Patient Self Testing Monitor Name Research

CheckPoint® Modifier Brand Name
Global Market Research Results
1

Sample: FinalNameMarketResearch
PatientSelfTestingMonitor
SAMPLESANITZEDREPORT

2

Table of Contents
Global Market Research……………………………………………………… 3
Final Rankings……..…………………………………………………………. 35
Appendix ………………………..……………………………………………..114
(Linguistic Analysis: Terms Defined)

CheckPoint Modifier Name:
Global Market Research
3

Market Research Validation: Overview
4

Our team interviewed 180 individuals to understand how the CheckPoint brand
extension name candidates would be received. All interviewees were intimately
familiar with the device market and the key market players. Interviewees were
presented with the name candidates individually and were questioned about initial
thoughts and feelings for each name candidate.
Viant Stylus SureTrac
Neo Solix Contaq
Veo Vantus Sigma
Opus Eon
Altra Assure
Names Tested:


Market Research Name Validation US JAPAC EU5
EUO
(Other) LATAM OVERALL
Cardiologist 10 5 10 5 5 35
Internist 10 5 10 5 5 35
Nurses 15 5 15 5 5 45
Patients 15 5 10 5 5 40
Pharmacists 5 5 5 5 5 25
TOTAL 55 25 50 25 25 180
Market Research:
Respondent Global Segmentation
EU5
EU5 refers to
Germany,
Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Spain and
Denmark.
5

1
US
LATAM
25
25
JAPAC
Europe
GeographicalBreakdown
Total Number of Respondents: 180!
6

55 50
25

Market Research:
Respondent Global Segmentation
Occupational Break Down
7

Linguistic Analysis Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Scriptability 84 86 96 91 87 82 87 77 84 92 80 84 86
Aural Comprehensibility 89 87 92 87 86 81 92 83 84 91 90 88 80
Visual Aesthetics 94 90 90 84 92 93 85 92 92 88 85 86 91
Syllabic Balance 89 84 96 89 90 86 89 84 90 90 91 82 91
Phonetic Viability 91 79 89 88 89 84 90 90 90 91 89 79 87
Evocative Semantics 96 89 97 87 89 97 86 94 96 88 78 80 96
Durability & Longevity 97 83 90 84 83 88 91 85 89 82 83 89 92
Ease of Pronunciation 87 90 95 90 90 83 89 78 80 92 88 88 88
Gender Properties 93 86 90 86 89 87 85 85 88 86 84 85 90
Phonemic Simplicity 89 86 95 90 93 79 81 82 89 92 87 86 87
Quantitative Score/100 909 860 930 876 888 860 875 850 882 892 855 847 888
Linguistic ScoreCard Analysis - Final Name Candidates
8

Brand Acumen’s Proto-Linguistic Analysis ReLAA™, Brand Acumen’s Relational
Linguistics Algorithmic Analysis program serves
as a predictive FMEA tool for naming.
Borrowing elements of forensic phonetic
science, this tool allows us to model 217
languages and over 5900 dialects for each
name candidate.
.
Includes
ReLAA™
Forthcoming change in DMEPA
naming guidance (2016-2017) will
most likely include regionalism and
dialectical language analysis
requirements

Internal Brand Acumen Analysis

Ranking Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
1st 17 20 12 11 12 12 9 10 26 19 11 12 9
2nd 19 16 14 17 10 11 4 8 20 19 15 11 16
3rd 16 18 17 18 26 8 13 15 11 10 9 8 11
Ranking:
“Please rank your top three name candidates”:
9

Global Field Market Research Study

Ranking:
10

High ScoreLow Score
GlobalFieldMarketResearchStudy

Ranking:
11

Low Score High Score

Ranking:
12

High ScoreLow Score

Fit To Concept Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 7.7 8.1 8.3 7.4 7.8 6.9 6.2 6.4 7.5 8.3 7.4 7.8 6.2
Fit To Concept:
“With a score of 10 being the best (highest score) and 1 being the worst
(lowest score) how well does the name ﬁt the concept?”
13

Fit To Concept:
14


Self Testing
Monitor
Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 8.5 7.9 8.2 7.2 5.7 6.4 5.9 6.8 7 8.4 7.9 8.6 6.8
Self Testing Monitor:
“With a score of 10 being the best (highest score) and 1 being the worst (lowest
score) how well does this name candidate deﬁne itself as a self-testing monitor?”
15

Self Testing Monitor:
16

High ScoreLow Score

Accuracy and
Precision
Average 1-10
scoring 9.1 8.4 8 6.8 7.1 8.4 5.9 7.7 8.4 7.7 9.1 8.5 6.3
Accuracy and Precision:
score) how well does this name connote accuracy and precision?”
17

Accuracy and Precision:
18


Freedom To Test
On Your Terms
Average 1-10
scoring 7.6 8.8 8.6 8.3 7.3 8.5 5.7 7.1 8 7.9 6.9 7.6 6.6
Freedom To Test On Your Own Terms:
score) how well does this name suggests that the monitor empowers the patient
the freedom to test on their own terms?”
19

Freedom To Test On Your Own Terms:
20

High ScoreLow Score

Ease of
Pronunciation
Average 1-10
scoring 7.2 9.2 9.4 9.2 8.4 7.1 8.5 6.5 6.9 9.5 8.9 9.4 7.7
Ease Of Pronunciation:
“With a score of 10 being the best (easiest) and 1 being the worst (lowest score)
how easy is the name to pronounce?”
21

Ease Of Pronunciation:
22


Ease of Use Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 8 8.9 8.2 8.8 6.7 7.5 6.6 7.3 7.9 8.2 9 9.1 6.5
Ease Of Use:
score) how well does this name connote easy to use?”
23

Ease Of Use:
24

High ScoreLow Score

Connected Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 6.8 7.1 8.9 6.8 7.5 8.4 5.7 9.2 8.6 8.9 8.2 7 5.8
Connected:
“With a score of 10 being the best (highest score) and 1 being the worst (lowest score)
how well does this name infer that this monitor offers Bluetooth connectivity?”
25

Connected:
26


State of the Art Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 8.8 7.3 9.2 8.2 8.5 8.4 6.8 6.9 8.5 9 7.3 7.8 8.6
State of the Art:
score) how well does this name associate itself with state of the art?”
27

State of the Art:
28

High ScoreLow Score

Speed Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 6.8 7.2 8.5 6.7 7.5 8.6 5.8 7.9 7.6 8 7.4 7.6 6.3
Speed:
score) how well does this name candidate suggest that it provides results quickly
and effectively?”
29

Speed:
30


Confidence Viant Stylus Veo Opus Eon Altra Sigma Contaq Vantus Neo SureTrac Assure Solix
Average 1-10
scoring 8.8 7.4 7.8 8.6 7.1 8.6 6.5 7.3 8.6 8.6 9.1 8.8 7.5
Conﬁdence:
score) how well does this name candidate give you the conﬁdence in its
capabilities?”
31

Conﬁdence:
32


CheckPoint
Alignment
Average 1-10
scoring 8.8 9.4 9.5 8.6 7.1 7.5 7.2 8.1 6.3 8.8 7.7 8.3 7.6
CheckPoint Alignment:
score) how well does this name candidate look and sound when placed after the
CheckPoint name?”
33

CheckPoint Alignment:
34

High ScoreLow Score

2
A play on the other selected name candidate ‘Neo’, this name also
suggests newness and creativity, however the letter “V” signals
effectiveness, precision and accuracy while maintaining the energy of
“neo’ with a distinctive three letter morpheme. This neologism also
scores well for recognition and recall.
Veo
Scriptability Syllabic
Balance
96
Veo
37

Scriptability
Aural Comprehensibility
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Durability & Longevity
Ease of Pronunciation
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
96
92
90
96
89
97
90
95
90
95
930
96
Short word that can be scripted without
a lift of the pen, other than the accent
mark, but the end of the scripted “o”
leaves applicant in an upward position to
prepare for this.
Orthographically unbalanced, but evenly
balanced in sound quality of the two
syllables.

3
Veo

Movement
Propulsion
Sounds like an aeronautical term
Forward
Distant
Heavenly body
To place before
To pass through
Newness
Cool word, has a very Technological feel to it
En route
Directional
In relation to some reference
Point
View
Veo
Qualitative Messaging
Associations+Connotations
External Market Research When you think of this name, what associations
and connotations come to mind?

39

Total Possible Score = 1000
Linguistic Analysis Veo
Scriptability 96
Aural Comprehensibility 92
Visual Aesthetics 90
Syllabic Balance 96
Phonetic Viability 89
Evocative Semantics 97
Durability & Longevity 90
Ease of Pronunciation 95
Gender Properties 90
Phonemic Simplicity 95
TOTAL 860
Veo
Internal Analysis: Global Linguistics
AccuBrand™ Scoring
0-100 scale with 0 being the lowest score and 100 the highest score

40

Veo
Veo
High ScoreLow Score

41

Veo
Veo
High ScoreLow Score

2
This neologism connotes strength and leadership borrowing from
embedded messaging of viability, vitality and giant. Reliability and
superior performance attributes can be leveraged in the positioning
and the name’s alignment with CheckPoint or as a stand alone brand
is strong.
Viant
Durability &
Longevity
Evocative
Semantics
96
Viant
43

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
84
89
93
89
91
96
97
87
93
89
908
97
Unique in the category, but strong asso-
ciations align with similar attributes in the
patient setting, increasing durability.
Strong association to “viable”, providing
strength and leadership. The idea of
being “in good hands”..

3
Viant

Viable
Viability
Vitality
Transferable
Ease of movement
A giant?
Sounds more like an ophthalmic product
Inevitable
Sustainable
Trustworthy
Full of life
Practical
Achievement
Applicable to the description
Within reach
Necessary
Reliable
Accuracy
Precise
Viant

45

Linguistic Analysis Viant
Scriptability 84
Syllabic Balance 89
TOTAL 908
Viant

46

Viant
Viant
Low Score

47

Viant
Viant

2
Three letter, short quick morpheme connotes newness, fresh and a
next generation offering. Neo is a prefix for the Greek word “young”
and has been associated with innovation, creativity and design.
Neo
Scriptability Phonemic
Simplicity
92
Neo
49

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
92
91
88
90
91
88
82
92
86
92
892
92
Short and easily scriptable; quick break
between the “N” and the “e” adds
marginal difficulty.
All phonemic parts flow seamlessly into
each other, and word break does not
affect.

3
Neo

Modern
New
In Vogue
The latest offering of something
Just came out
Mint condition
Up and coming
Expensive
Next generation
Futuristic
Contemporary
Current
Up to date
Neo

51

Linguistic Analysis Neo
Scriptability 92
Syllabic Balance 90
TOTAL 892
Neo

52

Neo
Neo

53

Neo
Neo

2
This current usage word has connotations of futuristic, longevity and
innovation. The three letters score well for brand recognition and
interestingly, this word uses the same three letters as another
preferred name candidate tested, ‘Neo.’ The longevity connotation
can play well in the postioning strategy suggesting that the device
can help a patient extend life with careful monitoring.
Eon
Phonemic
Simplicity
Visual
Aesthetics
92
Eon
55

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
87
86
92
90
89
89
83
90
89
93
888
93
All phonemic parts ﬂow seamlessly into
each other, and word break does not
aﬀect.
Attention grabbing because of its
three letters and how that scores well
with brand recognition.

3
Eon

Forever
Star
Years on end
Generational
Very long time
Supernatural being
Geological time element
A cycle of things
A defined period of time
Everlasting
Longevity
Without stopping
For evermore
Continuous
Ad infinitum
On and on
For the ages
Era
Eon

57

Linguistic Analysis Eon
Scriptability 87
Syllabic Balance 90
TOTAL 888
Eon

58

Eon
Eon
High ScoreLow Score

59

Eon
Eon

2
This created name borrows from the association of solar, or sun.
The sun carries strong associations of being at the center, the core,
being central to the universe. The ‘X’ at the end connotes efficacy,
newness and efficiency. The “X” also creates an aura of a next
generation meter, one which possesses the latest innovation and
technological advances available.
Solix
Evocative
Semantics
Durability &
Longevity
92
Solix
61

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
86
80
91
91
87
96
92
88
90
87
888
96
Themes of centered, eﬃcacy, next
generation, very powerful
associations.
Name that triples as common usage,
personality brand, and neologism.
Speaks to the future of transformational
technology.

3
Solix

Solar
Zodiac
Brilliant
Atomic power
Sun
Planetary
Shooting star
Central
First
Original word
Documenting
Stellar
Astronomical
Circuits
An air conditioner?
At the center of things
Solar helix?
Solo or singular
Solix

63

Linguistic Analysis Solix
Scriptability 86
Syllabic Balance 91
TOTAL 888
Solix

64

Solix
Solix
High ScoreLow Score

65

Solix
Solix

2
This neologism has strong associations with the words ‘advantage’,
‘superiority’, ‘utility’ and ‘usefulness’. The letter ‘V’ works particularly
well with associations of calibration, accuracy and precision, yet still
portrays a future innovation. The ‘us’ suffix is distinctive and unique,
while the etymology reference suggests Greek mythology.
Vantus
Evocative
Semantics
Visual
Aesthetics
92
Vantus
67

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
84
84
92
90
90
96
89
80
88
89
882
96
Strong association to “advantage”,
providing "superiority” and “usefelness”.
The letter “V” portrays a future
innovaiton.
The capital “V”, is strong in the ﬁrst
letter position and great level balance by
the “t” .

3
Vantus

Vantage
Superior
Unequaled
Hard to understand the meaning here
Advantage
Nice sounding word
Benefit
On the edge
Practical yet advanced
Good judgment
Inwards
Villain in a book
Valuable
Fresh sound
Ultimate advantage, may work well in this
Context
In front
A strong point
Sounds like a medical device
Vantus

69

Linguistic Analysis Vantus
Scriptability 84
Syllabic Balance 90
TOTAL 882
Vantus

70

Vantus
Vantus

71

Vantus
Vantus
Low Score High ScoreLow Score

2
Suggestive of a classical musical composition, this word alludes to
bringing the meter and the patient together in harmony. Playing from
more of an emotional value, this word also suggests a union,
romance and passion. The vowel, consonant, vowel, consonant
structure of this real word offers high visual aesthetics and recall
attributes.
Opus
Scriptability Durability &
Longevity
90
Opus
73

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
91
87
84
89
88
87
84
90
86
90
876
96
Short word that can be scripted without
a lift of the pen.
Unique in the category, but strong asso-
ciations align with similar attributes in the
meter and patient relationship. Increasing
durability.

3
Opus

Classical music piece
Chopin
An elegant looking device
Beauty
Poetry
Fluid sound
An arrangement
Work of genius
Spontaneous
Music
Output
Operatic
Nice sounding name which is short and
Memorable
Works well for the monitor
A study of something
Monitoring
Musical composition
Type of publication
Short story
Work of art
Literature
Creativity
Opus

75

Linguistic Analysis Opus
Scriptability 91
Syllabic Balance 89
TOTAL 876
Opus

76

Opus
Opus

77

Opus
Opus
High ScoreLow Score

2
This word, the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet has strong
associations with physics and math lending well to implied
associations with precision, calibration and reliability. With a more
scientific undertone than some of the other names tested, the word
offers a historical etymological inference which bodes well for a
measuring device (meter).
Sigma
Durability &
Longevity
Phonetic
Viability
90
Sigma
79

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
87
92
85
89
90
86
91
89
85
81
875
91
Strong associations with a historical
etymological inference which
connotes strong foundation with a
measuring device. Surprisingly unique
in direct space.
Intuitive to spell based on pronunciation
(with slight chance of interpreting “i” as
“e”) and poses little conﬂict as how to
pronounce based on orthography.

3
Sigma

Greek alphabet
Greek letter
Formation of units of things
Gamma
Geology
Delta
Fraternity
Six Sigma
To send a signal
Signifier
Sigma

81

Linguistic Analysis Sigma
Scriptability 87
Syllabic Balance 89
TOTAL 875
Sigma

82

Sigma
Sigma

83

Sigma
Sigma
High ScoreLow Score

2
This created name (neologism) points to altitude, peak, performance,
at the head of its class. The name has strong alliteration qualities,
which is not always common with neologisms as the morphemes and
phonemes are recognizable, yet unique.
Altra
Evocative
Semantics
Visual
Aesthetics
93
Altra
85

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
82
81
93
86
84
97
88
83
87
79
860
97
Themes of peak and performance;
very powerful associations with
being superior.
Short and clever word; great level
balance.

3
Altra

Peak
Altitude
Nissan
A measurement device
The maximum
Pinnacle
Performance
Peak
Height
Ultimate
Innermost point
Altruistic
Good association here even though it is not a real
word
Alta Cosmetics
Stature
An instrument
Medical related device
Creativity
Altra

87

Linguistic Analysis Altra
Scriptability 82
Syllabic Balance 86
TOTAL 860
Altra

88

Altra
Altra

89

Altra
Altra
High ScoreLow Score

2
This real word suggests two versions of the definition. For some, it
conjures up images of a turntable stylus made of a diamond head.
For others, a stylus pen which may be used on a tablet computer.
Both create a mental picture which strongly aids memory, recognition
and recall. In addition, one thinks of precision, exactness, reliability
and clarity. Of course, ‘style’ is also found in this word, which can be
utilized to underscore the ergonomic, functional design of the meter.
Stylus
Visual
Aesthetics
Ease of
Pronunciation
90
Stylus
91

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
86
87
90
84
79
89
83
90
86
86
860
90
Beautiful and attention-grabbing
because of its precision and clarity.
Very easy to articulate across most
languages, especially Romance
languages, though it is a neologism.

3
Stylus

Speed, quickness
A measurement tool
Style
Great name to suggest tracking
Fashionable
Phono needle
Expressive
Refined
Custom
Pleasing sound
Very relevant to the device
Specialized
Precise
A technique or approach to something
Engraving tool
A system of order
To design or make something
Appearance
Stylus

93

Linguistic Analysis Stylus
Scriptability 86
Syllabic Balance 84
TOTAL 860
Stylus

94

Stylus
Stylus

95

Stylus
Stylus
High ScoreLow Score

2
This hybrid neologism is highly telegraphic in its functional
messaging. Acting as a narrative to the action of the meter, the
name is easy to say and well balanced with two four letter word
parts. The juncture between the two words flows smoothly lending to
excellent alliteration and balance.
SureTrac
Syllabic
Balance
Aural
Comprehensibility
90
This name is easy to say and well
balanced with two four letter word parts.
The two words flow smoothly.
SureTrac
97

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
80
90
85
91
89
78
83
88
84
87
855
91
The juncture between the two words ﬂow
smoothly and well balanced between the
two words.

3
SureTrac

Tracking device
Confidence
Authentic
Mathematical precision
Inside track
Degree of accuracy
Minuteness of details
Precise
Fact filled
Too obvious
Correctness
Monitoring
SureTrac

99

Linguistic Analysis SureTrac
Scriptability 80
Syllabic Balance 91
TOTAL 855
SureTrac

10
0

SureTrac
SureTrac

10
1

SureTrac
SureTrac
High ScoreLow Score

2
A current usage word with a distinctive spelling, this word addresses
the connectivity function and also infers the contact between the
patient and the meter. Other associations include communication,
friendship, joining and knowledge.
Contaq
Evocative
Semantics
Visual
Aesthetics
92
Contaq
103

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
77
83
92
84
90
94
85
78
85
82
850
94
Themes of connectivity and joining;
which infer the contact between
patient and meter.
Attention-grabbing because of its
distinct spelling.

3
10
Contaq

Connected
In contact with
Communication
I do not like the q in the spelling
In touch
Simple and easy to say
To join
Corresponding with
Conform to
Playful spelling
Physical contact
Go get in touch
Contaq

10
5

Linguistic Analysis Contaq
Scriptability 77
Syllabic Balance 84
TOTAL 850
Contaq

10
6

Contaq
Contaq

10
7

Contaq
Contaq

2
This current usage word has associations with confidence,
reassurance, confidence and reliability. Also embedded is the word
‘sure’ which has a calming effect. The word may encounter some
pronunciation issues with eastern languages.
Assure
Durability &
Longevity
Aural
Comprehensibility
88
Assure
109

Scriptability
Visual Aesthetics
Syllabic Balance
Phonetic Viability
Evocative Semantics
Gender Properties
Phonemic Simplicity
Quantitative Score
84
88
86
82
79
80
89
88
85
86
847
89
A name that triples as common usage,
personality brand, and neologism.
This will be easily familiar and
recognizable, though there may be
pronunciation issues with eastern
languages.

3
11
Assure

Confidence
Guaranteed
To confirm
Dispel doubt
To conform to something
All knowing
Comforting
Lead to believe
Set at rest
To be sure
Stand behind
Certification
Insure
Assure

11
1

Linguistic Analysis Assure
Scriptability 84
Syllabic Balance 82
TOTAL 847
Assure

11
2

Assure
Assure
High ScoreLow Score

11
3

Assure
Assure

Appendix
Linguistic Analysis: Terms Defined
114

Terms Defined
Scriptability
Syllabic
Balance
Aural
Comp.
Phonetic
Viability
Visual
Aesthetics
Refers to how the
name appears when
it is written and any
difficulties encountered
in the scripting process.
Refers to overall lexical
balance, with regard to
syllable structure (Perfect
balance is CVC-CVC.)
Aural Comprehensibility:
Refers to how easy it
is to understand the
word when you hear it
pronounced.
How intuitive is
pronunciation based on
orthography?
Refers to quality of
thematic undertones.
How does the word
look? Is it visually
appealing? Does it offer
potential for interesting
logo design?
Evocative
Semantics
Ease
of Pronunci-
ation
Durability
& Longevity
Rating of relative
articulatory comfort.
Does the word possess
distinctive qualities that
will ensure strength in
the future?
Phonemic
Simplicity
How fluid are the
phonemic transitions?
(i.e. no adjacent harsh
sounds at phonemic.
joints)
Gender
Properties
This category measures
the feminine or masculine
qualities of the word,
relative to a neutral
baseline.
Appendix
Linguistic Analysis:
120

Terms Defined
Morphological
Complexity
A measure of the number of distinct morpheme types in a given word or
utterance. Within Linguistics, this is a highly contested measure: How do
we process morphologically complex words? Two proposed processes
are as follows:
» Using parsing routines to identify constituents and calculate meaning.
» Using memories for words to access stored records of lexical meaning.
Regarding metrics for measuring the complexity of morphological, numerical, and alphabetical strings:
Information theory offers a notion of this complexity in asking the following:
Intuitively, which of (1) and (2) is more complex?
(1) 10101010101010101010
(2) 11011111000101011010
In comparing these strings, much can be extrapolated to morphological and linguistic structure as
well. For instance, if two words contain the same characters/letters, but in differing orders and at
levels of differing morphological complexity, parsing may be constrained, dependent on pattern
recognition and other related properties.
Appendix
Linguistic Analysis:
116

Syntax refers to the structure of a sentence or utterance. It follows
that a syntactic construction that has no bound forms among its
immediate constituents; any phrase or sentence.
Syntactic
Construc-
tion
Inflectional
Category
An Inflectional Phrase (IP) is a functional phrase which has inflectional
properties (such as tense and agreement). An Inflectional phrase is
essentially the same as a sentence, but reflects an analysis whereby a
sentence can be treated as having a head, complement and specifier,
like other kinds of phrases.
Linguistic Analysis: Terms Defined
Appendix
117

Glossary of Linguistic Nomenclature
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grapheme
The smallest distinc-
tive unit of sound in the
structure of a given lan-
guage.
The smallest
grammatical unit (of
meaning) in the
structure of a given
language.
The smallest semantically distinguishing
unit in a written language, analogous to the
phonemes of spoken languages.
Appendix
118

Glyph
Affix
Ascender
Prefix
Descender
Infix
Ligature
Suffix
A specific shape that
represents a grapheme,
in a specific typeface.
An additional element
placed at the beginning
or end of a root, stem,
or word, or in the body
of a word, to modify its
meaning.
In typography, the up-
ward vertical stem on
some lowercase letters,
such as h and b, that
extends above the
baseline height.
An affix which is placed
before the stem of a
word (also called a
preformative).
In typography, the por-
tion of some lowercase
letters, such as g and
y, that extends or de-
scends below the
baseline.
An affix inserted inside a
word stem
(an existing word).
Occurs where two or
more graphemes or
letters are joined as a
single glyph.
An affix which is placed
after the stem of a word
(also sometimes called
a postfix).
Appendix
119

Phonology
Dialect
A particular form of a
language that is
peculiar to a speciﬁc
region or social group.
Coda
The consonant(s) occur-
ring after the vowel in a
syllable.
The description of the
systems and patterns
of speech sounds that
occur in a language, and
how they govern pro-
nunciation.
Idiolect
A variety of language that is unique
to a person, as manifested by the
patterns of vocabulary, grammar,
and pronunciation that he/she
uses.
Orthography
A standardized system
for using a particular
writing system (script) to
write a particular lan-
guage.
Consonant
Cluster
A group of consonants
which have no interven-
ing vowel.
Lexicon
Essentially a catalogue
of a given language’s
words (its wordstock).
Appendix
120

Alliteration
Rhyme
Lexical
Stress
The repetition of a particular
sound in the prominent lifts (or
stressed syllables) of a series of
words or phrases (used here to
refer to intra-lexical, or within-
word, application).
Element of a word or
syllable that has or ends
with a sound that corre-
sponds to another (used
here to refer to intra-
lexical application).
The stress placed on a
given syllable in a word
(also known as word
stress).
Appendix
121

T ense
Number
A category that locates a
situation in time, to indicate
when the situation takes
place.
Tense is the
grammaticalization of time
reference.
Agreement based on
grammatical number can occur
between verb and subject, as in
the case of grammatical
person.
Person
The grammatical distinction between
context-dependent references to
participant(s) in an event; typically the
distinction is between the speaker,
the addressee, and others.
Appendix
122

Mood
Gender
A grammatical (and
specifically,
morphological) feature of
verbs, used
to signal modality. That
is, it is the use of verbal
inflections that allow
speakers to express their
attitude toward what they
are saying.
In languages in which
grammatical gender
plays a significant
role, there is often
agreement in gender
between a noun and its
modifiers.
In languages that have a
system of cases, there is
often agreement by case
between a noun and its
modifiers. Case agreement is
not a significant feature of
English?
Example languages which
employ case agreement
widely: German, Greek,
Russian.
Voice
Case
In grammar, the voice
(also called diathesis)
of a verb describes the
relationship between the
action (or state) that the
verb expresses and the
participants identified
by its arguments
(subject, object, etc.).
Appendix
123

Phoneme
Morpheme
Grapheme
The smallest distinc-
tive unit of sound in the
structure of a given lan-
guage.
The smallest grammat-
ical unit (of meaning)
in the structure of a
given language.
(Note: A morpheme
may or may not stand
alone, whereas a word
must.)
The smallest semantically distinguishing
unit in a written language, analogous to
the phonemes of spoken languages.
(Note: A grapheme may or may not carry
meaning by itself, and may or may not
correspond to a single phoneme.
Graphemes include alphabetic letters,
typo- graphic ligatures, numerical digits,
punctuation marks, and other individual
symbols of any of the world’s writing
systems.)
Appendix
124

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