIONABOUT DRUM SEEDER TECHNOLOGY
8 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL,SI AND DRUMSEEDER METHOD
9 GOOD PRACTICES LIKE PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
10 SOLUTIONS AND TESTING IN FARMFIELDS
11 TECHNOLOGY ADAPTATION LIKE TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION
12 BENIFITS AND IMPACTS OF DRUM SEEDER TECHNOLGY
13 DISTRICT PROFILE LIKE RAIN FALL, SOIL, CLIMATE, AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES
14 FERTILITY STATUS OF SOIL IN THE DISTRICT
DECLARATION
I here by that the report entitled 'production technology of paddy' and direct seedling technique is
record of 30 days summer internship programme undergone by me from 12/05/2014 to 12/06/2014
at krishi vigyan Kendra ,Acharya ng ranga agricultural university ,Hyderabad. tirupathi, Andhra
Pradesh.
NAME: PAVAN KUMAR

The Effect Of Surface Residues On Weeds
Crop residue may be kept in the field in both CT and NT systems (CT+Res and NT+Res,
respectively). In CT+Res the residue is incorporated into the soil, with the depth of mixing
dependent upon type of tillage. Although incorporated residue may affect weeds via altered nutrient
dynamics, the effects will be highly dependent on the type of tillage used, the carbon to nitrogen
ratio of the residue, the type of soil, and the environment – it will therefore be difficult to extract
useful generalities (Liebman and Mohler, 2001, p. 236). Consequently, in this review we focus on
the effects of surface residues on weeds.
3.1 Residue – Seedbank
3.1.1 Losses
3.1.1.1 Germination
Surface residues can affect seed germination via physical and chemical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As such, decreased weed seed germination due to insufficient light–availability is likely not a major
advantage of residue retention.
Surface residue decreases the daily maximum soil temperature but has little effect on the daily
minimum (Teasdale and Mohler, 1993) resulting in two changes: cooler average soil temperatures
and less drastic fluctuations. Most agronomic crops and many weeds require soil temperatures above
a certain threshold in order to germinate – the lower soil temperatures under surface residue would
therefore delay germination of both. This delayed germination and resulting shorter growing season
of the crop can reduce yield; as such it is important to find the amount of residue which optimizes
yield rather than weed control (Wicks et al., 1994). In addition to later germination, some weed
species' germination is enhanced by larger temperature fluctuations (Liebman and Mohler, 2001, p.
239); the buffered soil temperature could therefore reduce germination rates.
Surface residue will conserve soil moisture – how this affects germination rates will depend on the
environment. In water–limited environments, residue may promote germination while in wetter
conditions it may have little effect. This is exemplified by a study done in Zimbabwe, where residue
was more effective in suppressing weeds in wetter sites (Ngwira et al., 2014).
Allelopathy is the phenomenon in which a plant produces biochemicals which affect the

Virgin Islands Coastal Conservation Study
The US Virgin Islands, which constitute of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, are US territories
located amongst other Caribbean Islands. With little natural resources to support them, these islands
rely heavily on specialized ecosystems, such as the coral reefs and mangrove forests, for sources of
food and income through tourism.
With a special adaptation to salt water and a unique ability to thrive in oxygen depleted
environmentals, mangrove forests are among one of the most common wetland systems in the US
Virgin Islands. Mangrove forest provide a breeding habitat and home for a plethora of wildlife, with
90% of the indigenous and migratory bird species relying on the wetland for feeding and breeding.
Similar to the protection coral reefs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Jarvon Stout initiated the program within the Center for Marine and Environmental Studies
(CMES). The program involves entrusting a child to be in charge of nurturing one red mangrove
seedling a piece. The students will be given a place to grow their mangrove and had to find a sunny
location for it to flourish. Once the mangroves leaves sprouted and roots began to grow, a field trip
will be organized by the teachers where the students plant their mature seedlings in mangrove
nurseries at the CMES. Once the seedlings grow and become big enough, the students will be able
return to CMES and help transplant their seedlings into the field, all while learning about restoration
and conservation of these vital

Plakobranchus Ocellatus
The Plakobranchus ocellatus feeds on great variety of green algae (Christa et al. 2012) they are
known to sequester ingested plastids (kleptoplasts) within specialized cells of the digestive gland,
and are said to have a long–term retention (LtR) form that incorporates chloroplasts for several
months and thus allowing them to undergo periods of starvation while continuing photosynthetic
activity. Not much is known about the food sources of this sacoglossan, but it is suggested that P.
ocellatus is a species complex and feeds on a broad variety of Ulvophyceae (Christa, Wescott L, et
al 2013)
The slugs survived several months of starvation in complete darkness and in the light in the presence
of the photosynthesis inhibitor monolinuron, kleptoplasts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The mean/standard deviation of the results obtained can be viewed in Table 1. The greatest
difference was seen within the standard deviation of the weight of the plant seedlings in a high CO2
concentration (0.4326 g). This can be seen in the mean value (average) of the plant seedlings in the
high CO2 concentration, which was 1.153 g.
Further evidence of this can be observed in Figure 2, exhibiting that the standard deviation increased
as well as the mean dry weight along with the CO2. The t–test results in table 2 show that the
probability results for the initial and Low weight (0.6501) is above 0.05, therefore establishing the
indication that the weight between the two sets of data have significantly less differences, thus being
more likely due to chance. However, the t–test results for the Low and Normal weight (4.895 x 10–
5), Normal and High seedling weight (8.964 x 10–8) and Low and High seedling weight (2.291 x
10–9) are below 0.05, illustrating that their figures are not due to chance alone. It is clear that the
difference between the results of the Initial Seedling weight and the High CO2 seedling weight
should be significant, further confirming that as the concentration of CO2 intensifies so does the
weight of

The Effect Of Acid Concentration On Plant Plants And...
Introduction
Gibberellic Acid is a naturally occurring plant growth hormone that belongs to the gibberellin group
(Gupta and Chakrabarty, 2013). Gibberellins are responsible for stem growth in plants and regulate
the synthesis of proteins. Gibberellic acid is a by–product of the Gibberella Fujikuroi fungi which
has the effect of causing developing rice plants' stems to grow in such an expeditious manner that
the plant collapses (John M. Riley, 1987).
The experiment's variables include the independent variable, which is the concentration of
gibberellic acid that is used to soak the seeds, and the time period of germination, as well as the
dependant variable, which is the number of seeds that germinate. The control used to compare seed
germination and in this situation is the sample with a gibberellic acid concentration of 0 ppm.
Constants in the experiment include factors affecting seed germination such as constant
temperatures where each sample receives the same temperature and in the case of variation the same
amount of variation, quantity of moisture where the same amount of gibberellic acid is added to
each bag corresponding to the concentration, the samples should also receive the same conditions of
light, have the same sowing density, and number of seeds per square centimetre.
The aim of this practical is to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid on the germination rates of
two plant species. It was hypothesised from the above information that higher

Tree Seedling In Savanna
Dry tropical forests and savanna are most exploited and endangered ecosystem of the world
(Murphy and Lugo 1986). In recent years increasing proportion of tropical dry forest have been
modified into open secondary forest or savanna or completely destroyed through such activities as
mining, agriculture, herbivory, and fire (Champion and Seth 1968; Singh et al.1991). The clearance
of the vegetation generally increases the chances of soil erosion and invasions (e.g., wood plant
encroachment) which potentially leading to habitat degradation (Kelly and Walker 1976; Van
Aukenand Bush 1989; Skarpe 1990; Ward 2005; Balfour and Midgley 2008). Such enduring
anthropogenic pressure combined with the expected global climate change is a matter of concern. ...
Seedlings are very susceptible and important stage of plant life cycle (Grubb 1977). Because of this
a better understanding of how seedlings of individual species in a community perform under
changed environmental conditions relative to one another. It helps to explain the composition of
plant communities. In dry tropical environment, germination and growth occur within a limited
period of time. The environmental factor such as light , nutrients and moisture should be favorable
during this period (Khurana and Singh 2002). Most of the researches have been conducted various
studies on tree seedling growth of dry tropical species by focusing on spatiotemporal pattern of
seedling recruitment in response to disturbance events such as fire and herbivory (Bond et al. 2001),
or on consequences of seed characteristics for seedling demography and growth such as dispersal
mechanisms (Barot et al. 1999;Goheen et al. 2004) and seed size (Khurana and Singh 2000).
Seedlings establishment represents the most serious bottleneck to successful tree recruitment in
tropical grasslands and savannas (Prins and Van der Jeugd 1993; Higgins et al. 2000; Loth et al.
2005; Wiegand et al. 2006; Van der Waal et al. 2009; van Langevelde et al. 2011). Over the last few
years there has also been increasing conformity that disturbances (e.g., fire, herbivory, drought)
substantially contribute to the stability and dynamics of dry tropical forest largely through their
influence on the demographics of seedlings and juvenile trees (Bond et al. 2005; Wiegand et

Bleach Lab
Data Description: In both the bleach and vinegar soaked seeds, there was no growth whatsoever;
therefore, there were no trends or changes in seed growth to be accounted for. The beer soaked seeds
did relatively well, growing at a steadily fast pace, and grew more healthily than the other seeds
(besides the control). On the graph, the beer soaked seeds seemed to follow a type of pattern. From
point 1 to 2 and point 2 to 3 it inclined at the same angle. But point 3 to 4 was a larger jump, giving
the line more height, and from point 4 to 5 it also seemed to follow incline that point 3 to 4 made.
The seeds soaked in Hydrogen Peroxide grew slowly and also at a steady pace, but the growth rate
was greatly slowed down and was below average. Besides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
And the answer is that it mainly affected two factors of the experiment; whether the seeds would
grow at all, and if they did grow, how long would they get in a certain amount of time. As the
control, the water soaked seeds grew well, but they were not the focus of this experiment. Out of the
4 groups of seeds tested, the beer soaked seeds grew the best. The hydrogen peroxide soaked seeds
did grow, but they grew much more slowly. The vinegar soaked seeds at least were able to withstand
the soaking steps, but did not grow when planted. And the bleach soaked seeds were never planted
at all because there were no intact seeds to plant after soaking. This experiment had unexpected
results and interesting outcomes. Radish seeds are not the most durable, but they gave good results
that were very reliable when the experiment concluded. In some cases, experiments like this may go
wrong, or the solutions may not make a big enough impact on the seeds when soaked to find good
results from. But although this procedure was not necessarily foolproof or perfect, it was as reliable
and solid as it could possibly be for a home project with little equipment. Sometimes the things
biology is capable of can astound

Lab Report On The 20 Wheat Seedlings
The 20 wheat seedlings was the sample size used in each of the five treatments, see Table 1. Among
those 10 unpaired t–tests two out of the 10, Test 5 (Shoot length 1XCM vs 4XCM) and Test 6
(Seedling biomass Water vs 1XCM) had actual p–values greater than 0.05 (see Table 1). The
calculated t–values for the previously mentioned two t–tests were lower than the critical t–value,
2.024 (see Table 1). For shoot length (cm), the trend shows mean shoot length to increase with
increasing concentration of nutrient treatment until 3XCM, where the mean and standard deviation
is at its greatest (x̅ = 27.945cm±5.605cm) and drops slightly at 4XCM (see Figure 1). The pattern of
the mean biomass (g), increases up to treatment 2XCM (x̅ =0.2275g±0.0488g) at which mean values
begin to decline a slight degree afterwards (see Figure 2).
Table 1. Data collected of shoot length (cm) and seedling biomass (g), depicting the calculated t–
value and actual p–value for each of the 10 two–tailed t–tests along with the critical t–value and
cut–off p–value. Figure 1. The mean shoot length (cm) for the control and each concentration of the
full medium complement is illustrated, along with standard deviation error bars. A sample size of 20
for each experimental treatment was used to calculate the mean.
Figure 2. Mean seedling biomass (g) for the control and each concentration of the nutrient
complement, along with standard deviation error bars. Each experimental treatment had a sample
size of 20 that

The Effect Of Milk And Milk Of Magnesia On Seed Germination
Background
A seed is the plants way of reproducing and allows the plant to produce plants of the same kind. A
seed is a developing plant that is bounded by a seed coat that covers the seed and usually has stored
food and nutrients inside. Seeds allow the plant to reproduce so they don't become extinct. Radish
seeds are rapid growing seeds that grow best in full sunlight with their own space, soil with a pH
level of 6.5–7, water with a pH level of 7, and cool/moist soil. Lemonade has a pH level of 2.5 and
is acidic, so the seed most likely will grow at a very slow rate compared to a seed with normal tap
water. Milk of magnesia has a pH level of 10.5 which is more basic and higher than the pH level of
water, the substance radish seeds grow best in. Therefore, the milk of magnesia might be too strong
for the seeds and will cause them to either grow extremely slow or not at all. The effect of lemonade
and milk of magnesia on seed germination can be measured by using a ruler and measuring the
sprout growth of each seed in centimeters daily.
Question
Will lemonade and milk of magnesia affect radish seed germination and growth?
Hypothesis
If I have 5ml of lemonade and 5ml of milk of magnesia and dilute each liquid with 5ml of tap water
and apply each solution twice to ten radish seeds, I believe the seeds will grow at a slower rate than
radish seeds with 10ml of tap water.
Materials
–30 radish seeds –Paper Towels
–3 Petri dishes (Top and bottom)

A Large Scale Version Of A Small Zip Lock Bag
A microcosm is basically a smaller scale version of a greater population, or a miniature. At the
beginning of this semester, we began the construction of our own "miniature worlds" within the
confinements of a small zip lock bag. We observed the changes and growth of life inside these bags
over the span of a few weeks. The reason for setting up these projects for weeks at a time, was to get
a better range of how things change and grow over time, sort of like a smaller scale of how it would
really be if grown outside the bag.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials that were used in this microcosm project consisted
of soil, a handful if pro–mix potting soil, a variety of seeds and seedlings, a small square of leather,
worms, H2O and CO2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The leather was added in order to begin the growth of moss in our microcosm. Once all of this was
set up, we needed to add the living organisms, the worms. Being the first day, we only added 2
worms, one earthworm and 1 red worm. As soon as the set up was finished, we moved our
microcosms to the back, to which they were kept at a standard temperature of 70.5°F, and at a
humidity of 53%. It received natural lighting as well as light from 25watt incandescent light bulbs.
Week 1: By the second week, there wasn't much preparation left, simply added 2 more worms, and
added a bit more water.
Week 2: This was the last time more worms were added to the experiment, totaling a good 6 worms,
3 of each red worm, and 3 earthworms. Added H2O.
Week 3: No new forms of life were added, but the abiotic factors did end up changing, which would
result in the microcosm changes being a bit different. The temperature was now changed to about 69
° F, and the humidity went from 53% to 54.5%. The other factors such as light, remained constant.
Added a bit of H2O in order to keep the microcosm moist for the worms to thrive and plants to
grow.
RESULTS:
Week 1: After simply one week, there was tremendous amount of growth in the microcosm. It was
already full of small plant life. There were plenty of small sprouts from all the big seeds and small
seedlings. For the garden bean, it grew to become approximately 150mm tall. The little peas

Sample Resume : Direct Seedling Meth0d
AMITY INSTITUTE 0F 0RGANIC AGRICULTURE
DIRECT SEEDLING METH0D IN RICE CULTIVATI0N
SUBMITTED T0, DR, NALEENI RAMAWAT SUBMITTED BY. CH PAVAN KUMAR
ENR0LL:A1425913039
S.N0 T0PIC
1 INTR0DUCTI0N AB0UT KVK
2 MANDATES 0F KVK
3 INTERVENTI0NS 0F KVK IN THE DISTRICT
4 C0LABARATE PR0GRAMMES
5 PUBLICATI0NS
6 PR0DUCT 0F KVK
7 INTR0DUCTI0NAB0UT DRUM SEEDER TECHN0L0GY
8 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITI0NAL,SI AND DRUMSEEDER METH0D
9 G00D PRACTICES LIKE PR0BLEM IDENTIFICATI0N
10 S0LUTI0NS AND TESTING IN FARMFIELDS
11 TECHN0L0GY ADAPTATI0N LIKE TECHN0L0GY PR0M0TI0N
12 BENIFITS AND IMPACTS 0F DRUM SEEDER TECHN0LGY
13 DISTRICT PR0FILE LIKE RAIN FALL, S0IL, CLIMATE, AGR0 CLIMATIC Z0NES
14 FERTILITY STATUS 0F S0IL IN THE DISTRICT
DECLARATI0N
I here by that the rep0rt entitled 'pr0ducti0n techn0l0gy 0f paddy' and direct seedling technique is
rec0rd 0f 30 days summer internship pr0gramme underg0ne by me fr0m 12/05/2014 t0 12/06/2014
at krishi vigyan Kendra ,Acharya ng ranga agricultural university ,Hyderabad. tirupathi, Andhra
Pradesh.
NAME: PAVAN KUMAR

Eucalyptus Globulus' Effect on the Germination of Radish...
The purpose of the project was to determine whether Eucalyptus globulus had an effect on the
germination of radish seeds. It was hypothesized that Eucalyptus globulus would have a negative
effect on the germination of the seeds and their growth.
Before a seed can germinate it must first shed the seed coat, a protective outer layer that protects the
seed from parasites, injury, and unfavorable temperatures. Inside the seed coat is the embryo which
contains the root and first leaves of the plant, called cotyledons. After the seed coat has been shed
the root emerges first so that it can absorb water and nutrients. After the roots have come out of the
embryo the cotyledons will follow. Some seeds need certain conditions to germinate and go ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Allelopathic chemicals can also exist in soil, affecting the surround plants and those planted
afterwards. Studies have shown that Leucaena leucocephala, a tree promoted for water conservation
and revegetation, contains a toxic amino acid in its leaves and foliage that prevents the growth of
other trees but not its own seedlings. Research has also shown that this species reduces the yield of
wheat and increases the yield of rice. Other allelopathic plants include mango, box elder, broccoli,
and Eucalyptus. A study was conducted at Gomal University that tested the allelopathic effects of
Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. on the germination and seedling growth of wheat. The leaves of E.
camaldulensis trees were washed and dried and then filtered to create a one hundred percent solution
as well as ten percent, fifteen percent, and twenty percent. These solutions were tested on twelve
varieties of wheat. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in germination counts
with increasing levels of Eucalyptus aqueous extract concentration. All twelve varieties of wheat
were adversely affected by the twenty percent concentration of Eucalyptus extract. It was observed
that there was a direct relationship between the number of normal seedlings and the extract
concentration. The results suggested that the E. camaldulensis L. leaf aqueous extract could reduce
normal seedlings even in low concentrations.
Eucalyptus

Nursery Raising Of Horticultural Cropsunder Hill Condition...
AMITY UNIVERSITY
Report of Summer project
TOPIC–:"Nursery Raising of Horticultural cropsunder hill condition"
ORGANIZATION–: Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry
Advisor–: Dr JS Butola
Submitted to–: Submitted by–:
Mr Abhishek Chauhan Sarthak Rana Enrollment no.–: A1425913002 Bsc. Agriculture &
FoodBusiness(2ndSem) , Batch 2013–17
05/05/2014 , Monday ( 1st day )
Visiting the farms
I visited all the farms where different horticultural crops are cultivated –:
 Horticulture farms
 Polyhouses
 Plant Nursery
OBSERVATIONS
There were several crops planted in the farms.
Off season vegetables were grown in the polyhouses.
Several crops are sown in the nursery
Climate was cool , generally chilly during night .
These are some images which will describe the crop cultivation over here in a more better way–:
crops for seed production
Polyhouses or protected structures for the production of off season vegetables. Onion crop at its
maturity stage. Garlic crop Potato crop
Terrace farming is generally practiced in hilly areas. Nursery beds
Automatic power systems for farm irrigation Farm machinery
06/05/2014, Tuesday(2nd day)
LECTURE byDr. vivek pandey(Phd. in vegetable sciences) about

The Effect Of Sodium Chloride On The Germination Rate Of...
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to observe the effects of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on the
germination rate of Wisconsin Fast Plants.
Wisconsin Fast Plants (WFPs), or Brassica rapa, are plants in the Cruciferous family, developed
through selective breeding from a strain of Himalayan weeds (Williams). WFPs have a life cycle of
around forty days. This short life cycle makes WFPs valuable for laboratory study. In addition,
WFPs are simple to grow, as they only need water and a light source to survive (Williams). Their
simple needs, allowing ease in controlling variables, make WFPs ideal for use in experiments.
Germination is the stage of plant growth through which a seed becomes a seedling plant. First, the
seed begins to absorb water and the radicle root emerges from the seed coat and into the water.
Then, the primary roots grow, the cotyledons move above ground, the stem begins to grow, and
leaves develop. The process is complete when the first leaves open and the cotyledons fall off (The
Learning Garden 2001).
NaCl has been shown to have a negative effect on plant growth (Lee and Van Iersal 2016) and
germination (Houle et al. 2001). The severity of these effects depends on the individual species'
ability to grow in saline soil (Atkins et al. 2009). WFPs are part of a group of plants called
glycophytes, meaning that they have a limited ability to tolerate NaCl (Atkins et al. 2009). A study
specific to WFP germination found a decrease in germination in WFPs

Germination of Cress Seeds
Background point 1:
There are several conditions that affect the germination of seeds. Most factors are external but there
are also some internal conditions that affect the germination of seeds, even though this is quite rare.
The most common and the most important external conditions and factors that affect the
germination of seeds are oxygen, water, temperature and also in some cases light or darkness. Some
plants require several variables for successful seed germination. As this is quite rare, this often
depends on the individual seed and its natural habit.
Let's focus on the most important factors that affect germination of seeds.
Firstly we have oxygen which is required by the seed that is germinating for metabolism. The ...
Background point 2:
In the world, there are two basic sorts of seed and they have been named monocotyledon
respectively dicotyledon. Dicot seed contains of two parts which have been named cotyledons. Their
job is to supply the food for the growing of the young plant. An excellent example of a dicot seed is
the bean seed. Dicot seeds consist of an outside cover, called seed coat, and also an embryo inside
the bean. The Greek word for "two" is "dis", and that is where we get "di" from.
Seed which consists of only a single cotyledon are known as monocots. A corn seed is a very good
example of a monocot. The seed of a monocot stays in one piece and does not split up. As the bean
seed, the corn seed also has a seed coat, but this coat doesn't get off as easily. There is as well a part
of the seed called the endosperm and this is the part where the monocot plants store their food. The
Greek word for "one" is "monos", and that's where we get "mono" from.
Of course seeds consist of several components, but the three main and most significant parts are the
seed coat, the endosperm and the embryo.
The outer membrane of the seed is known as the seed coat and that is the part of the seed that is
visible. The coat of the seed is often hard and very difficult to break. The outer membrane's function
is to protect the sensitive parts that are inside the seed from diseases and common damages. Even
though all seeds have a seed coat, there is

Outline of the Concept of Genetic Manipulation
The purpose of the report is to outline the concept of genetic manipulation, which is an all–inclusive
term that describes the deliberate manipulation of the genetic material by biochemical techniques. It
is also referred to as genetic modification or genetic engineering. These are the terms for the process
of manipulating the genes, usually outside organisms natural reproductive process. It involves,
isolation, manipulation and reintroduction. In this report the type of genetic manipulations that will
be discussed are selective breeding in the plants in order to produce desired characteristics. The case
study that covers selective breeding in the report is on Red Fleshed Apple. On the other hand,
transgenesis in animals is the other type of genetic manipulation being covered which means taking
a gene from one species and inserting it into another. The case study organism explaining
transgenesis in animals will be transgenic cow.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Case study done on Red–Fleshed Apples
Selective breeding also called artificial selection is the process by which according to human need,
animals and plants are bred for particular traits. The main aim for doing selective breeding is to pass
the desired traits on to the future generations and in an attempt to produce offspring with improved
traits. The techniques involved in selective breeding include In breeding, line breeding and
outcrossing. Few steps involved in selective breeding are:
– Decided which characteristics are

Effects Of Hot Water Treatment On Germination Of Acacia...
Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Germination of Acacia falcata seeds
Chaarvee Sood Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
Introduction
Germination process for acacia species takes variety of factors and not necessarily that all species
would take one coherent measures in order to germinate. Acacia falcata is one of the species for
which the germination process could be easily being noted through treatment of boiling water.
Although keeping in check that other suitable methodology can be taken to find results. Through
several research conducted in the area of germination in acacia, it is now transparent that varieties of
acacia seeds remain dormant in the soil and years may elapse until they all the viable seeds
germinate. According to (Harding, 1940), the reason behind this dormancy is due to the coat of the
seed of many acacia species to be thick, hard and highly polished. Hence reducing the moisture
penetration to be a very slow process in natural conditions. According to the research in (Harding,
1940), it has been immensely shown that boiling water can improve the germination rate of acacia
species. Particularly, Acacia pycnantha which was shown to highly germinate when dipped in boiled
water for 5 seconds which had a percentage of 72.5%. However further study in (Harding, 1940)
showed that Acacia pycnantha showed

Seedling Research Paper
The first structure to appear in a germinating seedling is a root. This is so that the seedling can
acquire nutrients and water from the soil as well as begin its journey to the surface for sunlight.
The first structure to appear in a germinating seedling is a root. This is so that the seedling can
acquire nutrients and water from the soil as well as begin its journey to the surface for sunlight.
The seedlings should be a color of white. This is due to the fact that the seedlings have not seen any
sunlight previously, preventing the formation of chlorophyll. Once the seedlings are exposed to
sunlight, they can begin to produce chlorophyll and attain their signature green color.
An example of "negative gravitropism" would be the stem of the plant. Unlike root growth which
grows with gravity and grows downward toward the earth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The sepals are the leaf–like development from the receptacle. The sepal's function is to be the
beginning of the first floral aspects of a flower.
The petals are another leaf–like development from the receptacle. The function of the petals is to
attract insects in order to carry its pollen to other plants for fertilization (known as cross pollination).
The stamens are another development from the receptacle. The function of the stamen is to produce
spores and sporangia for cross pollination.
The anther is responsible for the development and production of a flower's pollen.
The filament works alongside the anther in the production of a plant's pollen, of which will be used
for fertilization and reproduction.
The carpel is another leaf–like development from the receptacle. The function of the carpel is being
part of the reproduction system of a flowering plant, as it acts as a pollen catcher and ovary.
The stigma is another part of the carpel. The stigma catches the pollen and promotes germination of
said pollen within the same species of flowering

Important Factors That Affect Plant Growth And Development...
3.1 Introduction
Chamomile and yarrow are both medicinal plants cultivated all over the world in an effort to
determine the main active compounds from plant materials. The main factors that influence plant
growth and development are temperature, light, and plant date. An extensive amount of studies have
been done on the effect of controlled conditions on the growth of in vitro and in vivo chamomile and
yarrow cultures (Giorgi et al., 2014; Mohammad et al., 2010).
Date of planting and ages of seedling had significant effects on chamomile morphological
characterizations. The maximum values for plant spread, plant height, and shoots produced, number
of branches production and the diameter of flower heads was observed from 15th April compared to
1st May, 15th May and 30th May. Nevertheless, all measurement characteristics were not
significantly affected by the ages of seedling except for, plant spread and plant height at
transplanting. The highest plant spreads were obtained after 30 days of seedlings, whereas the
maximum plant heights were examined after 90 days of seedlings (Mohammad et al., 2010).
On the other hand, growing season and light environment were two factors which strongly affected
all growth parameters of yarrow during different growing seasons. The fresh and dry weight of
stem/leaf ratio, the leaves and the fresh weight of inflorescence were mainly influenced by light
conditions (Giorgi et al., 2014). The greatest development of leaves, stem/leaf ratio and

The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiency on Rye...
Introduction
Plants grow and reproduce and in order to do so they need certain resources. Both external and
internal resources partly determine the plants development. Common resources are water, space and
nutrient obtained from either the plant's environment or food. They get sugar through photosynthesis
using water, light, CO2 and other necessary nutrients. Plants require nutrients to build molecules so
reactions can take place that are required for the plant growth, maintenance and reproduction (Rush,
Gladilina and Condy 2014). These nutrients usually are taken up by the plant through their roots and
leaves. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient to plants, as it is a macronutrient and needed in large
amounts for plants (Rush, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this research is to find out how nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen affect
plant growth. To find out how the plants are affected by growth in the different nutrient treatments.
With the results found, what does this suggest about how people should fertilize the soil in which
people grow food crops. Using the species of grass rye, the research investigates the effect of the
absence of nitrogen and phosphorus.
By using three different treatments, a full complement of nutrient, a full complement without the
most important nutrient, Nitrogen and a full complement of Phosphorus, the length of the root and
shoot and the biomass are observed and analyzed. If nitrogen was deprived from the rye seedlings
growth process then the biomass, shoot length and root length will be affected more than depriving
the rye seedlings from phosphorus. The null hypothesis would be, if rye was deprived the nutrient
phosphorus, then it would have a larger effect on the rye seedlings shoot length, root length, and
biomass than depriving the plant from nitrogen.
Materials and Methods
Obtain a planting container. Cut one paper towel in half, fold and place on the bottom of the
container. Cut a layer of cotton to fit at the bottom of the container and place it on the paper towel.
Use the other half of the paper towel, fold and place it on top of the cotton. Add 30 ml of the media
solution into the container and allow the

Mendelian Genetics Lab Report Essay
Lab Report: Mendelian Genetics
Introduction: In 1866 an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, presented the results of painstaking
experiments on the inheritance patterns of garden peas. Those results were heard, but probably not
understood, by Mendel's audience. Now, more than a century later, Mendel's work seems elementary
to modern–day geneticists, but its importance cannot be overstated. The principles generated by
Mendel's pioneering experimentation are the foundation for genetic counseling so important today
to families with health disorders having a genetic basis. It's also the framework for the modern
research that is making inroads in treating diseases previously believed to be incurable. In this era of
genetic engineering the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then determine the ratios in which each of the character traits is found and also what possible
genotypes the parents might be.(stallsmith)
Results:
Part A– Observed Ratios of Green to Albino Seedlings
# of green seedlings #of Albino seedlings Ratio of green to albino seedlings 71 18 3:1 ~1&~3
0.8&3.1, 3:1 Total: 89 This graph shows that there is a 3:1 ratio of green to albino seedlings. There
were 71 green seedlings, and 18 albino seedlings, with a total of 89 seedlings.
Part B– Dihybrid Cross (F2 progeny)
#purple starchy (smooth)|#purple sweet (wrinkled) | #yellow starchy (smooth)|#yellow
sweet(wrinkled) 182 67 115 43
Genotypes of purple starchy | of purple sweet | of yellow starchy | of yellow sweet PPSs, PpSS,
PpSs,PPSs PPSs, Ppss, PpSS, PPss PpSs, ppSs, PpSS, ppSS PpSs, PPSs, Ppss, ppss
Possible genotype of P1 | genotype of F1 | ratio of F2 phenotypes| ratio of F2 genotypes PPSS PpSs
9:3:3:1 1:2:2:1 This table helps show all the possible genotypes from one set of parents. The table
shows that the genotypes purple and starchy are dominant, and the genotypes yellow and sweet are
recessive.(stallsmith)
Discussion: Part A– For every albino seedling there will be three green seedlings. Being green is

The Effect of Uv-C Light on the Growth and Development of...
ABSTRACT: By exposing Brassica rapa seedlings to UV–C light, the effect of the growth and
development of Brassica rapa seedlings was tested. The experimental group of Brassica rapa
seedlings was exposed to 254 nm UV–C light for thirty seconds after one week of growth.
Throughout the duration of one month, the height, number of leaves and stem diameter were
measured sporadically. After one month, the biomass of the seedlings was recorded. A starch
analysis test was also performed. According to the results, the stem diameter of the experimental
group exposed to the ultraviolet light was significantly smaller than that of the control group
exposed to full spectrum light. The number of leaves, height, biomass and the starch production
were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experimental group was exposed to 254 nm of UV–C light for thirty seconds after one week
after the seeds were initially planted. At this point in the experiment, all of the plants had already
sprouted. If both seeds in a quad cell had sprouted, one plant was cut at soil level in order to
maintain a maximum of four plants per quad.
Over the next month, we watered each cell with 1 ml of water each day. Every Tuesday each plant's
height, number of leaves and stem diameter were measured. The plant's height was measured from
soil level to its highest point in centimeters. The stem diameter was measured three inches above the
soil level in centimeters. After twenty–eight days, the plants were uprooted, cleaned, dried and their
biomass was determined using an analytical scale. A leaf was cut and collected from seven different
plants from each group. A notch was cut in the leaves from the experimental group in order to tell
them apart from the control leaves. An I2KI starch analysis test was performed for all the leaves by
boiling the leaves in 10% isopropyl alcohol solution for forty–five minutes. After forty–five
minutes, the leaves were placed in a Petri dish with water and I2KI solution. In the presence of
starch, the solution turns the leaves to a black color. For each quantitative data set, the mean was
determined and a standard deviation was performed. An independent sample T–test was performed
for the last day of data using an Excel

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