Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov And The Cherenkov Effect

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and the Cherenkov Effect
The 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery and the interpretation of
the Cherenkov Effect. Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by particles moving through a medium faster than the speed of
light in the same medium. It was fist a detected by Soviet scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, of who the effect is named after and a theory was
later developed by Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm. Cherenkov's contributions still live on as an invaluable tool in today's nuclear and subatomicparticle
physics with examples that include a way to detect and quantify the characteristics of subatomic particles to analyzing high energy cosmic signals
from the deepest regions of space. More down to earth uses consist of safety procedures for nuclear reactors and the detection of low concentration
biomolecules in the sick and elderly.
Despite the underprivileged life as the child of Russian peasants, Pavel Cherenkov was able to graduate from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty
of Voronezh State University in 1928 and went onto a post graduate course at the Academy of Science in St. Petersburg. His work in physics soon
promoted him to a senior scientific officer at the P.N. Lebedev Institute, more commonly known as the physics branch of the Academy of Science in
Moscow. It was here at the Academy in 1932, that an interest in the color of light given off from gamma rays passing through a fluid would led
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A Brief Biography of Luis Walter Alvarez
Luis Walter Alvarez was born on June 13th in the year 1911 in San Francisco but at that time no one knew he was going to be a world renowned
physicist. As a adolescent, his love for science, technology and machines was evident, but no one guessed he would make something out of it. He and
his father (Walter C. Alvarez) built a radio when he was eleven, this was when the radio was still a new invention. Graduating from The University of
Chicago in 1932 and earning his phD in 1936 was not the end of his scientific interest. Luis Walter Alvarez continued to studyscience and physics. He
was credited with many necessary discoveries about subatomic particles for which he earned the Nobel Prize in physics. His work did not stop there. He
was a co–developer in the creation of the "ground–control approach system" for aircraft during the 1940's. Luis Walter Alverez had a very significant
role in the development Manhattan Project, in which he suggested the technique used for the detonation of an atomic bomb. He was member of the
National Inventor's Hall of Fame. On top of all this he held ownership of the patents for over 30 inventions including radar systems and the bubble
chamber. Most of Luis Walter Alvarez's work took place in the later years of his life as he worked with his son. He shared his love for science which
inspired Alvarez's son to become a geologist. Many things came our of them working together. Alvarez and his son proposed the currently accepted
theory that the

Unit 1 Quark Research Paper
Scientists once thought that atoms were the main building blocks of matter. Research and experimentation led them to the discovery of protons,
neutrons, and electrons. Satisfied with their discovery, they could not have possibly imagined anything smaller than a proton or a neutron, which is
about 10–15 in diameter. The first idea for a smaller particle came in 1935 from Hideki Yukawa, who thought that there were smaller particles which
could hold the neutrons and protons together in the nucleus (Chen 14). However, in 1964, Murray Gellmann and George Zweig independently
postulated, then discovered, the quark, the smallest particle of matter that has yet been discovered. Simply postulating the quark did not fool other
scientists, though, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is called radioactive decay. Do you recall the six types (flavors) of quarks? Quarks are able to change their energy type, thus resulting in d
quarks to become u quarks (called beta minus decay) or u quarks to become d quarks (beta plus decay). While these changes may seem very small,
larger things can become of it. When beta plus decay occurs, a positive charge is added, thus changing the neutron into a proton (or vice versa with
beta minus decay). If we change a neutron into a proton, the entire makeup of the atom changes, which may change the makeup of molecules, or an
entire substance! The second process is gauge transformation, which is changing from one combination of three "colors" to a whole new combination
of colors. You are right if you think this does not seem like a very large change. The physics of the quark remain unaltered, as only the state has
changed, and it does not result in radioactive

The Fundamental Forces in Nature
The fundamental forces in nature have been around for centuries. Tying everything together many scientist and physicist have came about to help
with the theories of these fundamental forces which include gravitation, electromagnetism, strong, and weak forces. Physicist like Maxwell,
Newton, Fermi, Chadwick, and Kepler, have made a strong impact on how people see the world today. These fundamental forces are what goes on
in everyday life and what we still see till this day. The point we are going to get to are the coming about of these theories and how they are seen in
the outside world and also in physics. In my paper I will be splitting up how the scientist/physicist came to contribute to the fundamental forces and
how each scientist came to contribute to the coming and discovery of each force. In the second part of the paper I will be describing how each
force strong and weak are used in nature. These topics will help anyone in the search for information on the topic of forces that came to be due to
physics. History of the fundamental forces In 1605 Kepler published the laws of "planetary motion" which included 3 laws. First law was that every
planet is an ellipse with the sun. Second a line segment connecting a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. Lastly
the third law which states that the time it takes for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly corresponding with the radius of the planets orbit. These
laws came to help the

Task 1.2- Properties ( Part Of P1 )
Task 1.2– Properties (Part of P1)
Describe the properties of . . . and. Radiation. Things should be including:
Their range in air
What they are stopped by
Their penetrating and ionising powers
How they are affected by electrical and magnetic fields.
How they are commonly detected.
Any other properties.
Alpha, beta and gamma come from nuclear of an atom and they called radioactive, because it gives off radiation. These radiations absorb by different
thickness of materials such as: Alpha radiation only travel few centimetre in the air, beta radiation travels tens centimetre in the air however gamma
travel many meter in the air. If the substance is thicker, the more radiation it will absorbed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beta radiation is an electron with the charge of –1. Its atomic number is –1 and atomic mass is 0. It is more penetrating than alpha radiation plus, has a
less ionising power than alpha. It absorbed by thin aluminium sheet and used to control the thickness of different material such as thickness of the
paper, plastic and aluminium. They use a detector to check if there is more or less particle being released or absorb. If the material is thicker then it
need to the material will start to absorb the particle however if the material is too thin more beta particle will start to pass through, that's how they finds
out the thickness of the material. It is not very dangerous if it goes into our body because it usually get through the body, however it is very
dangerous if it outside the body because it can penetrate the skin and cause damage to human cells. It is deflected by electrical and magnetic field
because it has negative charge as I said positive and negative attract to each other.
Gamma radiation has 0 charges and 0 atomic mass and atomic number. It has a very high penetrating power than alpha and beta because it does not
stop for many centimetres. The ionising power of gamma radiation is very low according to alpha and beta radiation. It is used to treat cancer and
testing equipment; however it can be very dangerous for human health if it comes in contact with

Research Paper On Breaking Cosmic Ice
Breaking the Cosmic Ice
Scientists have shown that the Earth stops energetic neutrinos, according to data collected from the IceCube array in Antarctica. High–energy neutrino
interactions monitored by the IceCube detector, an array of 5,160 basketball–sized optical sensors buried a mile deep in a cubic kilometer of
exceptionally–clear ice near the south pole.
Neutrinos are infinitesimally small and nearly massless particles that surround us at any given moment. Roughly one trillion from the Sun pass through
a human's eyes every second, and they come in three types (called flavors): electron, muon, and tauon neutrinos, each name corresponding to three
charged particles with which they pair. Since they interact so rarely, it's extremely... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The neutrino–interactions analyzed have energies in the trillion–electron–volt, or TeV, range. A mosquito puts out about one TeV. The detected
neutrinos' energy ranged from 6.3 TeV to 980 TeV.
Miarecki performed much of the data analysis whilst working toward her PhD as an IceCube researcher. "It's a multidisciplinary idea," she said in a
news release. In order to understand if the cross section of neutrinos detected matches Standard Model predictions, the analysis used input from
geologists who supplied models of the Earth's interior from seismic studies. With this, scientists were able to compare their data with a simulation of
neutrinos passing through the Earth.
In this study, researchers measured the flux of muon neutrinos as a function of their energy and their incoming direction. Neutrinos with higher
energies and with incoming directions closer to the North Pole are more likely to interact with matter on their way through Earth. Image credit:
IceCube Collaboration
"We created some of the data from seismic data bouncing off of various parts of the Earth," Miarecki told Futurism. "Putting together all the constraints,
including the gravitational constriction of the Earth, and you have a good model," she added. The bulk of detected neutrinos mass around the lower
range, with the high–energy neutrinos growing scarce until the frequency of their occurrence passes beyond the

The Cms Software ( Cmssw )
3.1 CMS SOFTWARE (CMSSW)
The overall collection of software, referred to as CMSSW, is built around a Framework, an Event Data Model (EDM), and Services needed by the
simulation, calibration and alignment, and reconstruction modules that process event data so that physicists can perform analysis. The primary goal of
the Framework and EDM is to facilitate the development and deployment of reconstruction and analysis software.
The CMSSW event processing model consists of one executable, called cmsRun, is configured at run time by the user 's job–specific configuration file
that tells cmsRun which data to use which modules to execute, which parameter settings to use for each module, what is the order or the executions of
modules, called path, how the events are filtered within each path, and how the paths are connected to the output files. The goal of L1 HGCAL
software is to simulate the L1 electronics and data processing of the HGCAL to carry out analysis of the different objects.
3.2 WORKING
The main concept used in this software is that it does the task of simulation of electronics and processing of data with the aim to study different
options all together. This software works by creating various objects using factory and storing them in a vector. TheTree Manager manages all these
objects for creating branches in a root tree and filling them with required functions. There is a " Tree Manager" plugin class which will initially create
a root tree using TFileService (

Differences: What Are Unspoken Agreements?
What are Unspoken Agreements?
Unspoken Agreements are those thought arrangments that are formed between us and other people, circumstances or ideas, that generate a certain kind
of advantage for us. These agreements may have the power to justify our feelings, thoughts or actions. As ration beings, it's quite likely that we create
these agreements to prove ourselves right, save ourselves of any guilt for feeling negative about other person or situation, or to even conceal our
emotions. Our true nature is joy and at the very core of our being, we all understand this fact; so, every time we feel anything other than joy or peace,
we need to explain to ourselves that it's justified for us to feel away from joy or peace at that moment...
That's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I struggled to understand this for a long time, wondering what it really means. And finally, one day while talking to my friend, I realized what it
means. She was talking about her past and sharing all the sordid details with so much of accuracy, that it felt as if she is going through the whole
experience right now in this moment. With her description of the situation, I could not only visualize how the event must have occurred, but also feel
the emotions of all those were involved in that situation she described. The pain, the anxiety, the voices, the colors and everything that could make it
as real as it was for her in that past event. That's when I realized that past is gone and so are the happenings along with it. However, we keep it alive
and fresh; reminding ourselves of every single emotion we felt along with it and relive the whole experience once again. This means that we don't just
remember the event, but also all the emotions we felt at that time when it occured. And every time we recollect that incident, we guide our brain to help
us remember every single thing we

Essay On Physics After The Discovery Of The Atom
PARTICLE PHYSICS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE HIGGS
The world of physics had been developed a well–established model of the atom. The standard model had been pretty well "tied up", with its group of
16 elementary particles and their nice set of rules describing how they should interact. Physicists had observed until the Higgs discovery, 16 of these
particles. The crowd was already beginning to desperate for a 17th particle that would send the model in new and wild directions (supposedly). But
the Higgs particle ruined the hopes and expectations of everybody: it turned out to be very ordinary: its behavior was just like the model said it would
act, obeying every theorized rule [2]. Therefore, the Standard Model is vindicated. And this was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weak force, on the other hand, is associated with particles called W and Z bosons, very massive comparing to the other particles.
The Higgs mechanism is thought to be responsible for this, now that the existence of the particle is a fact: if we recognize the existence of the Higgs
field, the W and Z bosons mix with this field, acquiring mass, explaining the reason of why the W and Z bosons have mass. This unifies as well the
electromagnetic and weak forces into the electroweak force. [4]
An interesting side effect, much less important than the discoveries, indeed, but with enough importance for itself, is the validation of the large
amounts of effort and money invested in the equipment like the LHC. This flattens the road for the investment in the next generation of scientific
machinery to keep researching. After analyzing the facts, this money is going to be very needed in the near future. It has been theorized that dark
energy is the bulk of the energy of the universe, and the dark matter and energy existence is neither explained by the Standard Model. This model
canВґt explain gravity or the neutrino mass. Nowadays, scientific community knows that the Standard Model is an approximation of another theory,
more comprehensive and able to explain the Higgs mass with a most natural approach. The reason is that the measured mass of the Higgs is about 100
million billion times smaller than the value suggested by

Commentary on the Article Big Data and Privacy by Tom Price
One of the biggest concerns in the United States of America today is privacy. For its citizens, this concern is due mostly in part to new developments
in technology and big data collection. Yes, this technology and data collection is beneficial for American citizens and is a step in the right direction
for humankind, but to what extent? The CQ Researcher article titled, "Big Data and Privacy" by Tom Price answers just that question. More
specifically, a monumental factor for technological advancement this article explains is the use of personal information by the producers of new
technology and the collection of big data in this day in age. What makes this debate on the violation of privacy through the use personal information
by businesses, as well as, the general population, is that big data collection is the staple of technological advancement and serves as a convenience for
Americans. Although big data collection and technology serves as an extreme benefit in relation to convenience and societal advancement for those
who use and consume it, how far will scientists, researchers, businesses, and the government push before it becomes a violation our privacy as citizens
of the United States of America? As defined by the magazine, CQ Researcher, big data is the collection and analysis of enormous amounts of
information by supercomputers (CQ Researcher, 1). This collection and analysis has led to many great feats in the fields physics, medicine, social

Research Paper On Europa's Gravity
remember asking my team members why we did not need to calculate as much for the return trip thinking about the moon Europa's gravity?
"Of course, it is a factor but the gravity of earth compared to Europa is very different (Europa's gravity is very like our moon, which is 5/6 less than
earth's gravity)." A team member responded. The escape velocity (4) (the velocity required for an object to leave the gravitational field) to leaveearth
was one that my space craft needed to beat in order for my mission to be a success. (the escape velocity for earth is 11.2 km/s) The escape velocity
takes in account the gravitational force, the mass of the object, and the radius (the distance of from the center of the earth) (the escape velocity is the
sum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Back on earth I loved to spend time in the gym to work out. This not only made my muscles healthy but it was a good distraction from the realities
of my classes in college, my jobs after college, and other things. Working out also gave me a healthy mindset, which is perfect for travelling in
space. Looking out the window into space was truly mesmerizing. Seeing the infinite darkness with specs of light from the stars gave me a whole
new perspective. My first mission in space was a six month stay on the International Space Station. From the ISS I could see an amazing sunrise, but
this new mission made me feel so disconnected from my home. Travelling where no man has ever gone gave me new inspiration and courage.
As my destination approached I began to refresh my studies on Europa. Europa is a moon (11) (a celestial body that orbits around a planet)
(Jupiter has 63 moons) (moons can also be described as a natural satellite) of the Galilean family orbiting Jupiter. Europa is similar in the size of the
earth's moon but slightly smaller (Europa's mass 4.8 * 10^22 kg compared to the moon 7.3*10^22 kg). The surface is fairly new due to the lack of
crater impacts. The surface has many crevices and cracks making it look like glaciers compressing and stretching. This is what brought scientists so
curious. The stretching due to

Origin of Mass of Subatomic Particles Essay
This past October of 2013, FranГ§ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Physics for 2013. "For the
theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was
confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider".
Both Englert and Higgs proposed the theory of how particles acquire mass. It was 1964 when both men proposed this theory independently. It wasn't
until the year 2012, that both men had their ideas confirmed by discovery of the Higgs Boson particle (particle responsible for giving mass to objects)
at the CERN laboratory in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forces work over different ranges and have different strengths. That is to say, Gravity is the weakest; the electromagnetic force has infinite range
but is much stronger than gravity. Three of the fundamental forces result from the exchange of force–carrier particles; these belong to a group of
particles called –bosons. Particles of matter transfer discrete amounts of energy by exchanging bosons with each other (CERN). Each fundamental
force has its own corresponding boson – the strong force is carried by the gluon, the electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, and the W and Z
bosons coincide with the weak force (CERN). That is to say, TheStandard Model includes the electromagnetic, strong and weak forces and all their
carrier particles. This new particle was somewhat consistent with the Higgs boson, but it will take more research to actually determine if it is the
same Higgs boson predicted by the original Standard Model. Being that protons are filled with subatomic particles like quarks, antiquarks, and gluons
they rarely pass or collide with each other. That is to say, at a mass of about 125 GeV, the Higgs boson particle turned out to be approximately one
hundred times heavier than a proton. The Higgs boson particle showed that particles due have mass. This played a unique role in the Standard

Is Electricity A Large Amount Of Curiosity?
Electricity is a vast, widely explored subject that humans largely take for granted. This vastness has sparked a large amount of curiosity in the
subject. The curiosity has, in turn, sparked a large amount of exploration into the mysterious subject. And because of this, there is an equally vast
amount of ways to learn about it, expanding at the same rate of our knowledge on the subject. One way to learn about this amazing thing is
through play. (Squishy Circuits) No matter how dangerous it is, there is always a way to play with it, and we may not even realize how much we
do this. A way to play to experiment with it is to get to types of dough; one salty play dough and one sugary cooking dough. Stick a different battery
pack into each of the dough 's, then an LED into each. The sugary side won 't light up, but the salty side will. Another way is to do the same dough
's and one battery pack, the same LED, then plug one wire of each into different dough 's. The light will work at half power, but it will still work. A
much more fun way it to stick a spinning motor into the dough 's and the battery packs, then stick some commercial Play–Dough onto the spinning side
of it. The play dough will spin unless the two dough 's are pressed together. This will short the circuit. Another way to learn about electricity is through
experimentation. (Energy Story) This can be fun, but it is more serious than play. One way to experiment with this is through solutions. By doing this
with

The Subatomic World of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
The Quantum Mechanics are weird, yet incredibly powerful theory of the subatomic world, in which everyday concepts to do with the forces and
motion are seen in a different perspective, as they do not longer apply in the same way. This calls for a new type of mechanics based on what scientists
call "quantum" rules.
Quantum mechanics are a very complicated matter that scientists don't fully understand yet; they are in charge of studying the smallest faces of our
world. The idea of quantum mechanics was developed in the 20th century by a German physicist Max Planck who introduced his constant, called
PlankВґs Constant (h=6.62606957Г—10–34 m2 kg/s), which is used to determinate the energy of a photon. When E=hv (v=frequency). Albert Einstein,
Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac and Werner Heisenberg later extended the theory in the 1920s.
Trying to explain quantum mechanics is like trying to explain how the universe was formed. There are different doctrines but again, none of them is
completely certain.
Although it was a tremendous success to the researchers no one really knows how or why it works. It makes prediction in the microscopic world that
go completely against our common sense. For example quantum mechanics state that an atom can be in more than 1 place at the same time until we
look at it, since then we force it to make a choice on where he is. Also assures that an atom is neither a particle nor a wave, it is both and neither at the
same time. All these weird

Femilab Controversy
Near the end of the competitive Space Race in the early 1970s, a Soviet institution joined forces with a young Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
to garner a greater understanding of the subatomic world. Tomorrow, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia turns 60 and is heralded
as a long–running Fermilab collaborator.
In 1972, JINR sent some of the first Russian scientists to Fermilab. Together, American and Russian scientists worked on the lab's first accelerator
system, using a Soviet–built hydrogen target for the hydrogen proton beam. It was the start of a lasting relationship between two formerly opposing
nations.
"After this initial collaboration, there were quite a few interested people going between the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sanctions initially reduced their productivity on the U.S. end of the R&D portion of the project, but now that some sanctions have loosened, some
Russian institutions can freely send a few of their scientists back to Fermilab.
Last year, Fermilab had 75 Russian scientists from 10 collaborating institutions on and off site for multiple experiments. There were several ups and
downs in the lab's history with Russia, but the low points never hindered each side's interests in pursuing science together.
"There are many Russian groups, especially at JINR, interested in neutrino physics," Baranov said. "Some of our scientists are also interested in
participating in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment."
Upcoming projects at Fermilab are working toward international inclusion. DUNE would be a project to boost and revitalize Russian participation once
more while also opening more doors for Russian institutions to work with other nations.
"We must think of our work as science without borders," Denisov said. "Science doesn't depend on politics that much, but it's beneficial to exchange
our cultures and views. Science brings us together, and it is the same here just as it is in

Self Reflection
"Mommy, why can't we catch the water?" I think that was one of my earliest questions about the world. It was sometime before kindergarten, maybe
even before preschool. A time when I didn't even know what science was, but I was thinking about it. About the what, the how, and the why. I knew
that I drank water, that I used it to wash my hands, and that it flowed. And yet I couldn't take it at face value– I was familiar with it, but did not
understand it. My first memory of curiosity, the first of many. I feel that, over the years, I've amassed a plethora of questions. Some were answered,
some I unraveled myself, and some I still hold unanswered. Especially in recent years, many have been followed by my classmates complaining "This
won't be on the test! Stop worrying!" If there was something I did not understand, I would reach out to anyone who could help me. A hunger for
explanation combined with an open–minded and wide–eyed view on the world made my interests volatile. I found myself hopping between topics, one
day reading about event horizons and singularities, the next day watching an animation on the photoelectric effect, and another day spent arguing with
friends about how evolution worked. Nearly anything that had an article written about it could have piqued my interest and inspired an investigation.
Of course I could not always absorb all the information some sources had to offer, between specialized jargon and some already complex ideas, but
just being aware that I

Dark Matter, By Fritz Zwicky
Dark Matter was first proposed by Fritz Zwicky in the 1930's when he observed the motions of galaxies and he noticed that the amount of visible
objects could not account for the observations he made. There had to be some "invisible" mass holding these galaxies together. It is known that 25%
of our universe is made up dark matter versus 4% of the visible matter we know and interact with every day. The leading candidates for dark matter
are MACHOs and WIMPS. Gravitational lensing is one of the ways we can infer the presence dark matter, since we cannot see it directly. With the
discovery of dark matter, the standard model of physics no longer answers all the questions. For that, we need another model, called supersymmetry.
Dark matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This didn't make any sense as we would expect orbits to be slower the further from the center they are located (The University of Texas McDonald
Observatory). With the discovery of dark matter, and discovering the "missing mass," the thought was that the universe would end in a "Big
Crunch." However, that is not the case because something else is causing the expansion of the universe at an accelerating rate, this is known as
Dark Energy. We've also been able to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation from the after effects of the big bang. The microwave
radiation tells us the composition of the universe, including that there must have been dark matter (Powell, 2013). The two leading culprits of dark
matter are MACHOs, or MAssive Compact Halo Objects, and WIMPS, or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (Newman, 2009). MACHOs are
baryonic matter, meaning they consist of protons and neutrons, which include black holes, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars (Newman, 2009). These
objects produce a phenomena known as gravitational lensing (Goldsmith). Gravitational lensing happens when objects, like a black hole, brown
dwarfs, or neutron star, pass in front of a star or a galaxy and cause light itself to bend. That is, from Earth we observe a black hole and directly
behind that is a galaxy, the light emitted from the galaxy gets bent around the black hole. There is almost a halo–like appearance around the black hole
due to the distortion of

Essay On Gas Sensor Technology
Gas sensor technology is very appreciating in industries and defense since it possesses high sensitivity in gas detection. The most important challenges
in transportable devices are sensitivity, selectivity, durability and low power consumption. To solve the selectivity problems, GBISs have been
introduced. These latter are able to identify unknown gas' ionization breakdown voltage. To reduce the breakdown voltage CNT–GBISs are employed
[6]– [12] while others studies used MWCNT with a reduction of 100–450V.Nevertheless, these CNT–GBISs are exposed to corona discharges which
lead to heat generation and may affect the gas ionization breakdown. For uniform fields, the breakdown characteristics are explained by Townsend's
criteria (equ 1) [1].... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus the objective of this paper is to overcome this limitation by providing a simple and low–cost fabrication. Nonorganic species ionization feature is
also required.
Freestanding nanowire arrays are good field ionization sources since they present high aspect ratio and density. The template–assisted electromechanical
method is an easy and costless technique but presents limitations as the incorporated nanowires arrays bundle or collapse during template removal. To
prevent this a PAA growth AuNWs were vertically aligned and embedded at a miniature cylindrical cell with a flat cathode. A number of tests gases
have been used to perform the field–ionization's tests with deviating low ionization threshold voltages (Vi) as results.
Literature review
Fig. 1(b) shows the electron tunneling into the valence band with an increase of the effective work function, and the expression of the critical distance
changes as shown by equation (3). The critical distance now depends on the amount of band bending whose expression is shown by equation (4). Even
with zero fields, authors [19],[24]–[27] have demonstrated that impurities and dangling bonds may impact the band bending potential. With an applied
field reduction of the band, bending is observed with a tunneling above the Fermi level even with an absence of inversion. [25] states that the critical
distance is controlled by the changing the Fermi level. Note that the small critical is yield by a

Analysis Of Popper On The Falsifiability Of String Theory
So, Francesca Vada A.December 3, 2015
2BIO–9PHLSCI
Popper on the Falsifiability of String Theory
Karl Popper is one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century believed that strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to
falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is
not a scientific theory.
Today, we are taught that inside an atom, there are protons and neutrons, which are made up of quarks.String theory said that what we thought as
indivisible particles are actually tiny vibrating strings. Nothing really mystical, but it is a really tiny string. During the 1980s, the idea caught on and
started a string band wagon. The great attraction of the string ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some scientists, supporting Popper, have suggested that these theories are non–scientific because they are not falsifiable. String theory says that, "in
certain regions of parameter space, ordinary particles behave as loops or segments of one–dimensional strings. The relevant parameter space might be
inaccessible to us, but it is part of the theory that cannot be avoided. In the cosmological theoretical reality, regions unlike our own are clearly apparent
there, even if we can't reach them." This is what distinguishes these theories from the approaches Popper was trying to classify as non–scientific.
Popper himself understood that theories should be falsifiable "in principle," but that modifier is often forgotten in contemporary discussions. It is
simple and it goes like this: if string theory and multiverse theories help us understand the world, they will grow in acceptance. However, if they prove
ultimately too difficult, or better theories come along, they will be

Advantages And Limits Of The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
"The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider"
The big science project "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider" is a particle accelerator that recreates the "big bang quark soup". In this essay I will
consider advantages and limitations of "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider" with regards to economical and social factors. I will argue that this
project is a waste of money due to the riskiness of it, the overall set budget, and the concept behind it. However, it also has its benefits such as,
providing more education and knowledge about our world, giving us unlimited possibilities to understand, and answers to our questions.
" This photo shows an experiment that was conducted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory creating a "fireball" of energy creating ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The energy area of these collisions will help answer the common question about our existence. This could be extremely helpful for the future coming
generations. This is because with what is already created and using possible future technology, the next generation could find the solution to a "new
world".
To conclude, "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider" is a waste of money for numerous reasons. However, despite the fact that it is a waste of money,
this project also has numerous benefits that help our society. Nonetheless, I believe that this project should be "shutdown" due to the unnecessary
reasons for having two particle accelerators

The Behavior and Study of Particles Essay
Particles are a very important part of this world. From the particles that make up all the humans in the world to the particles that make up the clothes
we wear. Particles define the world we live in and everything we know about it. From the behavior of particles, scientists can determine many things
about the world and the way it works. The simple definition of a particle is that it is a minute portion of matter. While not incorrect this answer lacks
complexity. As was previously stated, particles make up everything; but, they also make up even the most basic form of matter the atom. Protons,
neutrons, and electrons are all particles that make up an atom. Protons and neutrons themselves are made of individual particles called quarks. A... Show
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Mesons, made of quark pairs, are usually found in cosmic rays. Quarks combine to form charges of –1, 0, or +1. Quarks in Baryons and Mesons are
bound together by strong forces formed from the exchange of gluons. Much like how the electromagnetic force strength is determined by the amount of
electric charge, the strong force strength is determined by a new quantity called color charge. (abyss.uoregon.edu)
Quarks come in three colors, red, blue, and green. Although the implication is that quarks are colored, these terms are not meant to indicate a
particular hue but instead describe the color of the charge of the quark. So, unlike electromagnetic charges which come in two types (positive and
negative or north and south), color charge in quarks comes in three types. Color charge also has its anti–particle nature. So there is anti–red, anti–blue
and anti–green. Gluons serve to act as the carrier of the color when they interact with quarks. Baryons and mesons must have a mix of colors such that
the result is white. For example, red, blue, and green make white. Also red and anti–red make white. (abyss.uoregon.edu)
There can exist no free quarks; meaning no quarks can exist on their own. All quarks must be bound to another quark or antiquark by the exchange of
gluons. This is called quark confinement. The exchange of gluons produces a color force field, referring to the assignment of color charge to quarks,
similar to electric charge. The

Fundamental Fury Essay
Fundamental Fury is one of the most thrilling and breathtaking rides you will ever experience. Anyone who loves a fast roller coaster will be sure to
love Fundamental Fury. In contrast to most coasters, Fundamental Fury has a fast, technologically advanced, hydraulic launch at the beginning of the
ride, accelerating the coaster to over 250 km/h in a time of just 5 seconds. Fundamental Fury is themed to fundamental particles and how violent they
can be when they interact with each other. During the ride, the coaster trains pass very close to other sections of the track, further emphasizing the
extreme and thrilling nature of the ride. Foliage surrounding the ride is mainly comprised of tall and dense evergreen trees. Contrary to most roller...
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Although fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, make up everything in the entire universe, they are of little knowledge to the public.
Absence of public recognition and interest is one of the major reasons Fundamental Fury is themed the way it is. Color is a scientific term used to
describe different types of subatomic particles, and Fundamental Fury incorporates this concept into the color of the roller coaster tracks. The launch
track is colored a bright cyan, while the rest of the roller coaster is colored a vibrant purple chroma. Dense evergreen trees surround many elements of
the ride, providing a beautiful backdrop that contrasts nicely with the ride. Onlookers can watch the roller coaster train appear and disappear as it
weaves through the frondescence. Since evergreen trees are naturally very thick, they act as excellent sound barriers, sparing nearby people from the
roar of the hydraulic launch. Walkways adjacent to Fundamental Fury have large displays showcasing what the ride experience is like, along with fun
facts about science and fundamental particles. A number of science related booths surround the ride, significantly enriching the ride experience for
anyone interested in how and why things

Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Fluidized Bed Reactor
Applying a coating to small particles can be done in a fluidized bed reactor [1]. The advantages and disadvantages of fluidized bed reactors are given
by Kunii and Levenspiel [1] with themain advantages being:
Easily controlled operating due to liquid like behavior of particles.
High mass and heat transfer between gas phase and particles.
Fast mixing, which leads to resistance against rapid changes, making the process safer.
Coating of particles can be done on two different scales. On the nanoscale it can be done by Atomic Layer
Deposition (ALD), applying mono atomic layers of coating to the particles, and on a larger scale by Molecular
Layer Deposition (MLD), where thicker layers of coating are applied per cycle. ALD uses sequential, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research on capillary bridges has been done in the past, but was mainly focussed on the stationary situation, instead of the dynamics of the formation.
Expressions for the different forces have been derived for different cases: between two spheres of equal radius [6], between spheres of unequal radius
[4, 7], between a sphere and plate [4, 6, 8–11], for a sphere in direct contact with a flat plate [12–16], between a cone and a plate
[9] and between a cylinder and a plate [9]. Also the shape of capillary bridges is described for different geometries of the particles: between two
spheres [4, 6, 7, 17], between sphere and plate [4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19], between cone and plate [4], between two cones [4] and between a cylinder
and a plate [4]. An overview of their results is given in Appendix B.
This project will focus on the dynamics of capillary bridge formation and breakup in order to obtain a better understanding of the time scales relevant
to capillary bridges. Particles in a fluidized bed that are clustered in agglomerates, and particularly the areas covered by capillary bridges, will have a
different exposure to the reactor conditions than the remaining particle surface, possibly causing a difference in coating

The Discovery Of The Higgs Boson
The universe is weird. Its positively maddening how, despite knowing so much, we humans only know four percent of all the knowable stuff the
universe has to tell. New discoveries are being made every day about multitudes of subjects. Cures for diseases, new background into the first
organisms to inhabit the planet, and new advances in personal technology occur so often that it may be difficult to be shocked by the world around
us. However every so often a discovery is made, and an experiment goes perfectly right. The discovery of the Higgs Boson is that experiment. Well,
metaphorically speaking it is. The universe and science lend themselves well to hyperbole however the truth is never so simple. The Higgs Boson is the
fundamental particle that gives everything mass. The standard model of physics depends on the Higgs Bosons ' existence. The Standard Model is an
explanation for how the building blocks of the universe interact with matter(CERN Accelerating Science, The Standard Model). According to the
Standard Model, All matter is made of elementary particles. Elementary particles are the building blocks of matter and are separated into two groups,
Leptons and Quarks. Both Leptons and Quarks contain groups and generations. The groups, containing six particles each, are related in pairs known as
generations. Quark generations are broken up in three pairs. Up and Down Quark, Charm and Strange Quark, and Top and Bottom Quark. Leptons are
also grouped in three generations.

Examples Of Disagree
Agree or Disagree (and why)? What is real only includes what I can see, smell, taste, touch, or hear. It is made from the things we call physical
substances, or matter, including the atomic and sub–atomic (however, can we see or touch these?).
I disagree with the statement. Reality has a broader meaning that includes very many of our inferences. For instance, we observe (indirectly) or
discover subatomic particles, and conduct experiments on them, which leads to revised versions of The Standard Model of Pparticle Physics.
Professor Pecorino defines reality in the following way: "the total sum of all things that exist and are experienced no matter what or where they are.
These would be real things meaning as opposed to imaginary or illusory." ("Chapter 4: Metaphysics, Section 1", 2015).
Agree or Disagree (and why)?: What is real includes material objects, but also that which I value as significant, precious, or worth living and dying
for such as freedom, love, justice. NOTE: Use materials from Pecorino (2000) also.
I agree. Concepts like freedom, love, justice, fairness, are labels and names we give to our observations, desires, thoughts, and conclusions in relation to
our physical reality and elements that it entails. We compare and contrast the rewards and punishments, how things could be with how thing really are,
how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We perceive the color black, we understand what a hole is, and we contemplate on theidea of a black hole and the idea of a black hole with dancing
giraffes around it. In the former case, mathematics in combination with facts and our imagination have led us to discover an abstract idea that we later
discovered in the real world, and in the latter we discovered that the abstract idea of dancing giraffes around a black hole don't manifest in the real

Mix Culture Streak Plate Kitchen Lab Microbiology Essay
Introduction–
The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isolation of individual species of particles from the mixed culture. This is completed through the isolation
technique of streak plate. The objective of this experiment is to replicate the technique of streak plate but on a much larger scale. Because it is on a
larger scale the particles are able to be visually observed as they are isolated using the streaking technique as the experiment is conducted. The benefits
of the streaking technique is when a cultures has multiple species they are able to be more easily identified once they have been isolated. This
experiment is much like the experiments completed on an agar plate but on one a much larger scale and where techniques ... Show more content on
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The particles were even more narrowed down in this final streak allowing for further separation of each individual particle. The streaking utensil was
cleaned using the particle remover and returned to the utensil storage area. And the other items collected for this lab were cleaned and returned to their
storage areas.
Results–
The particles that were collected for the lab were very concentrated prior to being mixed into the medium. Once the particles where mixed into the
medium they was a decreased in their concentration as the medium allowed for separation by filling the spaces between them. Once the first streak
was made it was slightly less concentrated and this allowed for the particles to be spread out over the surface. The concentration of particles that
were spread with each streak continued to decrease. In the final streak, as seen in picture 7, the particles were separated almost to the point of being
able to individually identify each color of particle. Much as the same results that you might see with a mixed culture that was completed in a lab and
final results reviewed under a microscope.
Discussion–
The conclusion that was made from this experiment was that as the streaking is completed the consistency as well as the concentration degrees
allowing for a more accurate identification of the individual particles. The results lead me to this conclusion because as the streaks were completed the

Gauge Bosons : Fundamental Interactions And Their Evolution
Gauge Bosons: Fundamental Interactions And Their Evolution
Ray Sahab, Harpreet Kaur, Manish Rawat, Kanishka Kumar Singh
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee– 247667
Abstract
In this paper, we study the four fundamental interactions, namely electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravity separately along with its corresponding
gauge boson; the theories of the four fundamental interactions and their evolution was studied carefully. We constrain ourselves to study the only part
of the theories which deal with the force carriers and do so in such a manner that anyone with elementary knowledge mathematics and physics could
understand what is being discussed in the paper.
Introduction
Through the research and studies of various people over the decades we now know what gauge bosons are and what their role is for fundamental
interactions at quantum level. Through this paper we strive to bring to the general populace, what the fundamental forces in the nature are and the
theories of those forces whose evolution tries to coalesce the forces, leaving only one force and one theory to use in the end, one fundamental interaction
and one theory to describe it all, "The Theory Of Everything".
Fundamental Interaction
Fundamental Interactions are the four forces in nature which can describe any and all other phenomenons in known universe. They are the four
fundamental interactions which hold together the universe and ensures it continued existence. Any force

Nuclear Physics Of The Society Development
Nuclear physics in the society development
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions. The most commonly known application of
nuclear physics is nuclear power generation, but the research has led to applications in many fields, including nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance
imaging, nuclear weapons, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Nuclear physics has a lot of
importance in general society development. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937): Known as the father of nuclear physics, the New Zealand–born scientist
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 'for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive
substances '. Nuclear Physics as we know it today is almost a hundred years old. In 2009, we celebrate the centenary of the publication of the results of
the Geiger–Marsden (or gold–foil) experiment performed at the University of Manchester. Nuclear Physics positively influences our daily lives. There
are many benefits to nuclear physics, these benefits take many forms. When done properly it can encourage interest, develop support for the research.
From fighting cancer to assuring safety of food, to protecting our borders, nuclear physics impacts the lives of everyone around the world every day.
These applications include devices and technologies for medical diagnostics and therapy, energy production

Can Science Prove the Creation of the Universe? Essay
If someone could tell you the answer to how it all began, how our world was created, why we exist, would you want to know? Modern Science has
made some pretty impressive discoveries about our universe. As stated by George Smoot, a cosmologist at the University of California at Berkeley
and winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in physics, "I think we all know where we came from and how we fit into the world, but some of us need to
know how it all works in great detail." While some people believe testing these theories is a trial of faith, there are others who know that discovering
how the universe was created is within arm's length. According to most religions, the universe and everything in it were created by God, but, on the
other hand,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Higgs, in an interview given by Ian Sample who writes for the British magazine The Guardian, this particle is believed to give everything
mass, it is how the universe holds itself together, and evidence of the Higgs boson would validate what we believe about the Big Bang theory and
how the universe was created. Sample also describes how the Higgs theory explains how particles cling to a new type of field, dragging on them
and making them heavy. Sample also quotes Higgs as saying "some particles can go right through the field while others are 'sticky' and get heavy
when in the field." Before this discovery, science just accepted that things have different masses, never really understanding why, but
understanding when the basic building blocks are broken down, atoms weigh nothing, and it's almost as if they disappear in front of our very eyes
(Sample). This field is said to have played an important role in the creation of the universe and is the reason that evidence of the Higgs boson will
validate the Big Bang theory. When matter is broken down it becomes even smaller, going from molecules to atoms to quarks and mass appears to
vanish (Sample). The Higgs field shows that at the very beginning of the universe, the smallest building blocks of nature were truly weightless, but a
fraction of a second later, when the fireball from the big bang cooled, it became full of mass (Sample). In theory particles weigh

Nt1310 Unit 1 Research Paper
Question 3
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces, as well as classifying all the subatomic
particles known. It was developed as a collaborative effort of scientists around the world during the latter half of the 20th century. Because of its
success in explaining wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is often referred to as a "theory of almost everything". Although the
Standard Model is quite consistent, it does not address some profound questions about the nature of the universe and it does leave some phenomena
unexplained. One of these phenomena that the Standard Model doesn't explain is gravity. (CERN, 2015)
Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015). Extra dimensions, graviton and tiny black holes. Retrieved 8 13, 2015, from CERN: home.web.cern.ch
CERN. (2015). Supersymmetry. Retrieved 8 11, 2015, from CERN: home.web.cern.ch
CERN. (2015). The early universe. Retrieved 8 11, 2015, from CERN: home.web.cern.ch
CERN. (2015). The Standard Model. Retrieved 8 13, 2015, from CERN: home.web.cern.ch
Heile, F. (2014). The Big Bang: Where did the first atoms come from? Retrieved from Quora: http://www.quora.com/The–Big–Bang
/Where–did–the–first–atoms–come–from
Johnson, E. D. (2013). Problems with the Standard Model. Retrieved 8 11, 2015, from Physics: ffden–2.phys.uaf.edu
Krause, C. (2015). Unifying General Relativity and the Standard Model. Retrieved 8 12, 2015, from The Faith of a Heretic: krauselabs.net
NASA. (2013). What is gravity really? Retrieved 8 16, 2015, from Nasa: spaceplace.nasa.gov
Nave, R. (2014). Unification of Gravity . Retrieved 8 10, 2015, from Hyperphysics: hyperphysics.phy–astr.gsu.edu
Quevedo, F. (2010). Cambridge Lectures on Supersymmetry and Extra Dimensions . Cambridge : University of Cambridge.
Whitney, C. (2014, 3 17). Nasa Technology Views Birth of the Universe . Retrieved 8 15, 2015, from NASA:

Reflection Paper
From the early moments of my childhood, I remember seeing my parents go to Russian Orthodox Church a lot. They would explain to my
younger brother and me what was right and what was wrong from the religious perspective. On my 4th birthday, my grandma gave me the Bible
for kids as a present, and I remember my mom reading it to me before going to bed. Back then it was just another interesting story that happened
somewhere very far away. And yet mom would always find a way to tell these stories in such a manner so they translated really well into the
reality we were living in. The more I grew up the more I realized that there was something missing in the big picture of my understanding of the
world. I saw a lot of suffering that was happening everywhere, death, natural disasters, and I thought there must be a reason for all of it. Otherwise,
the God does not care about any of us. I started to look for the answers everywhere: in the philosophical and religious books, movies, wise counsel
from the people who lived a long life. I could not find the truth in church because the whole purpose of its existence with all its rules and
restrictions, its idea of God who is something or someone out there, separate from us, and the only being that knows all the answers, was totally
alien to me; mainly so due to my unwillingness to accept the fact of transferring all the responsibility for everything one does to someone else. I
believed it to be a weakness to acknowledge one's bad thoughts and deeds as something natural, as an external influence of the evil spirits. For me, it
sounded like people who agreed with this concept simply wanted to escape the punishment for what they had done, choose an easy way out.
One day one of my friends gave me a book about Buddhism. I did not know a lot about this religion back then so I accepted the book with an intention
to read it out of pure curiosity. I found that a lot of concepts of Buddha's teachings are very similar to those that we have in the Bible. However, there
were significant differences that made me look at my whole life from a completely different angle; for example, the notion that all our suffering comes
from within us not without. I had never thought about this before.

Personal Narrative Essay: Breast Cancer
Sun of Happiness
At the age of eleven, I thought the world was full of candy and rainbows. But then, a big event happened in my life. It is a moment that will never be
forgotten. As the event is full of burden in a despondent way, I realized but bad things will and can come your way, but you have to remain positive.
After a short ten–minute walk home from school, when I finally arrived at my house, I flopped onto the couch. It was a Friday afternoon, and I was
ready for the football game that night, and for the weekend to begin. My mom was sitting on the couch across from me and asked me how my day at
school was. I described to her what had happened that day, and the stuff we did in my classes. As we get done talking about school, she inquired...
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It felt really good to know that we have good people like them coming to support us. Throughout the whole experience, everyone was very
understanding and sweet to our family.
I could see my mom in tough pain, but she was still managing to be strong. I can see her hidden smile, knowing that she was going to be okay. She
went into detail with me about having a positive attitude.
"10% is how happens, 90% is how you react," my mom implied smiling.
After the surgery and resting time my mom had, she then had gotten the news she could now do radiation. Radiation is the emission of energy as
electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high–energy particles that cause ionization. Basically, doctors go in and insert
tubes into your body, and make sure the cancer is fully gone.
Every day, my mom would drive to the hospital, and get her radiation in the mornings. As this went on for about two weeks, the doctors were very
sweet. They helped my mom in so many ways, we are thankful to have them help my mom.
On October 10th, 2014, we finally found out that my mom was Breast Cancer free. We were very thankful, and couldn't be happier. We were very
grateful to have friends and family stick with us throughout the

Early Universe Research Paper
The difference and similarity that were found between a negative muon and electron was that:
Difference
The electron was found to have less mass (or rest energy) then the negative muon.
Similarities
They are both found to be fundamental particles, meaning that they are either a lepton or they are both negative.
Yet to be scanned. The EarlyUniverse and the Standard Model (**)
The Early Universe
Throughout the very first moments to have existed in the universe, was the big bang. Before this the universe was extremely hot and dense. As the
universe began to cool, circumstances changed just as the building blocks of matter being the quarks and electrons of which we are all made, began to
arise. Within a few millionths of a second later,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the fundamental singularities that are not clarified are gravity, dark matter and dark energy, neutrino masses, and matter anti–matter symmetry.
Throughout the standard model, it refers to the ideas of hypothetical applications that are required to explain the insufficiencies of the standard model.
This includes the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and also the origins of mass. Another error that may lie within the standard model is the
inconsistencies and mathematics that lie within the model itself. The standard model is majorly inconsistent just like the theory of general relativity,
they both interrupted by the conditions of other aspects revolving around these ideas, such as the Big Bang and black hole horizons. Despite the
standard model being one of the most successful and practical theories of particle physics, it is however not perfect.
The string theory is a hypothetical application, which is used around particle physics and is replaced by a one dimensional object being the 'string'.
Throughout the meanings of this theory explains how the 'strings' transmits through the space, and interacts with each other. Throughout certain
distances, the scales can appear to be much larger than the string scale. The appearance of the particle is just that its looks like a standard particle. The
string theory is proven to be a theory of quantum

The Basic Ideas Of The Science Of Mind
Practical Philosophy
"However, today we find increasing numbers of scientific men emerging from that age of materialism. This is due to the fact that modern science has
not theoretically been able to resolve the material universe into purely mechanical energy, but has discovered that the smallest particles which it
supposes to exist exercise a sort of volition, which of course leaves room for freedom. Once you establish freedom and volition as an operating factor
in connection with the energy which becomes form, then you have established a universe of consciousness. And once you establish a universe of
consciousness you establish the possibility of communion, and arrive at a logical basis for faith, prayer, the religious and the mystical life."
The Basic Ideas of the Science of Mind, pg. 91
The fact that science has not yet been able to attribute the existence of the material universe to a purely mechanical energy, does not mean that it
won't be able to. In fact, since the late 1950s, when Holmes wrote about this, most scientists have come to believe that they have in fact, theoretically
resolved everything to a mechanical and mathematically verifiable principle of motion. We may still ask What (or Who) set things in motion, but
such a question brings the discussion out of the realm of science into the speculative disciplines of philosophy and religion. It is like asking why of
that which simply is and does. It is a fair question, but not one that can be answered by

What Is Holmes Argument Of Intensity?
However, the observation that extremely small particles exercise a "sort of volition, which of course leaves room for freedom" makes too great a
claim. This "sort of'' volition that Holmes refers to, is that which is described as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. There is some uncertainty as to
where a particle is when we are measuring how fast it is moving; and there is uncertainty about how fast a particle is moving when we are measuring
where it is. Nevertheless, that uncertainty is not due to any supposed volition or an innate ability to defy our prediction. It is due to the limits of our
ability to observe and measure the particle in motion. We tend to understand things by relating to them. We attribute our own qualities to

Does God Exist? C. S. Lewis
Does God Exist?C. S. Lewis once remarked that God is not the sort of thing one can be moderately interested in. After all, if God does not exist,
there is no reason to be interested in God at all. On the other hand, if God does exist, then this is of paramount interest, and our ultimate concern
ought to be how to be properly related to this being upon whom we depend moment by moment for our very existence. The official motto of the
United States and the currency in America is inscribed stating "In God We Trust. If this is true then there must be some existence of GOD in order for
our great Constitution to be established. Critics have always questioned the existence of God or a supreme being and several advocates of separation of
church... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Kevin Nelson, a neuroscientist and the author of "The Spiritual Doorway in the Brain," adults often have a sense of looking back over
a life; young children, lacking that perspective, tend to report "castles and rainbows, often populated with pets, wizards, guardian angels, and like
adults, they see relatives and religious figures, too." It's hard to convey to anyone who grew up without the idea of God just how fully the language,
stories and "logic" of the Bible can dominate a young mind, even perhaps especially the mind of a toddler (Nelson, The Spiritual Doorway in the
Brain"20–21.) There have been various accounts taken over the years regarding near death or life after death experiences. A known account of this
situation is taken from Colton Burpo, in which a bestseller book published in 2010 and motion picture released in 2014 known as "Heaven is for Real"
is based on. In 2003 three year–old Colton claimed to have visited Heaven during a near death experience where an emergency surgery was performed
on him to save his life. Colton recounts the details of his amazing journey with childlike innocence and speaks about things that happened before his
birth... things he could not possibly know. The next is the story of Dr. Eben Alexander, who is a proclaimed neurosurgeon and writer coming from a
lineage of scholars and medical doctors. He

A Layer Of Reality
A LAYER OF REALITY
"What happened?" wheezed Ali.
"Come with me." Answered Youssef leaning against the wall beside the elevator. His forehead was sweating. And his whole body was shaking.
"Is it about our quantum computer?" Said Ali seriously.
"Yes." whispered Youssef.
The elevator that down them to the laboratory was ghost–quiet until the door opening sound start. After they got off the elevator, Ali received a
message on his phone.
Youssef took a deep breath and asked Ali to read the message.
After reading the message, Ali said "that cannot be true. Of course, it is a joke."
Youssef sighed "Did it explodes?" .
"What?" Said Ali "is it true?".
Youssef did not answer. Then they entered the laboratory "Tell me what happened?" Asked Ali while sitting on the chair opposite to Youssef.
"I was afraid of tomorrow's Conference," Said Youssef "so I wanted to experiment the computer one last time.".
Youssef thought that Ali would shout at him how he could do anything without informing him. Youssef know how much Ali loves that computer.
However, Ali didn 't say anything.

"Last week a team of physicists discovered the salkinao," Said Youssef "the building block of theuniverse". "I heard about that" Ali said nervously.
"So I built a video game that simulates the salkinao?" Youssef whisper.
"Why would you do that?" Asked Ali.
"Wondered how many salkinao will slow down the computer." Said Youssef "So I made a

The Standard Model Of Particle Physics
We all live in a complex universe and human is curious about by nature. What is the world made of? This is an enormous progress era that allows
humans to find some answers to their curiosity. And string theory is the recent attempt of humans to answer this curiosity. Our basic science would
explain to us that the world is made of matter. This ordinary matter is made of atoms which is composed of the basic components, electrons which are
around the nucleus,a nucleus that is composed of neutrons and protons and both contain smaller particles known as quarks. The Standard Model of
particle physics teaches us the subatomic composition of the universe. It tells the fundamental building blocks which out of this is what the world is
made of and the forces in which these blocks interact. The basic building blocks include the six quarks and their other six are leptons. As far as we
remember, the four fundamental forces that are present in the universe are gravity, weak nuclear forces, strong nuclear force, and electromagnesim.
All the behavior relating to particles and forces is described by the Standard Model but except gravity. It seems hard to prove and describe this force
in microscopic forms. Over the years, it seems hard to formulate the quantum theory of gravity. In the attempt to describe the microscopic theory of
gravity, the string theory emerged. The they attempt to complete, unify and give a consistent description of the fundamental structure of the universe.
This

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov And The Cherenkov Effect

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